在各领域中,我们或多或少都会接触到试卷,试卷是课程考核统计分析工作的重要组成部分,它包括试卷的信度、效度、区分度、难度四个方面。那么你知道什么样的试卷才能有效帮助到我们吗?下面是小编为大家收集的2024高考试卷真题,希望对大家有所帮助。
2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标Ⅱ卷)
语 文
本试卷共9页。考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
注意事项:
1.答题前,考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚,将条形码准确粘贴在考生信息条形码粘贴区。
2.答题时请按要求用笔。
3.请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答,超出答题区域书写的答案无效;在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。
4.作图可先使用铅笔画出,确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。
5.保持卡面清洁,不要折叠,不要弄破、弄皱,不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。
一、现代文阅读(35分)
(一)现代文阅读I(本题共5小题,19分)
阅读下面的文字,完成下面小题。
材料一:
土星5号火箭升空了!
它一点一点上升,庞大的身躯稳健有力。
阿姆斯特朗、柯林斯和奥尔德林被巨大的推力紧紧摁在座位上。火箭在他们身下持续上升,各级火箭按照预定程序点火,第一级火箭、逃逸塔、第二级火箭一一分离。绕地球轨道飞行一周后,宇航员检查了火箭和飞船状况。第三级火箭再次点火,把飞船推向更远的高空。
当地球被甩到身后,就是船箭分离的时候:第三级火箭前端打开,哥伦比亚号从顶端弹出。鹰号(登月舱)在火箭顶端继续待命,这艘小飞船外形奇特,像一只蜷缩着的蜘蛛。哥伦比亚号的驾驶员柯林斯,让飞船慢慢转身。“哥伦比亚”与“鹰”对接成功。宇航员告别土星5号的最后一级火箭,乘坐合成一体的两艘小飞船继续飞行。
终于抵达月球上空。阿姆斯特朗和奥尔德林驾驶鹰号离开,向着月球越飞越近。柯林斯驾驶着哥伦比亚号孤独地环绕月球飞行。此时此刻,那些远在地球上的人,不管是朋友还是陌生人,都时刻关注着、期待着……
预定着陆区在哪儿?宇航员们全力搜寻。但是意外忽然发生:当他们发现着陆区,鹰号已经飞过了头!数英里一闪而过,舷窗外的月球变得崎岖不平。家园远在万里之外,更无法奢望什么援手。此时此刻,他们能做的,只有保持镇定,平稳驾驶,继续飞行。
看到了,就在不远处,那里平整而干净!鹰号慢慢减速、缓缓下降。登月舱越来越低、越来越低……直到平稳落地!此时此刻,在遥远的地球,人们鸦雀无声、屏息聆听。
一个声音从遥远的太空传来,那是阿姆斯特朗从月球发出的声音:“这里是静海基地,‘鹰’着陆成功。”他异常平静,地球上的人们却爆发出欢呼的声音。随后,阿姆斯特朗和奥尔德林沿着舷梯爬下登月舱。
陌生、寂静、壮丽的月球从此有了生命。
(摘编自布莱恩·弗洛卡《登月》,袁玮译)
材料二:
今年6月,联合国外层空间事务办公室举行会议,中国科学家介绍了“嫦娥四号”探月任务,表示将于2018年底前将中继卫星发射至月球背面上空一个引力稳定的位置,即地-月L2点,这颗中继卫星将执行为期三年的任务。新华社的报道没有透露“嫦娥四号”发射的具体时间,只是说将在2020年之前发射。自1976年苏联的“月球24号”抵达月球之后,中国的“嫦娥三号”首次于2013年在月球实现软着陆。它搭载的“玉兔一号”月球车共有6个轮子,在任务结束前共行驶了约114米。中国科学家在《科学》杂志上发表的研究结果显示,“玉兔一号”的探地雷达探测到其着陆点下方有9个明显不同的地下层,表明该地区有着复杂的地质史,这与“阿波罗号”宇航员探索地区的情况有所不同。根据今年6月在联合国会议上发布的信息,“嫦娥四号”任务的主要工程目标包括进行月球背面着陆和深空数据中继。中国方面已邀请国际社会围绕“嫦娥四号”探月任务建立合作关系。
(摘译自斯蒂芬·克拉克《中国计划在2020年前登上月球背面》,2015年9月22日,英国“当今天文学”网)
材料三:
从古至今,人类举头望月,传颂动人神话,谱写优美诗篇,却很少有人意识到,亿万年来,月亮的“图案”从未变化。月球绕地球一圈的公转周期完全等于月球自转周期,所以人们只能看到它固定朝向地球的一面,我们把月球背向地球的一面称为“月背”。2019年1月11日,在北京航天飞行控制中心大厅里,科技人员见证了“嫦娥四号”和“玉兔二号”顺利完成“两器互拍”,这标志着“嫦娥四号”任务取得圆满成功,我国成为世界上首个成功实施在月球背面软着陆并巡视探测的国家。人类开启了探索月球背面的新纪元!
这是一次前无古人的科学探险。月背探测是中国航天的首个世界第一,它具有巨大的科学和工程意义,是人类航天史上的重大突破。“玉兔二号”凝聚着中国航天人的勇气和智慧,像一位孤胆英雄,面对未知的风险与挑战,勇敢进发,努力探索。得益于驾驶员团队的悉心照料与陪伴,“玉兔二号”已经创造了人类月面巡视器生存时间最长的世界纪录。“玉兔二号”探测到了冯·卡门撞击坑的地下结构以及月球背面的最低温度等,取得了一系列科学成果,为人类揭开了月背的神秘面纱。
本书完稿之际,我国首个火星探测器“天问一号”已飞离地球,中国航天人的目光又随之投向深空。我由衷期盼这本书能引领读者走近探月、走近航天,滋润心中科学的幼苗,点燃胸中追梦的火焰,更希望年轻人能够沿着这一代航天人的足迹,不惧孤寂,保持好奇,去探索火星,去探索木星,不断追逐心中的星辰大海。
(摘编自吴伟仁《<月背征途>推荐序》)
1. 下列对材料一中画横线语句的图解,排序恰当的一项是( )
A. ⑥②④①⑤③ B. ②④①⑥③⑤ C. ⑥④①②⑤③ D. ②⑥①④③⑤
2. 下列对材料相关内容的理解和分析,不正确的一项是( )
A. 土星5号“体型”庞大,因为它需要把逃逸塔和登月舱送入月球轨道,不过在飞行途中它会不断地分离,以减轻自重。
B. 鹰号的着陆过程并不顺利,飞船飞过了预定着陆区,前方情况不明,但是两位宇航员镇定、冷静地解决了突发问题。
C. 2013年,“嫦娥三号”搭载“玉兔一号”在月球安全着陆,这为我国探月工程后续任务的实施打下了良好的基础。
D. “玉兔二号”在月球的生存时间已经超过了“玉兔一号”,它探测到了全新的科学数据,为人类揭开了月背的神秘面纱。
3. 下列对材料相关内容的分析和评价,正确的一项是( )
A. 材料一中“此时此刻,那些远在地球上的人……期待着”“此时此刻……人们鸦雀无声”等语句,烘托了登月舱即将着陆时的紧张气氛。
B. 材料二引用我国学者在《科学》杂志上的研究成果,将“玉兔一号”和“阿波罗号”的探测结果进行比对,然后对后者提出质疑。
C. 材料三使用“世界上首个”“首个世界第一”等词语,表明“嫦娥四号”探测器取得不凡成就,也表现了驾驶员团队获得成功后激动的心情。
D. 从材料一的成功登陆月面,到材料二“探测到……不同的地下层”,再到材料三的月背征途,可以看出人类在不断地对未知事物进行探索。
4. 《<月背征途>推荐序》对读者了解这本书有哪些帮助?请根据材料三概括说明。
5. “科学无国界,科学家有祖国”,这在中国航天人身上是如何体现的?请根据材料简要分析。
【答案】1. B 2. A
3. A 4. ①提供背景信息:通过月背知识介绍,强调了月背探测的科学和工程意义,突出了中国航天的创新和突破。
②突出书本主旨:介绍了“嫦娥四号”和“玉兔二号”任务的成功,展示了中国在月球探测方面的成就。
③鼓励读者追求梦想,展望未来航天任务:鼓励读者了解探月和航天知识,激发科学兴趣和探索精神。
5. ①从人类第一次登上月球,到中国航天人通过“嫦娥四号”和“玉兔二号”任务持续深入地探索月球,以及对月背的研究,都展现了全人类在探月领域的不断探索和进步,这体现了“科学无国界”的探索精神。
②他们在国际会议上分享探月任务的进展,邀请国际社会合作,体现了开放和合作的“无国界”态度。
③通过不断的技术创新和科学探索,取得了多项世界第一,展现了中国航天人的智慧和勇气,体现了科学家有报效祖国、为国争光的爱国情怀。
【解析】
【1题详解】
本题考查学生准确理解并运用图表信息的能力。
材料一画线句首先阐述了“船箭分离”的过程:“第三级火箭前端打开,哥伦比亚号从顶端弹出”。而图解中,②展现的是第三级火箭一开始的全貌,④则体现了“弹出”的过程,故②④应位于最前面。
然后,作者进一步介绍了在火箭顶端继续待命的“鹰号(登月舱)”的样貌特点“这艘小飞船外形奇特,像一只蜷缩着的蜘蛛”;接下来,则是“飞船慢慢转身”“‘哥伦比亚’与‘鹰’对接成功”的'过程。而观察图解,我们能很明显地看到,①中哥伦比亚号方向与④有明显不同,体现了“转身”的过程,⑥中两者接触则体现了“对接成功”的过程,所以紧接着是①⑥。
