列夫托尔斯简介
Leo Nicholas Yevi Tolstoy (Лев Николаевич Толстой, September 9, 1828 - November 20, 1910) In the mid-19th century, Russia criticized realist writers, thinkers, philosophers. Representative works are "war and peace", "Anna Karenina", "resurrection" and so on.
Tolstoy was born in the aristocratic family, in 1840 into the Kazan University, 1847 returned to his hometown in his territory for the reform of serfdom attempt. 1851 ~ 1854 in the Caucasian army in service and began writing. 1854 ~ 1855 to participate in the Crimean War. November 1515 to Petersburg into the literary world. In 1857 Tolstoy went abroad to see the contradictions of capitalist society, but could not find a way to destroy social evil, had to call people in accordance with the "eternal religious truth" life. 1860 ~ 1861, to study the European education, Tolstoy once again go abroad, meet Hertzen, listen to Dickens speech, meet Proudhon. 1863 ~ 1869 Tolstoy created a long historical novel "War and Peace". 1873 ~ 1877 he changed 12 times to complete its second landmark masterpiece "Anna Karenina". In the late 1970s, Tolstoy's world view changed dramatically and was written as "confession" (1879-1882). (1891), the novel "The Devil" (1911), "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" 1886), "The Klein Sonata" (1886), "The Dark Power" (1886), "The Fruit of Education" (1891), "Haze Murat" (1886 ~ 1904); short story "after the dance" (1903), especially the 1889 ~ 1899 creation of the novel "resurrection" is his long-term thinking, art exploration to sum up. Tolstoy tried to live a simple civilian life in his later years, and ran from home in October 1910. He died at a small station on August 7 at the age of 82.
列夫托尔斯人物经历
Early experience
Tolstoy origin aristocrat, 1 year old and half maternal, 10-year-old father died, he was raised by the relatives of the family. In 1845 admitted to Kazan University Oriental language department, studying in Turkey, Arabic, mid-term exam failed, the second year to the law department. He does not concentrate on his studies, but also has a strong interest in philosophy, especially philosophy of morality, loves Rousseau's doctrine and its man, and reads literature extensively. In April 1847 the school was set up for the children of the peasants. November in the name of the administrative office in the province of Tula, the following year in December was promoted to fourteen civilian. In 1851 Tolstoy and his brother went to the Caucasian soldier. In 1852 he participated in a battle, the performance of brave, and published the novel "childhood".
In 1853 Tolstoy read Turgenev's "hunter notes", very admired. In 1854 Tolstoy was transferred to the Danube front, and participated in the Crimean war in the Sevastopol city siege war, written as "juvenile", "youth" and "Sevastopol story set."
In November 1855 Tolstoy left the army back to St. Petersburg, re-enter the entertainment circle, alcoholism gambling. The extreme personality led him to a 17-year break with Turgenev.
Early creation
Tolstoy began writing in the Caucasus, in the "modern" magazine on the "Sevastopol story" and other novels. In November 1855 he came to Petersburg and was welcomed by Turgenev and Niek Lausov and others, and met Gonzalov, Fett, Ostrovsky, Druidin, Kov, Bautenge and other writers and critics. Tolstoy tends to Drew Rinin and others, but that any art can not be divorced from social life. In 1859, he broke with the "modern" magazine. At the end of 1856, the lieutenant was retired. The following year to France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany travel.
In 1856 he drafted the plan, ready to lease the landlord and other methods to liberate the farmers, and in their own manor trial. 1860 due to the death of the long brother Nicholas, more deep pessimism. Between 1859 and 1862, almost half of the school was created, and more than 20 schools were run for the peasant children in the suburbs of Aznaya Poliana and the nearby villages. They studied the educational system in Russia and Western Europe. In 1860-1861, they also went to Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Belgium and other countries to study schools. And then founded the "Yasneria Poliana" and other educational journals. When he went out in July 1862, he was searched by the gendarmerie for two consecutive days. Soon he closed the school.
