高中定语从句语法总结

2024-11-20 总结

　　总结是把一定阶段内的有关情况分析研究，做出有指导性结论的书面材料，它可以明确下一步的工作方向，少走弯路，少犯错误，提高工作效益，为此我们要做好回顾，写好总结。总结一般是怎么写的呢？下面是小编精心整理的高中定语从句语法总结，欢迎阅读与收藏。

　　高中定语从句语法总结　　

　　定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。

　　被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。

　　关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。

　　关系副词有：when, where, why, how。

　　关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。

　　定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。

　　定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

　　关系代词引导的定语从句

　　1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：

　　Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

　　(who/that在从句中作主语)

　　He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

　　(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

　　2) whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换).

　　例如：

　　Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.

　　3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等.

　　例如：

　　A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

　　(which / that在句中作宾语)

　　The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.

　　(which / that在句中作宾语)

　　关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法区别：

　　不用that的情况：

　　a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时

　　(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

　　b) 介词后不能用

　　We depend on the land from which we get our food.

　　c) 多用who 的情况

　　①关系代词在从句中做主语

　　A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.

　　②先行词为those, people 时

　　Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.

　　③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时

　　One who doesnt work hard will never succeed in his work.

　　④在There be句型中There is a stranger who wants to see you.

　　⑤在被分隔的定语从句中

　　A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.

　　⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。

　　The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.

　　There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.

　　只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

　　a)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

　　All that is needed is a supply of oil.

　　Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.

　　b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。

　　He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.

　　c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。

　　The first English book that I read was "The Prince and the Pauper" by Mark Twin.

　　d)先行词既有人，又有物时。

　　He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.

　　e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。

　　Who is the person that is standing at the gate.

　　f)关系代词在从句中做表语

　　He is not the man that he used to be.

　　关系副词引导的定语从句

　　关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

　　关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用.

　　例如：

　　There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.

　　Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.

　　Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

　　Im surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem.

　　注意：

　　①在非限制性定语从句中，"介词+ which"结构不能代替关系副词。

　　如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.

　　②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。

　　Is this the book which (that) she was looking for?

　　名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句

　　She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.

　　There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.

　　There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.

　　as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别

　　由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

　　As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.

　　The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

　　as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。

　　As is know, smoking is harmful to ones health.

　　用法区别：

　　(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。

　　As we all know, he never smokes.

　　(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。

　　(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。

　　She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.

　　(4)As 的用法 the same? as; such?as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和??一样??。

　　I should like to use the same tool as is used here.

　　We should have such a dictionary as he is using.

　　定语从句归纳整理

　　概念

　　定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、分词、不定式以及介词短语等来担任，也可以由一个句子来充当，充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。

　　定语从句“三要素”

　　1.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词

　　①指人的先行词

　　②指物的先行词

　　★ 先行词还可以是前面整个句子所叙述的事情。

　　He has passed the driving test, which surprises all of us. (which替代前面所叙述的事情) 先行词

　　2.关系词：引导定语的词

　　(1)关系词的作用

　　①替代前面的先行词（替代作用）

　　②连接主句和定语从句（连接作用）

　　③在定语从句中作句子成分（成分作用）

　　(2)关系词的分类

　　①标准：根据关系词在从句中做的句子成分种类

　　②关系代词：在从句中做主，宾，表，定（that/which/who/whom/whose/as）

　　③关系副词：在从句中作状语(When/where/why)

　　3.定语从句：用来做定语，修饰限定先行词的句子

　　定语从句的分类

　　1.限制性定语从句：对先行词起限定修饰作用。

　　He is a teacher who works at our school.

　　2.非限制性定语从句：对先行词起补充说明作用(先行词与定语从句之间有逗号隔开)

　　Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a beautiful city with a long history.

　　比较：

　　He has two sons, who work in the same company.

　　(He has only two sons.)

　　He has two sons who work in the same company.

　　(Perhaps he has two more sons)

　　定语从句的10个难点

　　1.关系代词的省略(限定性定语从句)

　　(1)关系代词在定语从句中作宾语

　　She is the girl (whom / that) I loved before. (可以省略whom/that)

　　(2)关系代词在定语从句中作表语

　　He is no longer the boy (that) he used to be. (可以省略that)

　　(3)关系代词作介词宾语，介词在从句句尾时可以省略

　　Housing price is a problem (that/which) people are interested in.

　　比较：

　　Housing price is a problem in which people are interested.（此时只能用which且不能省略）

　　2.先行词是人(that/who的区别)

　　(1)用that的情况

　　①以疑问词who开头的句子中

　　Who is the man that is shouting there?

　　②关系代词在从句中作表语时

　　She is not the girl that she used to be.

　　③先行词被the very, the right, the only修饰

　　This is the very person that we are looking for.

　　(2)用who的情况

　　①先行词是one, ones, anybody, all, none, those 等

　　Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.

　　②句子中有两个定语从句,一个用了that,另外一个用who

　　Who is the boy that won the gold medal?

　　③在there be 结构中

　　There are many young men who are against him.

　　④在非限定性定语从句当中

　　Tom, who is my best friend, has gone abroad to study.

　　3.先行词是物(that / which的区别)

　　(1)用which的情况

　　①在非限定性定语从句中

　　She lost the game, which depressed her greatly.

　　②关系词置于介词之后，作宾语

　　The pen with which you write is Jack’s.

　　③先行词是that或定语从句中套定语从句,一个关系词用that,另一个用which.

　　Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which is newly open to us.

　　(2)用that的情况

　　①先行词是不定代词如all, little, few, much,anything, everything, nothing, none, no one等

　　She did all that she could to help us.

　　②先行词被all, every, no, some, little, much, the only, he very, the right，the last等所修饰时

　　This is the very book that I want.