最后,材料描述了宇航员们告别土星5号的最后一级火箭,乘坐合成一体的两艘小飞船继续飞行的过程。图解中,③体现了合体后的“哥伦比亚”与“鹰”离开火箭的过程,到⑤时,它们已成为单独的飞行体。因此最后是③⑤。
所以排序恰当的一项是:②④①⑥③⑤。
故选B。
【2题详解】
本题考查学生筛选并整合文中信息的能力。
A.“因为它需要把逃逸塔和登月舱送入月球轨道,不过在飞行途中它会不断地分离,以减轻自重”曲解文意。土星5号的庞大体型不仅是为了送逃逸塔和登月舱入轨,还包括其他设备和燃料的需求,从而满足其巨大的推力和运载能力,以便将宇航员和飞船送入太空。而火箭在飞行过程中的分离是为了完成不同的任务阶段,而不是为了减轻自重。
故选A。
【3题详解】
本题考查学生分析概括作者的观点态度的能力。
B.“然后对后者提出质疑”无中生有。材料二只是简单地提到了“玉兔一号”和“阿波罗号”探测到的情况有所不同,并没有对“阿波罗号”提出质疑。
C.“也表现了驾驶员团队获得成功后激动的心情”曲解文意。选项中的“表现了驾驶员团队获得成功后激动的心情”在材料三中没有直接体现,文中主要强调的是“嫦娥四号”探测器的成就,而非驾驶员团队的心情。
D.“可以看出人类在不断地对未知事物进行探索”说法片面。材料一、二、三的内容确实展示了人类对未知事物的不断探索,但材料二主要是针对未来的规划,说“在……探索”,不够妥当。
故选A。
【4题详解】
本题考查学生归纳内容要点的能力。
材料三中,作者通过描述月球背面(月背)的概念和特点,即月球绕地球一圈的公转周期完全等于月球自转周期,人们只能看到月球固定朝向地球的一面,而另一面则是月背,这为读者提供了关于月球的基本知识背景。由此,读者或许可以更深入地了解月背探测的艰难,以及中国探测成功背后的科学、工程意义。
作者在推荐序强调了月背探测作为人类航天史上的重大突破和中国航天的首个世界第一的重要性,特别是详细介绍了“嫦娥四号”任务的成功,尤其是“玉兔二号”探测到的科学成果,如冯·卡门撞击坑的地下结构和月球背面的最低温度等。这有助于读者更加深入地了解中国航天的发展现状和前景,从而帮助读者理解这本书的核心内容和价值。
根据材料三结尾作者的呼吁“我由衷期盼这本书能引领读者走近探月、走近航天……不惧孤寂,保持好奇,去探索火星,去探索木星,不断追逐心中的星辰大海”可知,作者通过这本书的推荐序,鼓励读者走近探月、走近航天,并希望年轻人能够不惧孤寂,保持好奇,去探索未知的太空世界,这种激励和鼓舞对于读者来说是一种重要的精神力量。
【5题详解】
本题考查学生探究问题,提出自己见解的能力。
对这句话,可以分成两部分来理解。
首先,“科学无国界”强调的是科学是人类智慧的结晶,是属于全人类的财富,理应为全人类服务,展现的是一种开放态度。而材料一中火箭的各级分离、飞船的对接、鹰号的着陆等细节,突显了人类首次登月的伟大成就和技术复杂性。材料二介绍了中国“嫦娥四号”探月任务的计划和进展。材料三则聚焦于“嫦娥四号”任务的成功实施,特别是“玉兔二号”在月球背面的探测成果。整体来看,文章通过对比历史与现状,展示了人类在探月领域的不断探索和进步。这种探索精神,是属于全人类的宝贵精神财富,是“无国界”的;
此外,在材料一中,我们可以看到,人类第一次登月这一盛事,获得了全人类关注;而材料二最后还提到“中国方面已邀请国际社会围绕‘嫦娥四号’探月任务建立合作关系”,可见中国在取得月球探测领域领先地位的同时,并没有闭门造车,搞封闭战术,而是秉持着和国际合作的开放态度。这充分体现了开放和合作的“无国界”态度。
而“科学家有祖国”体现的则是科学家的爱国精神但科学事业的发展和科学家的命运都与自己的国家有着密切的关系。因此,可从材料中检索与此相关的信息。比如,材料三“‘玉兔二号’凝聚着中国航天人的勇气和智慧,像一位孤胆英雄,面对未知的风险与挑战,勇敢进发,努力探索。得益于驾驶员团队的悉心照料与陪伴”等内容,展现了中国航天人为了国家科技发展不懈奋斗的精神,以及对于中国在探月领域的不断进步的自豪。这些,都体现了“科学家有祖国”的爱国精神。
(二)现代文阅读II(本题共4小题,16分)
阅读下面文字,完成下面小题。
千里江山图(节选)
孙甘露
叶桃离开上海去了南京。那时候陈千里还不明白,为什么她那么不喜欢父亲叶启年做的事情,自己却又加入进去。后来他才知道,叶桃去的地方是国民党党务调查科,在叶启年的安排下,她成了机要室干事。
当时他反复问过自己:难道在上海,兆丰花园、夕阳、早春的湖水、水面上一对天鹅,这些都是他在做梦?难道他们手握着手、心怦怦跳时说的话,都只是分别前一时的冲动?他一直都很清楚,在他们两个人当中,叶桃总是先离去的那一个。
新闸路楼上的厢房,他坐在窗下,她坐在梳妆台前,他们在说话,他看见两个她,一个在面前,一个在镜子里。他完全沉浸在话题中,可说着说着,她忽然站起身,急匆匆奔出了家门。他心里总是隐隐觉得,别处某个地方,必定有一件更加重要的事情在等着她。
一年以后,陈千里也去了南京。
他在石婆婆巷租了一间小屋。白天他给书局做翻译,等着叶桃下班。有时她给他打电话(巷口烟纸店有一台公用电话),让他去她上班的地方,她也会支使他做一点事情,到哪家铺子买一包点心,或者去裁缝店取几件衣服。
只要叶启年不在南京,瞻园对叶桃来说就是一个十分自由自在的地方。那是个大园子,据说从前是座王府,门前有影壁,园里有假山。机要室在园子最北面,过了假山就能看见那排平房。他到了那里,让门房打个电话,叶桃就会出来接他,有时候也会让门房送他,到后来门房索性让他自己进去。在记忆里,那几个月过得特别安宁,叶桃也特别快乐。她好像找到了真正有意思的工作。
他们去梅花山,正是早春二月,虬枝上开满梅花,山坡上像笼罩了粉色云雾。他们心心相印,觉得整个世界退却到远处,眼前只剩下梅树、蓝天和那张脸庞。他们满心喜悦,一起背诵着涅克拉索夫:“他们说暴风雨即将来临,我不禁露出微笑。”
但是世界仍旧在这里,叶桃置身其中的环境十分危险,瞻园里有许多阴鸷的壮汉、狼狗、不许人碰的文件和禁止入内的警示牌。从园北假山后面偶尔会传出一两声惨叫。后来在栖霞山上,叶桃告诉他,那里是党务调查科,是叶启年参与搭建、充斥着阴谋和杀戮的世界。
直到最后那个月,他才知道她究竟在做什么工作,虽然他早些时候就猜到了一些。现在想来,说不定她一直都在暗示他:她真正在做的是一些秘密工作,这些工作对她意义重大。而他心里很明白,她所做的那些事情,很可能是去破坏她父亲的工作。但在让他知道真相前,她就为他指明了方向,让他了解了一个人应该投身于什么样的事业,才会让人生变得更有意义。
她从来没有真正离开过他。即便去了南京,她也每隔几天就给他写信,这些信件延续了先前的思想碰撞。现在他才理解,写那些信她多少冒了一点风险,幸亏她在瞻园上班,有办法不让这些信落到邮电检查人员手中。她还托人给他捎书和杂志:《共产党宣言》《远方来信》《布尔什维克》,还有她喜欢的涅克拉索夫诗集。
端午节的前一天,叶桃给石婆婆巷烟纸店打了个电话。那些日子他很少见到叶桃,她好像整天都非常忙碌,就算见到他也很沉默,问多了,她会忽然发火。在电话里叶桃让他去瞻园,去之前先到秦淮河边的城南茶食铺,帮她买一包闽南橘红糕。叶桃一直喜欢吃零食,在上海时他就常帮她跑腿,到了南京,她的很多旧习惯都消失了,但喜欢吃零食这一样依然如故。除了这家的橘红糕和酥糖,她还喜欢一个挑担小贩的桂花糖芋苗,总是在瞻园门口那一带叫卖。
他买了橘红糕,却在瞻园门口被人拦住了。几个月来,南前北后两道门,几班门房都认识他了,见他进门,连忙打电话到机要室找叶干事。叶桃告诉门房,今天她不能离开保密区域,叫门房登记一下,让陈千里自己进去。
陈千里在机要室那一排平房里见到了叶桃。她吃了一粒橘红糕,说,今天这个橘红糕怎么那么干?这放了多久呀?生气地扔到一边,冷冷地半天不理他,机要室里另外两个女人同情地朝他微笑。过了一阵,叶桃又叫他:“帮我到门口买碗桂花糖芋苗。”
刚刚进来时陈千里并没有看见瞻园门口有挑担叫卖的小贩。但他没说什么,每次叶桃让他到门口买桂花糖芋苗,那个小贩总会出现在那里。
“如果没看见,你就往前跑到马府街,他一般就在这几个地方。”
他提着保温筒出来,门房朝他笑。出了瞻园,果然看见担子在那里。小贩揭开盖子搁在一边,从大锅里舀了几勺红艳艳、香喷喷的芋羹,装进提筒,往里撒了点桂花末子,又拿起抹布擦了擦盖子,盖上,收钱。陈千里把糖芋苗拿进机要室,叶桃喝了一口,这才露出满意的笑容。
几天后他才知道,保温筒盖子下面有一张字条,上面有紧急情报。他在不知不觉中把情报送了出去。叶启年在广州破获了共产党地下组织,逮捕了广东的负责人欧阳民。由于情报送出及时,与欧阳民有联系的上级党组织全都撤离了。
他知道这情况时,叶桃已身负重伤。牺牲前,她告诉陈千里自己是共产党员,从前没有告诉他,是因为她受党组织派遣潜伏在国民党党务调查科,必须保守秘密,但现在她可以说了。她说她一直打算发展他入党,党组织也认为经过了一段时间的考验,已经可以接受陈千里入党,可她现在没有时间了,她希望他将来能成为一个坚定的共产主义战士。
(有删改)
6. 下列对文本相关内容的理解,正确的一项是( )
A. “他看见两个她,一个在面前,一个在镜子里”,说明叶桃的性格活泼多变,让年轻的陈千里琢磨不透。