In 1862 Tolstoy married the 17-year-old Sofia Andreiyevna Tolstoya (СофьяАндреевна Толстая), and Sonia was the daughter of the Czar's physician, who had 13 children before and after. His relationship with his wife is still controversial, it can be confirmed that most of the time they live well, his wife to help him manage the manor, which makes Tolstoy can be used for the full time of literary works of carved, Here, Tolstoy left mankind for "war and peace", "Anna Karenina" and other handed down for. Each of his works has to be modified many times, and his wife has also carried out the work of transcribing and preserving the manuscript.
After the wedding, the revolutionary situation gradually into a low tide, he gradually overcome the ideological crisis. He is divorced from social, living in the estate, the purchase of industry, living a frugal, quiet, harmonious and happy life. From 1863 he was written in six years as a masterpiece "war and peace". In 1866 he attended the military court to defend the soldier Sibinin. Hebron was slap in the face of an indecisive officer's abuse, and although it was run by Tolstoy, Hebron was finally shot. This incident made him begin to form a view against the court and the death penalty.
Change of mind
September 1869 due to the way through the Arzanas, late at night in the hotel suddenly felt a never had sadness and terror. This is the so-called "Alzanas horror". In the autumn of 1868 to the summer of 1869, he was interested in Schopenhauer's philosophy and was affected. From the early 1970s, he began a new ideological crisis and a new period of exploration. He studied various philosophical and religious books and could not find the answer. These thoughts and emotions in the creation of the "Anna Karenina" in a clear reflection. He visits the priests, the bishops, the monks and the monks, and acquiesns the peasant, the independent believer, He finally denied the official church, accepted the patriarchal peasant faith.
Finally, under the influence of the new revolutionary situation and the famine of the whole nation in the 1970s and 1980s, the class was rejected, and the transformation of the world outlook, which began in the 1960s, was completed and transferred to the position of the patriarchal peasants. In the "Confessions" (1879 ~ 1880) and other papers, he extensively expounded the process of their ideological transformation. However, he opposed the violent revolution, to promote Christian love and self-cultivation, from the religion, ethics to find a solution to social contradictions. Torres is rich in originality. From then on Tolstoy to abandon their own and the surrounding aristocratic life, from time to time to engage in physical labor, their own land, sewing shoes, farmers for the house, exclusion of luxury, vegetarian vegetarian. He also changed the view of literature and art, denounced his past works of art, including "war and peace" and other masterpiece as "master-style game", and the focus shifted to the thesis and political theory to directly promote their own society, philosophy, religion Point of view, exposing the sovereign bourgeois society of all kinds of evil. At that time writing the script, short stories and folk tales, the same for this purpose. He also engaged in a wide range of social activities: in 1881 the daughter of the family moved to Moscow, he visited the slums, to participate in the 1882 Moscow census, in-depth understanding of the city's lower life; in 1881 he went to Alexander III, asked to forgive the throne of Alexander II revolutionaries The 1891 wrote to the editorial office of the Russian News and the New Era, declaring that the copyright of the works he wrote after 1881 was abandoned; in 1891-1893 and 1898, the victims of the relief of Liangzan and Tula provinces were organized He also tried to uphold the murder of the Morocho and Duhobauers by the official churches, and in 1898 decided to revive the "resurrection" of all royalties to the Duhuo Bauer moved to Canada.
From the mid-1990s onwards, Tolstoy has enhanced the critical attitude towards social reality, and has often been skeptical about his propaganda of fraternity and anti-evil thoughts. This is reflected in the works of "Haze - Murat". The tsarist government had long attempted to imprison or exile with his "famine" article, but was deterred by his reputation and public opinion. At this point because of "resurrection" published, accused him against God, do not believe in the world, in 1901 to the Russian Orthodox Church in the name of the Holy Spirit to remove his teachings. This decision caused the protests of the world, Tolstoy was at ease. In the same year he wrote "to the tsar and his assistants" by the tsarist government crackdown on the student movement; the following year sent a letter to Nicolas II calling for the freedom of the people and the abolition of the private ownership of the land. In 1904, he was opposed to the Russo-Japanese War. He sympathized with the revolutionaries and welcomed the coming of the revolution, but did not understand and avoid the 1905 revolution. And after the failure of the revolution, he opposed the tsarist government to kill the revolution, write "I can not be silent" article.