　　③先行词中既有人又有物时

　　She described in her compositions the people and he places that impressed her most.

　　④先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时

　　This is the best book that I have ever read.

　　This is the first film that I’ve seen since I came here.

　　⑤定语从句中套定语从句，其中一个关系词以用which, 另外一个用that

　　He built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

　　⑥当主句的主语是疑问词which,另一个用that

　　Who is the person that is standing at the gate?

　　4.As引导定语从句用法

　　(1)As 既可以引导限制性定语从句也可以用于非限定性定句中充当主语，宾语，表语等。

　　常用于以下句型当中：Such/so….. as…. 像…..一样 the same …. as… 和…...同样的

　　A computer is so useful a machine as we can use everyday.

　　He is not the same man as he was.

　　(2)引导非限制性定语从句，此时译为“正如，像”等。可以放在句首，句中或句末。

　　As I remember, there were a net bar here.

　　Taiwan is an inseparable part of China, as is known to all.

　　★the same as...和the same that...引导定语从句的区别

　　This is the same bike that I lost yesterday. (同一事物)

　　This is the same bike as I lost yesterday. （同类事物）

　　5.关系副词的运用

　　(1)When 在定语从句中做时间状语，先行词为表示时间的time, day等

　　I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. (when=on which)

　　(2)Where 在定语从句中做地点状语，先行词为表地点的place, spot等

　　Can you tell me the office where he works?

　　(where = in which)

　　(3)Why 在定语从句中做原因状语，先行词只有reason.

　　I don’t want to listen to any reason why you were absent.

　　(why = for which)

　　★ 关系副词 = 相应的介词 + 关系代词

　　★ Where引导的定语从句还可以修饰抽象空间的名词如case(情形)，situation, position(位置),stage (阶段)，point（地步）等

　　What are the situations where body language is the only form of communication?

　　在哪些情况下身体语言是唯一的沟通方式。(此时where = in which)

　　6.几个特殊的先行词

　　(1)way在定语从句中做状语时的三种引导方式 that / in which / 不填

　　The way in which / that / 不填 he explains the sentence to us is quite simple.

　　比较：The way which /that/不填 he told to us was quite simple.

　　★way在定语中作tell的宾语

　　(2)先行词time

　　time表示“次数”时，用关系代词that引导定语从句

　　This is the first time that the president has visited the country.

　　time作“一段时间” 讲时，应用关系副词when

　　This was the time when there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets

　　★此时when = during which 在..期间

　　(3)先行词reason当在定语从句中作状语时，定语从句的4种引导方式 why/for which/that/不填

　　This is the reason why/for which/that/不填 he can not come here.

　　比较：Is this the reason that/which/不填he explained to us for his absence from the conference.

　　★reason 在定语从句中做explain的宾语

　　7.介词+关系代词

　　★该结构的关系代词只有两种即介词+which（指物）介词+whom（指人）

　　★该结构介词的选用原则：

　　(1)根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配

　　This is the book on which I spent $ 8.

　　This is the book for which I paid $ 8.

　　(2)根据先行词的搭配习惯

　　I remember the days during which I lived there.

　　I remember the day on which I graduated from university.

　　(3)根据整个句子所表达的意思来决定

　　The colorless gas without which we can’t live is called oxygen.

　　(4)英语中为了强调某一名词，不定式前面也可以加上关系代词。

　　Here is the money with which to buy the piano.

　　She is the right person on whom to depend

　　注意：

　　①如果介词后移，关系代词可以省略

　　The person (whom/who/that) you will write to is Todd.

　　②有些含有介词的动词短语介词不能提前如look for/after; take care of; send for; hear from/of/about deal with等

　　This is the baby that you will look after.

　　8.定语从句的主谓一致

　　(1)当先行词是 one of + 复数名词，定语从句的位于动词要用复数形式

　　The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitor every year.

　　(2)当先行词是 the only + one of +复数名词，从句谓语用单数形式

　　The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.

　　(3)先行词如果是整个句子，定语从句的谓语动词用单数

　　Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.

　　He has passed the driving test, which surprises all of us.

　　9.定语从句的转化

　　定语从句可以转换为 –ing或-ed形式

　　The girl (who is) dancing now just returned from Taiwan.

　　I love the stories (which were) written by Hemingway.

　　The man (who stands) standing there is my friend.

　　10. 定语从句的解题方法

　　(1)判断从句是否为定语从句（先行词，关系词，定语从句）

　　(2)准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、宾、表、定、状)从而正确选定使用关系代词或关系副词

　　注意：

　　①关系代词whose的用法。Whose在定语从句中做定语。

　　当先行词是人： whose = the + 名词 + of whom

　　当先行词是物：whose = the + 名词 + of which

　　Do you know the boy whose parents / the parents of whom are on holiday?

　　I’d like a room whose window / the window of which faces the sea.

　　②That引导定语从句，名词性从句和强调句型的区别:

　　定语从句中的that: 关系代词，在后面的定语从句中做句子成分。

　　名词性从句中的that：从属连词，只起连接主从句的作用，在从句中不做句子成分。

　　强调句中的that, 运用于it is/was…that..结构；判断标准：去掉强调句型结构，成分仍然完整。

　　比较：

　　This is the book that I am looking for.

　　(that 引导定语从句)

　　It is at Bashu middle school that I have studied for three years.

　　(that和前面的it is构成强调句型)

　　The fact that he stole the money surprised all of us.

　　(that 引导名词性从句--同位语从句)

　　That he will come to the conference has excited all of us.

　　(that引导名词性从句--主语从句)

　　We all expect that they win, for members of their team are stronger.

　　(that引导名词性从句--宾语从句)

　　The reason for your failure is that you lack confidence in yourself.

　　(that 引导名词性从句--表语从句)

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