B. 叶桃喜欢城南茶食铺的橘红糕和酥糖,以及挑担小贩的桂花糖芋苗,表明她很适应南京休闲的日常生活。
C. 端午节的前一天,叶桃把陈千里买的橘红糕扔到一边,半天不理他,反映出她斗争经验不足,关键时刻不能很好地控制情绪。
D. “现在她可以说了”而“从前没有告诉他”,表明叶桃与恋人相处时也严格遵守地下工作的保密纪律。
7. 下列对文本艺术特色的分析鉴赏,不正确的一项是( )
A. 写叶桃和陈千里在梅花山背诵诗句,既表现出两人的精神风采,也点出时代氛围。
B. 选择壮汉、狼狗、秘密文件、警示牌、惨叫等来写瞻园,凸显其阴森残酷。
C. 描写机要室另两个女人微笑以及门房笑的细节,用以反衬一种紧张诡异的气氛。
D. 文本记叙叶桃和陈千里在上海与南京的经历,将个人爱情与革命斗争交融在一起。
8. 文中画线处说“在他们两个人当中,叶桃总是先离去的那一个”,又说“她从来没有真正离开过他”,请谈谈你的理解。
9. 文本中频频出现“一年以后”“现在想来”“他知道这情况时”之类标示时间线索的语句,产生了怎样的叙述效果?请简要分析。
【答案】6. D 7. C
8. ①两人日常交往中,叶桃总是先离开,但依然通过多种方式和陈千里保持联系;
②叶桃思想上更早觉悟,先于陈千里参加革命,又引导他走上革命道路;
③虽然叶桃后来在斗争中牺牲,但她永远活在陈千里心中,她的革命精神为陈千里所继承。
9. ①整体上回溯性地讲述故事,本身具有一种历史纵深感;
②具体事件的叙述基本按照时间顺序交代,情节脉络清楚;
③展现出人物的成长历程,使人物形象更丰满;
④通过叙述时间的跳跃,过去与现在、回忆与现实相交织,将谜团逐一解开,行文跌宕起伏。
【解析】
【6题详解】
本题考查学生理解文章内容,筛选并概括文中信息的能力。
A.“说明叶桃的性格活泼多变”分析错误,根据原文第三段内容可知,此处是说明陈千里感到叶桃的工作重要并且神秘。
B.“表明她很适应南京休闲的日常生活”分析错误,根据原文“几天后他才知道,保温筒盖子下面有一张字条,上面有紧急情报。他在不知不觉中把情报送了出去”可知,叶桃喜欢城南茶食铺的橘红糕和酥糖,以及挑担小贩的桂花糖芋苗,是为了给党组织送情报。
C.“反映出她斗争经验不足,关键时刻不能很好地控制情绪”分析错误,根据原文“他提着保温筒出来”“保温筒盖子下面有一张字条,上面有紧急情报。他在不知不觉中把情报送了出去”可知,叶桃把陈千里买的橘红糕扔到一边,半天不理他,是想办法让陈千里把紧急情报送出去,及时交给党组织。
故选D。
【7题详解】
本题考查学生对文本艺术特色的分析鉴赏的能力。
C.“用以反衬一种紧张诡异的气氛”分析错误,根据原文“机要室里另外两个女人同情地朝他微笑”“他提着保温筒出来,门房朝他笑”可知,机要室另两个女人微笑以及门房的笑容并没有反衬紧张诡异的气氛,反而是表现了一种日常的、相对轻松的氛围,与叶桃和陈千里的关系和情感互动有关。
故选C。
【8题详解】
本题考查学生理解文中重要句子的含意的能力。
①从句子表层意思分析:“他一直都很清楚,在他们两个人当中,叶桃总是先离去的那一个”说明在叶桃与陈千里两人的日常交往中,叶桃总是先离开;根据“即便去了南京,她也每隔几天就给他写信”说明“她从来没有真正离开过他”是指叶桃虽然不在陈千里身边,但依然通过多种方式和陈千里保持联系;
②从句子深层含义分析:根据原文“这些信件延续了先前的思想碰撞。现在他才理解,写那些信她多少冒了一点风险”可知,“叶桃总是先离去的那一个”是因为叶桃思想上更早觉悟,先于陈千里参加革命,通过文中对叶桃与陈千里交往的描写,结合原文“几天后他才知道,保温筒盖子下面有一张字条,上面有紧急情报。他在不知不觉中把情报送了出去”可知,“她从来没有真正离开过他”是指叶桃引导陈千里走上了革命道路;
③从句子情感内涵分析:根据原文最后“她说她一直打算发展他入党,党组织也认为经过了一段时间的考验,已经可以接受陈千里入党,可她现在没有时间了,她希望他将来能成为一个坚定的共产主义战士”可知,“叶桃总是先离去的那一个”是指叶桃在斗争中牺牲,而陈千里继续革命;“她从来没有真正离开过他”是指虽然叶桃后来在斗争中牺牲,但她永远活在陈千里心中,她的革命精神为陈千里所继承,陈千里会向她希望的一样,成为一个坚定的共产主义战士。
【9题详解】
本题考查学生理解文中重要语句产生的叙述效果的能力。
①从小说内容分析:根据选文“一年以后,陈千里也去了南京”“现在想来,说不定她一直都在暗示他”“他知道这情况时,叶桃已身负重伤”这些标示时间线索语句,说明小说内容是回忆的故事,小说整体上是回溯性地讲述故事,本身具有一种历史纵深感;
②从情节脉络分析:“一年以后,陈千里也去了南京”“现在想来,说不定她一直都在暗示他”“他知道这情况时,叶桃已身负重伤”这些标示时间线索的语句,使陈千里去南京,叶桃潜伏在国民党党务调查科并保守秘密,帮助党组织考验陈千里,陈千里知道事情的真相等具体情节的叙述基本按照时间顺序交代,使文章情节脉络清楚明了;
③从人物形象分析:文中这些标示时间线索的语句,从“过去”到“现在”,通过时空转换,展现出陈千里这一人物在叶桃的帮助下由疑惑到明白,逐渐成长的漫长历程,使小说中叶桃这一人物形象更丰满;
④从行文特色分析:“一年以后,陈千里也去了南京”“现在想来,说不定她一直都在暗示他”“他知道这情况时,叶桃已身负重伤”这些语句叙述时间,由“过去”直接转到“现在”,具有跳跃性,通过陈千里这一人物的衔接,使小说内容将过去与现在、回忆与现实相交织,将叶桃所做的事的谜团逐一解开,这样的衔接使行文跌宕起伏,更能吸引读者的阅读兴趣。
二、古代诗文阅读(35分)
(一)文言文阅读(本题共5小题,20分)
阅读下面的文言文,完成下面小题。
材料一:
文侯受子夏经艺,客段干木①,过其闾,未尝不轼也。秦尝欲伐魏,或曰:“魏君贤人是礼国人称仁上下和合未可图也。”文侯由此得誉于诸侯。
(节选自《史记·魏世家》)
材料二:
上欲废太子,立戚夫人子赵王如意。吕后恐,乃使建成侯吕泽劫留侯,强要曰:“为我画计。”留侯曰:“顾上有不能致者,天下有四人。今公诚能无爱金玉璧帛,令太子为书,卑辞安车,因使辩士固请,宜来。上知此四人贤,则一助也。”汉十二年,上从击破布军归,疾益甚,愈欲易太子。及燕,置酒,太子侍。四人从太子,年皆八十有余,须眉皓白,衣冠甚伟。上怪之,问曰:“彼何为者?”四人前对,各言名姓。上乃大惊,曰:“吾求公数岁,公辟逃我,今公何自从吾儿游乎?”四人皆曰:“陛下轻士善骂,臣等义不受辱,故恐而亡匿。窃闻太子为人仁孝,恭敬爱士,天下莫不延颈欲为太子死者,故臣等来耳。”上曰:“烦公幸卒调护太子。”四人为寿已毕,趋去。上起去,罢酒。竟不易太子者,留侯本招此四人之力也。
(节选自《史记·留侯世家》)
材料三:
论者或曰:“魏文式段干木之闾,秦兵为之不至,非法度之功。虽全国有益,非所贵也。”夫法度之功者,谓何等也?养三军之士,明赏罚之命,严刑峻法,富国强兵,此法度也。六国之亡,皆灭于秦兵。六国之兵非不锐,士众之力非不劲也,然而至于破亡者,强弱不敌,众寡不同,虽明法度,其何益哉?使童子变孟贲之意②,孟贲怒之,童子操刃与孟贲战,童子必不胜,力不如也。孟贲怒,而童子修礼尽敬,孟贲不忍犯也。秦之与魏,孟贲之与童子也。夫力少则修德,兵强则奋威。秦以兵强,威无不胜。却军还众,不犯魏境者,贤干木之操,高魏文之礼也。高皇帝议欲废太子,吕后患之,子房教以敬迎四皓而厚礼之,太子遂安。夫太子敬厚四皓,以消高帝之议,犹魏文式段干木之闾,却强秦之兵也。
(节选自王充《论衡·非韩》)
[注]①段干木:战国初魏国名士。②孟贲:战国时勇士。
10. 材料一画波浪线的部分有三处需要断句,请用铅笔将答题卡上相应位置的答案标号涂黑。
魏君贤A人B是礼C国人D称仁E上下F和G合H未可图也。
11. 下列对材料中加点的词语及相关内容的解说,不正确的一项是( )
A. 燕,同“宴”,指宴饮,成语有“新婚燕尔”,其中的“燕”字意思与此相同。
B. 怪,以……为怪,意动用法,与《师说》中“不耻相师”的“耻”用法相同。
C. 为寿,向尊长敬酒并祝长寿,《鸿门宴》“沛公奉卮酒为寿”的礼仪与此相同。
D. 式,同“轼”,指扶轼,与《周亚夫军细柳》“改容式车”的“式”意思相同。
12. 下列对材料有关内容的概述,不正确的一项是( )
A. 魏文侯曾经师从子夏学习儒家经艺,他崇礼敬贤,在诸侯之中享有美誉。每次乘车经过名士段干木居住的里巷时,他一定会行礼致意。
B. 汉高祖想废掉太子,改立赵王如意,吕后为此十分恐慌,派人强行要留侯出主意,留侯认为如请到汉高祖景仰已久的四位贤人,将会对太子有利。
C. 四位贤人表示太子仁孝爱士,汉高祖打消了废太子念头,希望他们好好辅助太子;四人本是留侯亲自招来的,这也是没有另立太子的一个因素。
D. 王充认为,假如有儿童持刀与孟贲相斗,儿童肯定不能取胜;如果儿童对孟贲恭敬有加,孟贲就不忍心伤害,魏国与秦国的情况正与此相类似。
13. 把材料中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。
(1)吾求公数岁,公辟逃我,今公何自从吾儿游乎?