Old age
Tolstoy in the world view after the transformation, in 1882 and 1884 years have never wanted to run away from home. This intention is reflected in his creation in the 1980s and 1990s. In the last few years of his life, he realized that the awakening of the peasantry, because of their distance from their emotions and can not help but pessimistic disappointment; on their own landlord manor lifestyle is not consistent with the belief and feel uneasy. The dispute between his believers, Tolstoyism and his wife, made him so deep.
Before Tolstoy left home, his break with his wife was well known. One night, the couple had trouble. After that, Tolstoy's wife had knelt down and pleaded with Tolstoy for her to read the poems and essays she had created herself for her early years to find the sweetness of herself, but Tolstoy was dead. Finally, he left secretly from Yasneria Poliana on October 28, 1910. In the way of suffering from pneumonia, November 7 (Gregorian calendar on November 20) died at the Astapalo station. In accordance with his last words, the body buried in the forest of Azayana Poliana. There is no tombstone and cross on the grave.
列夫托尔斯创作特点
Theme of the work
Tolstoy in the novel on the human nature of a lot of thinking, from these thinking can be seen in the real world of Tolstoy's spiritual world, Tolstoy's thinking of human nature by the Russian history and reality inspired by the time On the one hand, the traditional Russian is the patriarchal society, the Orthodox determines the way people thought and feelings, Tolstoy is also affected by the Orthodox, regardless of his attitude is accepted or retained; the other hand, the European The spirit of the Enlightenment also deeply influenced Russia, which largely shook the foundation of the Russian tradition, and the influence of the Enlightenment on Tolstoy was remarkable, which made Tolstoy suspicion of the basic doctrines of the Orthodox Church , He does not think about believing as a general believer. However, Tolstoy did not completely move towards the European individualistic enlightenment position, so his thinking about human nature is often free between the two, sometimes like a believer, sometimes like a humanist.
Tolstoy's works have utopian ideas, mainly for the anti-Hangzhou violence and enslavement, against the land private system, against the advocacy of capitalist material and "evolution", requires the pursuit of legitimate life obligations and reasonable laws of life, return to health Of the farming life, through all the labor and moral practice to establish a brotherhood, equality, harmony, fraternity belongs to the whole human world "heaven".
Artistic characteristics
Tolstoy created epic novels. The fact of history combines the imagination of art, unrestrained brushwork and delicate description; in the huge group of images show a personal face, epic solemnly interspersed with lyrical monologue, change thousands of wonders. He is good at harnessing the structure of the multi-clue, a multitude of things, convergence seamless; but also break through the novel "closed" form, magnificent, like life without beginning or end.
Tolstoy's artistic charm, not only to reproduce the macro world, but also to describe the microscopic world. In the world literature in an unprecedented grasp of the dialectical development of the mind, meticulous description of the psychological changes in the outside world under the influence of the process; and deep subconscious, it is expressed in the relationship between mutual understanding and harmony. Tolstoy's artistic power is real, it is manifested in character shaping. Truthfully depicting the multifacetedness, abundance and complexity of the inner heart, not only to write a prominent state or predominant state of mind. Not conceal the shortcomings of the characters, do not choke the eyes of the people exposed the flash of light. Not exaggerated, not exaggerated, not idealized or comic, always with the real objective of the description, to show its true colors, which in the ordinary see great, or on the contrary, in the ordinary phenomenon shows its terrible. Depict the development and change of character, natural muddy and not reveal the traces of ax.
Tolstoy's style is characterized by simplicity. And strive to the most full and most true reflection of the real life or expression of their own ideas, therefore, although the art of demanding, but not simply to win the skills, not the pursuit of formal exquisite, do not avoid the lengthy compound sentence, The greatest expressive force.
In his later years, in the psychological analysis to make concise, do not write the whole process of experience, only to write the psychological process of the various stages of the main link; sometimes take the play method, through action and dialogue to show. Do not write the order of the development process, and write a sudden change caused by a sudden accident. In the structure, in order to show the awakening of characters, often using flashback method; in order to focus, the novel is no longer with more clues, and gradually expand the way with a single clue. In the language, then strive to simple and concise and easy to understand, close to folk tales.
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