(2)却军还众,不犯魏境者,贤干木之操,高魏文之礼也。
14. 王充认为,“太子敬厚四皓,以消高帝之议”犹如“魏文式段干木之闾,却强秦之兵”,请根据材料分析二者的相似之处。
【答案】10. CEH
11. A 12. C
13. (1)我访求先生们好几年了,先生们都逃避我,现在先生们为何自愿跟随我儿交游呢?
(2)撤回军队,不去侵犯魏国领土,是因为秦军尊重段干木操行贤良,推崇魏文侯的礼义。
14. 敬贤礼士:太子敬重四皓,魏文侯礼敬段干木,都是通过尊重贤士来赢得他们的支持。
化解危机:太子通过敬重四皓,化解了汉高祖废太子的危机;魏文侯通过礼敬段干木,使得秦国不敢轻易进攻魏国。
德行感化:太子和魏文侯都通过自己的德行感化了贤士,使得他们愿意为其效力,从而达到了保全自己的目的。
【解析】
【10题详解】
本题考查学生文言文断句的能力。
句意:魏君对贤人特别敬重,魏国人都称赞他的仁德,上下和谐同心,不能谋取。
“贤人是礼”是宾语前置句,意思是“礼贤人”,做“魏君”的谓语和宾语,在后面C处断开。
“国人称仁”是主谓宾结构,在后面的E处断开。
“上下和合”是主谓结构,在后面的H处断开。
故选CEH。
【11题详解】
本题考查学生理解和掌握文言文一词多义现象、词类活用现象和古代文化常识的能力。
A.错误。同“宴”,宴饮/同“宴”,安乐,欢乐。句意:等到安闲的时候,设置酒宴。/弃妇诉说原夫再娶与新欢作乐,后反其意,用作庆贺新婚之辞。形容新婚时的欢乐。
B.正确。怪,以……为怪,意动用法/耻,以……为耻,意动用法。句意:皇上感到奇怪。/不以互相学习为耻。
C.正确。向尊长敬酒并祝长寿。句意:四个人敬酒祝福已毕。/刘邦献上一杯酒向项伯祝酒。
D.正确。同“轼”,车前横木。此用为动词,古人立而乘车,低头扶轼以表敬意的礼节。句意:魏文侯从段干木居住的里巷经过,手扶车轼表示敬意。/表情严肃起来,扶着车前横木俯下身子,表示敬意。
故选A。
【12题详解】
本题考查学生对文章内容的理解和分析的能力。
C.“留侯亲自招来的”错误,“留侯本招此四人之力也”是说这四个人原本是留侯推荐,吕后“令太子为书,卑辞安车,因使辩士固请”,最终招致而来的,不是“留侯亲自招来的”。
故选C。
【13题详解】
本题考查学生理解和翻译文言文句子的能力。
(1)“辟”,通“避”,逃避,躲避;“自”,自愿;“游”,交游。
(2)“……者,……也”,……的原因是……,……是因为;“贤”,以……为贤;“高”,形容词做动词,推崇。
【14题详解】
本题考查学生筛选信息和概括分析、比较材料的能力。
王充的观点从行动、效果、策略上点明了二者的相似之处。
从行动上看,“太子敬厚四皓”,材料二指出“太子为书,卑辞安车,因使辩士固请”,四皓是当时著名隐士;“魏文式段干木之闾”,材料一指出“文侯受子夏经艺,客段干木,过其闾,未尝不轼也”,子夏是“孔门十哲”之一。“太子”“文侯”都礼敬贤士。
从效果上看,“以消高帝之议”,材料二指出“上欲废太子……上曰:‘烦公幸卒调护太子。’……竟不易太子”;“却强秦之兵”,材料一指出“秦尝欲伐魏,或曰:‘魏君贤人是礼,国人称仁,上下和合,未可图也’”,材料三补充说明“秦兵为之不至”。二人都巧妙化解了危机。
从策略上看,王充认为“强弱不敌,众寡不同”“力少则修德”。“以敬迎四皓而厚礼之,太子遂安”“消高帝之议”和“魏文式段干木之闾,却强秦之兵”都是采用了“修德”的策略,达到了保全自己的目的。
参考译文:
材料一:
文侯师从子夏学经书,以客礼对待段干木,经过他的乡里,没有一次不凭轼敬礼的。秦国曾想进攻魏国。有人说:“魏君对贤人特别敬重,魏国人都称赞他的仁德,上下和谐同心,不能谋取。”文侯因此得到诸侯的赞誉。
(节选自《史记·魏世家》)
材料二:
皇上想废掉太子,立戚夫人生的儿子赵王如意。吕后很害怕,就派建成侯吕泽胁迫留侯,竭力要挟说:“一定得给我出个主意。”留侯说:“回想皇上不能招致而来的,天下有四个人。现在您果真能不惜金玉璧帛,让太子写一封信,言辞谦恭,驾着(用四匹马拉的)安车,趁机派能言善辩之士恳切地聘请,他们应当会来。皇上知道这四个人贤能,那么这对太子是一大帮助。”汉十二年,皇上随着击败黥布的军队回来,病势更加沉重,愈发想更换太子。等到宴饮的时候,设置酒宴,太子在旁侍奉。那四人跟着太子,他们的年龄都已八十多岁,须眉洁白,衣冠非常奇特。皇上感到奇怪,问道:“他们是干什么的?”四个人上前对答,各自说出姓名。皇上于是大惊说:“我访求先生们好几年了,先生们都逃避我,现在先生们为何自愿跟随我儿交游呢?”四人都说:“陛下轻慢士人,喜欢骂人,我们讲求道义,不愿受辱,所以惶恐地逃跑躲藏起来。我们私下闻知太子为人仁义孝顺,谦恭有礼,喜爱士人,天下人没有谁不伸长脖子想为太子拼死效力的。因此我们就来了。”皇上说:“烦劳诸位始终如一(善始善终)地好好调教保护太子吧。”四个人敬酒祝福已毕,小步快走离去。皇上起身离去,一直到酒宴结束,皇上最终没有更换太子,原本是留侯招致这四个人发生了效力。
(节选自《史记·留侯世家》)
材料三:
议论者中有人说:“魏文侯从段干木居住的里巷经过,手扶车轼表示敬意,秦军因此不去攻打魏国,并不是法制的功效。虽然在保全国家方面有好处,也不值得重视。”那么,法制的功能,指的是什么呢?养活三军士兵,明确赏罚法令,严厉刑法,富国强兵,这就是法制。六国灭亡,都灭亡在秦国的军队。六国的军队并非不精锐,士兵的力量也并非不强,然而甚至于被打败灭亡,这是因为强弱不相当,多少不一样,即使明确了法制,那又有什么益处呢?假使小孩违背了大力士孟贲的心意,孟贲发怒,小孩持刀跟孟贲对打,小孩肯定不能取胜,因为力量远远不如孟贲。要是孟贲发怒,而小孩讲究礼节,对他非常恭敬,孟贲才会不忍加害。秦国与魏国,就像孟贲与小孩一样。力量弱小就该修养德行,军队强大就该发扬威力。秦国凭借军队强大,威力无穷战无不胜。撤回军队,不去侵犯魏国领土,是因为秦军尊重段干木操行贤良,推崇魏文侯的礼义。汉高皇帝主张想废掉太子刘盈,吕后很担忧,张子房(张良)教太子用谦恭的态度去迎请四皓,并丰厚地礼遇他们。太子的地位安稳了太子敬重厚待四皓,来消除了高皇帝废掉太子的想法,就像魏文侯到里巷对段干木表示敬意,退掉了强大的秦军一样。
(节选自王充《论衡·非韩》)
(二)古代诗歌阅读(本题共2小题,9分)
阅读下面这首宋诗,完成下面小题。
雨后为山亭独卧
叶梦得①
过雨虚檐气稍清,卧闻刁斗起连营。
几看薄月当轩过,惊见阴虫绕砌鸣②。
汹汹南江浮静夜,寥寥北斗挂高城。
白头心事今如许,惭愧儿童话请缨。
[注]①叶梦得:南宋文学家,曾致力于抗金防备及军饷勤务。②阴虫:秋虫,如蟋蟀之类。
15. 下列对这首诗的理解和赏析,不正确的一项是( )
A. 雨后空气清新,为山亭的夜晚凉爽宜人,然而诗人的心情却难以平静。
B. 本诗第二句与辛弃疾《破阵子》中的“梦回吹角连营”一句立意相似。
C. 诗人凭轩望月,浮想联翩,而阶前突然传出的虫鸣声惊扰了他的思绪。
D. 颈联通过江水、星空等物象营造出了一个天高地迥、苍茫寂寥的境界。
16. 如何理解诗人的“白头心事”?请结合诗歌内容简要分析。
【答案】15. C 16. ①首联写诗人独卧为山亭,似乎听到连营中的刁斗声,表达了他渴望像年轻时一样充满豪情壮志、为国征战效力;②颔联和颈联写诗人夜不能寐,只能看薄月过轩、高挂城头、南江夜静,听阴虫鸣砌。诗人已白发苍苍,英雄老去,不得重用,再难建功立业,诗人心中充满无奈、愤懑。③尾联运用终军请缨的典故,将自己与“儿童”对比,“惭愧”一词暗将矛头指向南宋统治者,表达了对南宋朝廷苟且偷安、不思收复国土的不满。
【解析】
【15题详解】
本题考查学生分析理解诗歌内容的能力。
C.“阶前突然传出的虫鸣声惊扰了他的思绪”错,“惊见阴虫绕砌鸣”的“惊”并非虫鸣惊扰了诗人思绪,而是与“几看薄月当轩过”的“几看”相对,是暗暗心惊于时光飞逝,年华空老。
故选C。
【16题详解】
本题考查学生理解诗歌内容,鉴赏诗歌情感的能力。
诗歌前三联描写诗人雨后独卧为山亭看到的景象,听到的声音以及诗人内心的感受。
首联写雨过天晴,空气清新,诗人卧在为山亭中,耳中似乎传来军营中的刁斗之声。“刁斗”,古代军队中用的一种器具,铜质,有柄,能容一斗。军中白天可供一人烧饭,夜间敲击以巡更。其实诗人独卧为山亭,是不可能听到刁斗声的,诗人的错觉恰恰反映出他心中放不下军营,渴望像年轻时一样充满豪情壮志,在军营征战,为国效力;
颔联和颈联写多次看到薄月过轩,心惊于又一次阴虫砌鸣,汹涌的南江在夜色中静静浮动,孤寂的北斗星独自高挂城头。貌似宁静的夜晚,诗人无法成眠,一个人静静地看着、听着,等待天明,恰恰反映出诗人因不得重用、年华空老而夜不能寐,心事重重。
尾联则直接点明“白发心事”是“惭愧”,惭愧的内容是“儿童话请缨”。此句运用终军请缨的典故,将自己与“儿童”对比,“儿童”尚且“话请缨”,想要为国效力,而诗人却只能独卧为山亭。这“惭愧”的背后,是诗人渴望为国效力却不得的无奈、愤懑,是对南宋朝廷苟且偷安、不思收复国土的不满,也有英雄老去的无奈。
(三)名篇名句默写(本题共1小题,6分)
17. 补写出下列句子中的空缺部分。
(1)同学们到郊外春游,阳光下树木葱郁,水流淙淙,小慧不禁想起了陶渊明《归去来兮辞》中的文句:“_________________,_________________。”
(2)快过年了,于老师牵挂在成都旅行的女儿,给她发短信息时用了李白《蜀道难》中的诗句“_________________,_________________”,希望她不要贪玩,早点儿回家。
(3)古代诗人在写离情时,经常在诗的上下两句中分别表达离别双方的情思,如唐诗“________________,_________________”就是如此。
【答案】 ①. 木欣欣以向荣 ②. 泉涓涓而始流 ③. 锦城虽云乐 ④. 不如早还家 ⑤. 洛阳亲友如相问 ⑥. 一片冰心在玉壶(谁家今夜扁舟子 何处相思明月楼)
【解析】
【详解】本题考查学生准确默写常见的名篇名句的能力。
易错字词有:欣、涓、锦、扁。
三、语言文字运用(20分)
(一)语言文字运用I(本题共2小题,9分)
阅读下面的文字,完成下面小题。
看云似乎是很多北京人的日常,自到了北京,我也入乡随了俗,经常看起云来。那天是周六,我和几个朋友在一家书店闲聊,因为一直留意着窗外的云,聊天时我有些心不在焉。书店是整幅的玻璃幕墙,大大小小的云在窗框里,如画一般,还带有特别随意任性的毛边儿。带着流苏一样的大毛边儿的大块云和带着细丝一样的小毛边儿的小块云都主打一个飘逸轻盈。哪怕再高妙的丹青手,也画不出来那个劲儿,实在是美翻了。
云这么好看,却也不妨碍它下雨。那天,我们在宋庄的街道上闲逛,走着走着雨就来了。雨来了,云还在,太阳也还在。这就是名副其实的太阳雨了吧?淋着这雨,我们都没有打伞。打伞会觉得辜负了这云的,也会辜负这雨,不是吗?
18. 文中画线处是个长句,请改成几个较短的语句,可以改变语序,少量增删词语,但不得改变原意。
19. 文章结尾处的“不是吗?”是个问句,却并不表疑问,它起到了什么作用?
【答案】18. 大块云带着流苏一样的大毛边儿,小块云带着细丝一样的小毛边儿,它们都主打一个飘逸轻盈。
19. 本句是无疑而问的反问句,故意设问是为了引起读者思考,增强情感力度,强调作者和朋友们不打伞在雨中淋着而行的惬意美好,表达对北京的云和太阳雨的喜爱和享受。
【解析】
【18题详解】
本题考查学生语言表达之句式变换的能力。
长句变短句的一般步骤为:提取主干;切分修饰成分,转换成主谓句子;根据句子与句子间的逻辑关系调整语序。
第一步,提取原句的主谓宾:大块云和小块云都主打一个飘逸轻盈。
第二步,将定语转换成主谓句:将定语“带着流苏一样的大毛边儿的大块云”变成主谓句“大块云带着流苏一样的大毛边儿”;将定语“带着细丝一样的小毛边儿的小块云” 变成主谓句“小块云带着细丝一样的小毛边儿”,去掉连词“和”。
第三步,按照逻辑关系调整语序:先分别叙述“大块云”“小块云”的特征,然后对它们的共同特征进行总结,故答案为:大块云带着流苏一样的大毛边儿,小块云带着细丝一样的小毛边儿,它们都主打一个飘逸轻盈。
【19题详解】
本题考查学生语言表达之赏析标点符号用法,赏析句子表达效果的能力。
问句可以分为疑问句、设问句、反问句。其中是问句却不表示疑问的是反问句,“不是吗”属于反问句,无疑而问,用问句是为了加强语气和语势,使表达意思更肯定,引导读者思考和想象。“不是吗”是对上文作者与朋友在街道上闲逛,恰好遇上了太阳雨,便淋雨而行这一行为的肯定和强调,表达作者对太阳雨的喜爱,对淋雨而行的喜欢和享受。
(二)语言文字运用Ⅱ(本题共3小题,11分)
阅读下面的文字,完成下面小题。
众所周知,运动可以帮助放松肌肉、减轻身体紧张感、改善血液循环,让我们身体更健康,但是,可能很多人都不知道,运动更是让我们心情愉悦、大脑强健的“灵丹妙药”。多年以前,运动就已被列入情绪障碍的治疗方法之一,疗效不但立竿见影,令人信服,而且适用范围很广。
喜欢运动,经常运动的人,相信都体验过“跑者欣快”,即连续高强度运动一段时间后, ① ,但心情很好,有一种酣畅淋漓的感觉,这是因为,运动可以促使大脑分泌许多与愉悦感相关的“快乐物质”,如多巴胺、内啡肽等。而运动后的大脑,还会分泌一种名叫脑源性神经营养因子的蛋白质,有助于强健大脑。因此,运动不仅会让你轻松快乐,还会让你头脑更清晰,更有活力。当然,不是每个人 ② ,但即使做一些轻微运动,也是有助于身心健康的。
20. 文中画波浪线的句子有语病。请进行修改,使语言表达准确流畅,逻辑严密,可少量增删词语,不得改变原意。
21. 请在文中横线处补写恰当的语句,使整段文字语意完整连贯,内容贴切,逻辑严密,每处不超过10个字。
22. 下列句子中的“相信”与文中加点的“相信”,意义和用法相同的一项是( )
A. 身处困境他却并不消沉,相信自己能拼出一个光明的未来。
B. 我满心欢喜地迎接他回来,相信现在的他一定和从前不同。
C. 看到气势磅礴的壶口瀑布,相信每一位游客都会激动不已。
D. 翠翠还是不离开码头,相信祖父会来找她,同她一起回家。
【答案】20. 多年以前,运动就已被列入情绪障碍的治疗方法之一,不但疗效立竿见影、令人信服,而且适用范围很广。
21. ①虽然身体很累(虽然身体很疲惫);②都能高强度运动。
22. C
【解析】
【20题详解】
本题考查学生辨析并修改病句的能力。
原文“疗效不但立竿见影,令人信服,而且适用范围很广”中,关联词“不但”语序不当。根据原文,这句话的“疗效”是“立竿见影,令人信服”的主语,但不是“适用范围很广”的主语。两个分句主语不同,关联词应该放到前句开头。用“不但……而且……”连接,逻辑合理,分别说明了运动治疗的效果和适用范围方面的特点。所以正确的句子应为:多年以前,运动就已被列入情绪障碍的治疗方法之一,不但疗效立竿见影、令人信服,而且适用范围很广。
【21题详解】
本题考查学生语言表达之情境补写的能力。
①处,后句“但心情很好”,与①处形成转折关系,该处应使用一个表示转折的关联词,如“虽然”;前句提到“连续高强度运动一段时间后”,可推知该空应该衔接上句,可填“虽然身体很累”,或“虽然身体很疲惫”。
②处,后句“但即使做一些轻微运动”,与②处形成转折关系,该空应该填写与“轻微运动”相对的内容,本段语境强调的是“连续高强度运动”对人身体的益处,所以该空可填:都能高强度运动。
【22题详解】
本题考查学生辨析词语的语境义的能力。
文中加点的“相信”表示认为某事是真实的、可信的,表达一种推测和信任。
A.“相信”是有信心的意思。
B.“相信”是认为的意思。
C.“相信”也是认为某事是真实的、可信的,与文中的“相信”意义和用法相同。
D.“相信”是期望、盼望意思。
故选C。
四、写作(60分)
23. 阅读下面的材料,根据要求写作。
本试卷现代文阅读I提到,长久以来,人们只能看到月球固定朝向地球的一面,“嫦娥四号”探月任务揭开了月背的神秘面纱;随着“天问一号”飞离地球,航天人的目光又投向遥远的深空……
正如人类的太空之旅,我们每个人也都在不断抵达未知之境。
这引发了你怎样的联想与思考?请写一篇文章。
要求:选准角度,确定立意,明确文体,自拟标题;不要套作,不得抄袭;不得泄露个人信息;不少于800字。
【答案】例文:
肩负人生使命 抵达未知之境
上古神话里,炎黄子孙渴望御龙乘鹤、摘星揽月,对灿烂星河充满向往;当代太空之旅中,航天英雄冲破云霄,直上九天,将目光投向更遥远的深空。一代又一代的航天人上下求索,抵达一个个未知之境,吾辈青年也应追风赶浪,探索不息,不断抵达生命的未知之境。
“生活的全部意义在于无穷地探索尚未知道的东西”,人生使命在于永葆好奇心,永葆求知欲,探查未知之境的秘密。
天马行空的好奇心,是通向未知之境的灯塔。面对浩瀚无边的宇宙,先民们早就在好奇心的驱使下萌发出探索宇宙的念头,浩如烟海的神话故事中更是不乏“嫦娥奔月”般唯美的遐想。人类迈向星空的脚步更是不曾停歇,从第一颗人造卫星升空到阿姆斯特朗的“一小步”,再到“中国天眼”的诞生,我们在好奇心灯塔的指引下,一次又一次地探索更辽阔的世界。探索的乐趣与未知的诱惑,给予了人类不竭的动力,让我们一步步接近科学和宇宙的奥义,照亮人类文明进步的旅途。
“千淘万虽辛苦,吹尽狂沙始到金”,人生使命在于脚踏实地,不懈拼搏,让遥不可及的未来变成踏踏实实的已来。
想要抵达远方之境,必须心中有信念,脚下有行动,走过千山万水,还要跋山涉水;跨过雄关险隘,还要闯关夺隘。如袁隆平,头顶烈日,脚踩烂泥,才终于圆梦禾下乘凉;如樊锦诗,扎根大漠,梦爱遗迹,才取得数字敦煌的举世瞩目;如张桂梅半生奔波,半生坚守,才实现让贫困女孩走出大山的梦想。“成功的花,人们只惊慕它现时的明艳,孰不知当初她的芽儿渗透了奋斗的泪泉,洒遍了牺牲的血雨”,冰心说如是。抵达远方不是挂在嘴边,喊喊口号,这山望着那山高,而是要把它转化为内生动力和实际行动,日日夜夜的奋斗、持续不断的探索,才能一步一步抵达未知之境。
“路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索”,人生使命在于不满当下,探索不止,奔赴下一个大海星辰。
抵达之境是上一次探索的终点,也是下一次探索的起点,人类无时无刻不在对生命进行追问与探索,这种前赴后继的研究与追寻带领我们从这个已知之境奔赴向下一个未知之境。从第一次工业革命的蒸汽时代到第三次工业革命的航天时代,从活字印刷术的派生到如今快速便捷的互联网,从物种起源到克隆技术的发展,从扫地机器人到ChatGPT ……踔厉向前,笃行不怠,才能看得见一路的彧彧花繁,才能抵达下一个未知的美好之境。
新世纪的钟声已经敲响,让好奇之心点燃求知的热情,让探索的足迹化合成创造的交响乐,让永不停歇的脚步带领我们抵达一个又一个充满吸引的未知之境……
【解析】
【详解】本题考查学生的写作能力
审题:
这是一道引语类材料作文题。
作文材料关联本试卷现代文阅读I,以材料三为主,兼及材料二,并以“太空之旅”一词照应材料一,展现出人类的月球探索历程。
作文材料最后一句“正如人类的太空之旅,我们每个人也都在不断抵达未知之境”,将伟大的人类探索之旅拉回到考生的现实生活场景,其中的关键短语是“抵达未知之境”,既包含了“抵达未知之境”之前的探索进程,充满艰辛,饱含期待;也蕴含着“抵达未知之境”之后永不止步的愿望,充满信心,渴望再度踏上征程。考生立意作文,不能止步于对“航天精神”的讴歌,而要回到“我们每个人”这一语境,使“抵达未知之境”的太空之旅与青少年的成长发展之间构成一种新的观照维度。成长过程中的艰辛与喜悦、新的人生起点的憧憬与期盼,都是考生展开联想与思考的着力点。
材料中的“未知”也是一个值得思考的话题。“未知”背后的“不确定性”,让探索变得迷人,而好奇心在驱遣我们去想象,推动我们去思考,由此考生可以生发出深邃的议论与独到的观点。可以围绕“探索未知”、“勇于挑战”和“不断成长”等主题展开,探讨个体在面对未知时应有的态度、行动和收获。
如果能以日常学习生活的成长进步为切入点,写出生动形象、感情真挚的记叙文,写出学习生活中无处不在的“探究精神”,都是符合作文命题指向的。
行文构思上,先概括材料,由材料引出观点,如:探索未知之境,收获生命厚重。接下来从怎么办的角度展开论述,一、需要有探索未知的勇气,勇敢迈出第一步;二、需要有坚持不懈的奋斗,一步一步向未知靠近;三、需要有永不满足的心态,向下一个未知之境进发。最后总结观点,生命因探索而变得厚重,我们只有在探索未知的道路上不断前行,才能抵达更远的地方。
立意:
1.探索未知之境,成就无限可能。
2.我以探索之心,追逐未知之境。
3.勇于挑战,不断成长,抵达未知。
4.始于好奇,续于探索,成于新境。
2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国甲卷)
语 文
使用地区:四川、宁夏、内蒙古、青海、陕西
本试卷满分150分,考试时间150分钟。
一、现代文阅读(36分)
(二)实用类文本阅读(本题共3小题,12分)
阅读下面的文字,完成下面小题。
“偷梁换柱”多指以假代真,用欺骗的手段改变事物的性质,然而在古建筑工程领域,“偷梁换柱”却属于一种科学实用的修缮加固方法。
梁是截面形状一般为长方形的木料,且木料的长度尺寸远大于截面尺寸。梁为水平放置,两端的底部有支撑构件。梁主要用于承担建筑上部构件及屋顶的全部重量,并把这些重量向下传给支撑构件。柱为梁的支撑构件。柱子截面形状一般为圆形,长度尺寸远大于截面直径。柱子为竖向放置,主要用于承担上部梁传来的重量,并向下传递给下部的梁或直接传至地面。梁与柱采用榫卯形式连接,形成稳固的大木结构体系。位于屋架内的若干梁在竖向被层层往上“抬”,上下梁之间由短柱支撑,底部的梁由立于地面的立柱支撑。梁、柱均为中国木结构古建筑的核心受力、传力构件,缺一不可。
对于古建筑而言,立于地面的立柱,或因长期承受上部结构传来的重量而产生开裂残损,或因柱底部位长期受到地面潮气影响而出现糟朽残损,这导致木柱强度下降,无法正常支撑梁。此时可采用“偷梁换柱”的加固方法。“偷梁换柱”实际就是“托梁换柱”。其基本做法为:首先将“假柱”(即临时的竖向支撑构件)安装在梁底部、原柱(原有立柱)旁边;再抽去原柱,使梁传来的重量暂时由“假柱”承担;然后安装新柱,新柱的材料、尺寸及安装位置与原有立柱相同;最后将“假柱”移去。
完善的“偷梁换柱”加固方法具有科学性,其原理主要包括三个方面:其一,从梁的角度而言,它是水平受力构件,并把外力向下传给立柱。梁只有保持水平稳定状态,才能保证整个大木结构的稳定。在加固古建筑的过程中,梁始终受到支托,因而能一直保持水平稳定状态。其二,从柱的角度而言,它是竖向支撑构件,并最终把上部构件的重量传给地基。只有立柱具有充足的承载力,且与梁有可靠连接时,才能有效承担梁传来的作用力。加固过程中,技术人员虽然将原柱抽去,但是预先将“假柱”设置于原柱附近,让“假柱”代替原柱发挥支撑作用,因而换柱过程对结构整体的稳定基本无影响。换柱完成后,新柱与原柱有着同样的材料、尺寸,且与梁有着相同的可靠连接方式,它完全能够代替原柱发挥支撑作用。其三,从梁、柱整体结构角度而言,“偷梁换柱”方法对整体结构干扰小,且能达到良好的加固效果:原柱被新柱原位替换,新柱不仅有很好的支撑作用,而且与梁仍有可靠连接;“假柱”仅用于加固过程的临时支撑,且在原柱撤去后新柱安装前,能够与梁临时组成稳定的结构体系。因此,在“偷梁换柱”过程中,梁、柱结构整体始终处于稳定状态。
中国古建筑大木构架剖面示意图
(摘编自周乾《故宫建筑细探》)
4. 下列对原文相关内容的理解和分析,不正确的一项是( )
A. “偷梁换柱”这一成语在现今的使用中多含有贬义的色彩,但在古建筑工程领域,它是指一种修缮加固的科学方法,完全没有贬义。
B. 中国古建筑大木构架剖面示意图展示了几种不同位置、不同尺寸的柱,这些柱子中,立于地面的立柱比较容易发生糟朽残损的情况。
C. 结合图文可以发现,屋顶的重量由上层柱承担,然后传给梁,再由梁传递给其下的短柱,依次向下传递,最终由底部的立柱传至地面。
D. “偷梁换柱”的加固方法包括托梁、抽柱、换柱等步骤,在每一个步骤中梁一直会得到很好的支撑,从而始终能够保持水平稳定状态。
5. 请根据原文内容,在下面文段的横线处补写出恰当的词语。
工程实例:故宫太和殿是我国最大的木构大殿,明清两代帝王即位或节日庆典都在此举行。2004年,技术人员在对太和殿进行勘查时,发现有一根立柱下部三分之一的位置出现了严重糟朽,于是采取了“偷梁换柱”的方法对该立柱进行加固。具体过程如下:先使用“假柱”托住原柱上部的梁。“假柱”为完好的木料,被安装在_________附近,用于临时支撑梁。再把柱子底部糟朽部分抽去,以便用_________代替。原柱糟朽部分去掉后,剩余的部分做成巴掌形,与新柱搭接。新柱与被抽去的糟朽部分同材料、同形状、同尺寸,且顶部亦做成巴掌榫形状。最后再把_________拆除,即完成了原有立柱的加固。
6. 清代的古籍中有另一种“偷梁换柱”的记载:当某根立柱损坏需要更换时,为节省工料,工匠只是在原柱旁边设一根新柱,再撤去原柱。为什么第2题“工程实例”中,太和殿修缮没有采用这种更简便的加固方式呢?请简要分析。
【答案】4. C 5. ①. 原柱 ②. 新柱 ③. 假柱
6. ①新柱如果没有原位替换原柱,可能会改变建筑原结构的受力和传力方式,影响整体的稳定性;
②太和殿是中国最大的木构大殿,建造之初工匠们应该经过了精心的测量,原位替换才是最佳的解决方案;
③太和殿的修缮加固追求最大程度地保持文物原貌,节省工料不是优先考虑的因素。
【解析】
【4题详解】
本题考查学生理解、分析文章内容和理解图表的能力。
C.“屋顶重量由上层柱承担,然后传给梁”错误,原文第二段“梁为水平放置”“梁主要用于承担建筑上部构件及屋顶的全部重量,并把这些重量向下传给支撑构件”,示意图中线条指示的横着的木料是“梁”,它承担屋顶的全部重量。选项受力、传力分析不对。
故选C。
【5题详解】
本题考查学生筛选整合信息、根据文本信息进行判断推理和情境补写的能力。
试题以故宫太和殿的修缮工程实例为题面,要求学生在理解“偷梁换柱”全过程,尤其是原柱、“假柱”、新柱三者关系的基础上,补写空缺内容。
题干中“具体过程如下”可对应材料第三段的“其基本做法为……”。
第①处,“被安装在……附近”,对应材料的“首先将‘假柱’(即临时的竖向支撑构件)安装在梁底部、原柱(原有立柱)旁边”或第四段“预先将‘假柱’设置于原柱附近”,“附近”与“旁边”意思相近,故填“原柱”。
第②处,“以便用……代替”,对应“使梁传来的重量暂时由‘假柱’承担;然后安装新柱,新柱的材料、尺寸及安装位置与原有立柱相同”或第四段“原柱被新柱原位替换”,“假柱”只是代替原柱发挥支撑作用,真正用于替换的应该是“新柱”,故填“新柱”。
第③处,“最后再把……拆除”,对应“最后将‘假柱’移去”,“假柱”的引号不能删除,因为表示特定称谓,故填“‘假柱’”。
【6题详解】
本题考查学生筛选并整合信息、根据文本信息进行判断推理的能力。
题干中的方法“更简便”,但是由材料和上一题的信息可知:完善的“偷梁换柱”加固方法具有科学性。
首先,从受力分析角度看,原文第四段从三个角度“从梁的角度而言……保证整个大木结构的稳定”“从柱的角度而言……对结构整体的稳定基本无影响”“从梁、柱整体结构角度而言……组成稳定的结构体系”,进行受力、传力分析,得出:原位替换可以保证整体的稳定性。
其次,从工匠精神的“精益求精”追求看,上一题的材料中指出“故宫太和殿是我国最大的木构大殿,明清两代帝王即位或节日庆典都在此举行”,大殿设计、建造之初,必定组织大量能工巧匠进行了精心的设计、测量等工作,原位替换更符合整体设计,因而是最佳修缮方案。
最后,从修缮原则、文物保护角度看,“修旧如故”,不追求节省工料,而应尽可能地保持其原有历史形态和特征,以尊重和保护其历史价值和文化意义。上一题的'材料中,在修缮时将“原柱糟朽部分去掉后,剩余的部分做成巴掌形,与新柱搭接。新柱与被抽去的糟朽部分同材料、同形状、同尺寸,且顶部亦做成巴掌榫形状”,这样能够最大程度地保持文物原貌,
该题不要求学生作答面面俱到,只要回答出两点即可。如果有其他的答案,言之成理亦可。
(三)文学类文本同读(本题共3小题,15分)
阅读下面的文学。完成下面小题。
霜降夜
周蓬桦
白露过后,乌乡的风里就已平添了寒意。早晨醒来,阳光刺眼,推开栅门,发现脚下的草叶上布满晶莹的霜,薄簿的一层,把路边的花打蔫,桦树的枝条似乎萧条了些许,树木上的一只只眼睛长出了睫毛,无意间仰头,但见几粒寒星正在向山顶以南的方向悄悄隐逝。镇上某一户人家屋顶上的烟囱,已经开始忙活,突突地冒青烟,烟柱是笔直的,上升到一米多高后遇到了风,才变得凌乱,像一块被抽断的丝绸。
有人说,乌乡的风里,流动着一股特别的味道,也只有亲临现场的人才会知道。这种特别的味道让人难忘,在鼻间萦绕,以至于割舍不下,成了人们再来乌乡的理由。
我提着满满一大铁桶草木灰,把它们倾倒在大路边潮湿的水洼里——这是房东阿姨安排给我的任务。昨天晚上,我约了几个养桑蚕与种植薰衣草的农户,到院子里攀谈,大家吃着草原黄膘烤牛肉,品尝着新摘的巨峰葡萄,黑色的冻梨,喝着自酿的桑葚酒,交谈内容涉猎宽泛,没有明确的主题。基本围绕农事收成,动物保护和挖掘过冬的地窖打转。当然,我最感兴趣的,是他们讲述过往亲身经历的事件。兴许口吻轻描淡写,但对我十分有用。一些亮点像阵雨打湿心头,渗入静夜植物的根须,我急忙拿出记事本,在马灯的光线下一一做了记录。牛圈在屋后,小牛犊不时制造一点骚动,从那里飘来丝丝淡淡的尿臊气,但这并没影响大家浓厚的谈兴。叶子稀疏的板栗树梢上,始终挑着一弯残月。
聊到10点多钟时,霜降开始了,夜幕陡然拉向纵深,只听得周围的芦苇秆在瑟瑟作响,白桦树枝在轻轻蠕动,我身上很快起了一层细小的鸡皮疙瘩。这时,善良的房东阿姨送来了羊毛毯和羊毛披肩,以抵抗霜降带来的微妙变化。
“天要落露了,大伙儿小心着凉。”她说。
阿姨端来一小筐被冰冻过的无花果,果子个头大,已经在冰柜里冻成了一个个小冰球,阿姨从厨房提来了铁皮桶,点燃了软草和木柴。很快就将冻浆果烤软了,冰渣子化成了水,杂糅着果实的汁液。取一个放在嘴里,觉得冻过后的无花果有一股山柿饼的味道。少顷,桌上又摆满了甜点美食——大列巴面包、哈尔滨红肠、咖啡、奶茶、干果仁,还有烤得香喷喷的草原红糖焙子,吃得大家直打饱嗝。
这是一个特别的霜降夜,让人感觉到生命与节气之间发生了某种密切的联系,有很强烈的体验感,从这个夜晚起始,我正式走进乌乡人的生活,自此与之呼吸同一种空气,吃一锅同样的黑米乌饭,喝新碾的大碴子粥,我并不觉得我与乌乡的人和动物有什么不同。我们是对等的。他们在日子艰辛面前所持有的积极态度,和对幸福目标的追寻姿态,都让我感同身受,嘘唏或喜悦。如果可能,我愿意做乌乡山野中的一株树或一片霜冻的叶子。
我还记下了燃烧时呲呲作响的松油灯,灯下的笑脸,火光中明亮的瞳仁,以及整整一个晚上都在谈论的接地气的话题——如何与枯草丛中的野物们一道,度过暴风雪即将来临的严冬,需要粮食、木柴、胡萝卜和大白菜,需要棉衣棉被,需要一个大火炉。哟,对我这样长年奔波的外乡人来说,这是一个多么难忘的夜晚。
早晨的光线重叠移动,越升越高,把山脉的阴影投射到地面上。我手扶栅栏,将空空的铁皮桶放回到了板栗树下,却见房东阿姨的小儿子背了行囊,走下台阶,似乎要离乡远行。阿姨从灶间走出来,腰间系着粗布白围裙。她搓着手,一边抬手拭泪,脸上难掩担忧和凄惶的表情。
她的小儿子目光淡定,飞快地走出院落,又回过头来朝我们挥手笑笑,然后大步踩过路边的草木灰,在阳光下缩小成一个移动的墨点,在远山的背景下渐渐消失。返回屋内,我以树墩做书案,在稿纸上飞快地记下一句话:“霜降后,一些植物枯萎,一些事物到来,一些人又把双脚踩在了泥泞的路上。”
(有删改)
7. 下列对文本相关内容和艺术特色的分析鉴赏,不正确的一项是( )
A. 文章第一段写乌乡的清晨,作者感受着风与光,视线从脚下草、身边树,推展至天际寒星,再收回到农家炊烟,心情和笔触都从容舒缓。
B. 霜降夜攀谈中,作者感觉到“一些亮点像阵雨打湿心头,渗入静夜植物的根须”,既实写外在景致的变动,又虚写心中灵感的滋生。
C. 霜降夜的柴草烤软了冻果,次晨草木灰被倾倒在路边水洼,一个年轻人踩过草木灰离家远行,这些点滴细节都带有乌乡生活的温度。
D. 本文不仅记录了作者本人在乌乡小住的感受,还提及不少与当地生活息息相关的话题,如农事收成、动物保护等,侧面反映了乡村的发展。
8. 如何理解文章最后作者记下的那句话?
9. 乌乡霜降夜,作者“感觉到生命与节气之间发生了某种密切的联系,有很强烈的体验感”,文章是从哪些方面来抒写这种体验感的?请简要分析。
【答案】7. D 8. ①面对生活的困境,有人经不起打击而败退,有人则迎难而上,开始了新生;②虽然前行艰难,但也要凭借坚韧和勇气勇敢踏上征程,寻找属于自己的新生活;③此句表达了作者在乌乡霜降夜的所见所感,表达了对生命坚韧精神的深刻理解,对乌乡人的赞美。
9. ①自然景象的描写中渗透着独特的生命感受:文章开头描写了乌乡清晨的霜景,草叶上的霜、萧条的桦树、寒星的隐逝、农家炊烟等细节,写出了霜降节气中自然的变化;通过写作者感受到风中对的含义,闻得到风中独特的味道,写出了生命的独特感受。②人与自然的互动:作者与农户们在院子里攀谈、品尝当地食物,展示了人与自然的密切联系;作者还写了霜降夜的景物变化与感受到的寒意,写了房东阿姨送毯子,谈论过冬的准备等细节,展现了乌乡人对节气的重视以及应对节气的方法,写出人与节气之间密切的关联。③情感的共鸣:作者在霜降夜中感受到乌乡人对生活的积极态度和对幸福的追求,产生了强烈的情感共鸣。特别是最后看到房东阿姨的小儿子离乡远行,作者感受到生命的流动和时间的变迁,进一步深化了对生命与节气之间联系的体验。
【解析】
【7题详解】
本题考查学生对文本艺术特色的分析鉴赏能力。
D.“侧面反映了乡村的发展”错,文章主要记录了作者在乌乡的感受和体验,虽然提及了一些与当地生活相关的话题,但并没有反映乡村的发展,主要是表现乌乡特有的自然风光、生活习俗和人情特点。
故选D。
【8题详解】
本题考查学生理解重要句子含义的能力。
这句话是作者在乌乡小住之后的人生感悟。
“霜降”代表着生活中的困境;“植物枯萎”象征着生命的衰退和结束,象征着那些经不起打击而被击败的人和事物;“一些事物到来”则象征着新的开始和希望,代表着经受住打击的人或事物迎来新生,开始新生活;
“一些人又把双脚踩在了泥泞的路上”,“泥泞”代表前路坎坷不易,而“把双脚踩在了泥泞的路上”象征着前行的艰辛和不易,但也体现了人们在困境中前行的坚韧和勇气,正如房东阿姨的小儿子,毅然背起行囊离家远行,去追寻属于自己的生活。
此句表达了作者在乌乡霜降夜的所见所感,表达了对生命坚韧精神的深刻理解,对乌乡人的赞美。
【9题详解】
本题考查学生理解文章内容,多角度探究作品意蕴的能力。
自然景象的描写中渗透着独特的生命感受:文章描写了乌乡清晨的霜景,草叶上的霜、被霜打蔫的花、枝条萧条的桦树、悄悄隐逝的寒星、农家屋顶的炊烟,这些自然景观都带有霜降节气的特色;贯穿其中的还有作者的细腻感受,如乌乡白露过后感受到的寒意,“白露过后,乌乡的风里就已平添了寒意”;还有乌乡风中特别的味道,“这种特别的味道让人难忘,在鼻间萦绕,以至于割舍不下,成了人们再来乌乡的理由”。
人与自然的互动:作者描写了霜降夜与农户们在院子里攀谈、品尝当地食物,“大家吃着草原黄膘烤牛肉,品尝着新摘的巨峰葡萄,黑色的冻梨,喝着自酿的桑葚酒”“阿姨端来一小筐被冰冻过的无花果,果子个头大,已经在冰柜里冻成了一个个小冰球”,这些都是秋天特有的食物,体现了人与自然的密切关联;此外,作者还写了霜降夜的景物变化与感受到的寒意,“霜降开始了,夜幕陡然拉向纵深,只听得周围的芦苇秆在瑟瑟作响,白桦树枝在轻轻蠕动,我身上很快起了一层细小的鸡皮疙瘩”,写了房东阿姨送毯子,“善良的房东阿姨送来了羊毛毯和羊毛披肩,以抵抗霜降带来的微妙变化”;还写了谈论过冬的准备等细节,“如何与枯草丛中的野物们一道,度过暴风雪即将来临的严冬,需要粮食、木柴、胡萝卜和大白菜,需要棉衣棉被,需要一个大火炉”,展现了乌乡人对节气的重视以及应对节气的方法,写出人与节气之间密切的关联。
情感的共鸣:作者在霜降夜中感受到乌乡人对生活的积极态度和对幸福的追求,产生了强烈的情感共鸣,“他们在日子艰辛面前所持有的积极态度,和对幸福目标的追寻姿态,都让我感同身受,嘘唏或喜悦”。特别是最后看到房东阿姨的小儿子离乡远行,“她的小儿子目光淡定,飞快地走出院落,又回过头来朝我们挥手笑笑,然后大步踩过路边的草木灰,在阳光下缩小成一个移动的墨点,在远山的背景下渐渐消失”,作者感受到生命的流动和时间的变迁,进一步深化了对生命与节气之间联系的体验。
通过这些方面的描写,文章生动地抒写了作者在乌乡霜降夜的深刻体验感,展现了人与自然、生命与节气之间的密切联系。
二、古代诗文阅读(34分)
(一)文言文阅读(本题共4小题,19分)
阅读下面的文言文,完成下面小题。
人才莫盛于三国,亦惟三国之主各能用人,故得众力相扶,以成鼎足之势。而其用人亦各有不同者,大概曹操以权术相驭,刘备以性情相契,孙氏兄弟以意气相投。
刘备为吕布所袭奔于操程昱以备有雄才劝操图之。操曰:“今收揽英雄时,杀一人而失天下之心,不可也。”然此犹非与操有怨者。臧霸先从陶谦,后助吕布,布为操所擒,霸藏匿,操募得之,即以霸为琅邪相。先是操在兖州,以徐翕、毛晖为将,兖州乱,翕、晖皆叛,后操定兖州,翕、晖投霸。至是,操使霸出二人,霸曰:“霸所以能自立者,以不为此也。”操叹其贤。盖操当初起时,方欲藉众力以成事,故以此奔走天下。及其削平群雄,势位已定,则孔融、许攸等,皆以嫌忌杀之。荀彧素为操谋主,亦以其阻九锡而胁之死。然后知其雄猜之性久而自露,而从前之度外用人,特出于矫伪,以济一时之用,所谓以权术相驭也。
至刘备,一起事即为人心所向。观其三顾诸葛,咨以大计,独有傅岩爰立之风。关、张、赵云,自少结契,终身奉以周旋,即羁旅奔逃,无寸土可以立业,而数人者患难相随,别无贰志。此固数人者之忠义,而备亦必有深结其隐微而不可解者矣。至托孤于亮,曰:“嗣子可辅,辅之;不可辅,则君自取之。”千载下犹见其肝膈本怀,岂非真性情之流露?亮第一流人,二国俱不能得,备独能得之,亦可见以诚待人之效矣。
至孙氏兄弟之用人,亦自有不可及者。孙策生擒太史慈,即解其缚曰:“子义青州名士,但所托非人耳。孤是卿知己,勿忧不如意也。”此策之得士也。陆逊镇西陵,权刻印置逊所,每与刘禅、诸葛亮书,常过示逊,有不安者,便令改定,以印封行之。委任如此,臣下有不感知遇而竭心力者乎?陆逊晚年为杨竺等所谮,愤郁而死。权后见其子抗,泣曰:“吾前听谗言,与汝父大义不笃,以此负汝。”以人主而自悔其过,开诚告语如此,其谁不感泣?此孙氏兄弟之用人,所谓以意气相感也。
(节选自赵翼《廿二史札记》卷七)
10. 文中画波浪线的部分有三处需要断句,请用铅笔将答题卡上相应位置的答案标号涂黑。
刘备为吕布A所袭B奔C于操D程昱E以备F有雄才G劝操H图之。
11. 下列对文中加点的词语及相关内容的解说,不正确的一项是( )
A. 藉,凭借、借助,与《陈涉世家》中“藉第令毋斩”的“藉”意思相同。
B. 即,即使,与《桃花源记》中“太守即遣人随其往”的“即”意思不同。
C. 固,固然,与《赤壁赋》中“固一世之雄也,而今安在哉”的“固”意思相同。
D. 但,只是,与《记承天寺夜游》中“但少闲人如吾两人者耳”的“但”意思相同。
12. 下列对原文有关内容的概述,不正确的一项是( )
A. 臧霸曾为吕布效力,曹操擒捉吕布以后,臧霸为避祸藏匿起来;后来他又被曹操捕获,曹操不计前嫌,对他委以重任,任命他为琅邪相。
B. 曹操初起时为图霸业,能笼络人才,甚至能任用曾与己有怨者;势位已定时则猜忌异己,滥杀无辜。这正是其用人“以权术相驭”的表现。
C. 刘备以性情结交忠义之士,以诚待人,故能深得人心;刘备创业过程中多次遭遇挫折,但诸葛亮及关、张、赵云等人患难相随,忠贞不渝。
D. 陆逊镇守西陵时,深得孙权信任,孙权给刘禅、诸葛亮写信,常常给陆逊看,有不妥之处就让他改定;到了晚年,陆逊遭到谗害,郁郁而终。
13. 把文中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。
(1)操使霸出二人,霸曰:“霸所以能自立者,以不为此也。”
(2)吾前听谗言,与汝父大义不笃,以此负汝。
【答案】10. BDG 11. A 12. A
13. (1)曹操让臧霸交出那两个人,臧霸说:“我之所以能够自立的原因,是因为不做这样的事情。”
(2)我以前听信谗言,与令尊的关系不够深厚,因此辜负了你。
【解析】
【10题详解】
本题考查学生文言文断句的能力。
句意:刘备被吕布袭击后,投奔曹操,程昱认为刘备有雄才,劝曹操图谋除掉他。
“为……所”表被动,“袭”是动词,“刘备为吕布所袭”是一个被动句,所以从“袭”后B处断开;
“奔于操”承接前边主语“刘备”,“奔”是谓语,“操”是宾语,结构完整,所以从“于操”后D处断开;
“以”是“程昱”的谓语,“备有雄才”是宾语,“程昱以备有雄才”句子结构完整,所以从“有雄才”后G处断开。
故选BDG。
【11题详解】
本题考查学生对文言词语中的一词多义现象的理解能力。
A.错误。两个“藉”意思不同。“藉”,凭借、借助;/即使。句意:正是想借助众人的力量成就大业。/即使仅能免于斩刑。
B.正确。即,即使;/立即。句意:即使在颠沛流离、无立足之地时。/太守立即派遣人员跟随他前往。
C.正确。句意:这固然是几人的忠义。/(曹孟德)固然是当世的一位英雄人物,然而现在又在哪里呢?
D.正确。句意:只是所托非人罢了。/只是缺少像我们两个这样清闲的人罢了。
故选A。
【12题详解】
本题考查学生理解文章内容的能力。
A.“后来他又被曹操捕获”理解错误,根据原文“霸藏匿,操募得之,即以霸为琅邪相”可知,臧霸并不是被曹操捕获,而是曹操通过招募的方式找到臧霸,并任命他为琅邪相。
故选A。
【13题详解】
本题考查学生理解并翻译文言文句子的能力。
(1)“出”,交出;“所以”,……的原因;“以”,因为;“……也”,表判断。
(2)“前”,以前;“笃”,深厚;“负”,辜负。
参考译文:
三国时期的人才可谓是最为鼎盛的,这也得益于三国的君主各自善于用人,因此能够汇聚众人的力量,形成三足鼎立的局面。然而,他们用人的方式各有不同。大致来说,曹操是以权术驾驭人,刘备是以性情结交人,孙氏兄弟则是以意气感召人。
刘备被吕布袭击后,投奔曹操,程昱认为刘备有雄才,劝曹操图谋除掉他。曹操说:“现在是收揽英雄的时候,杀一个人会失去天下人的心,这是不可以的。”然而,这还不是与曹操有怨的人。臧霸先是跟随陶谦,后来帮助吕布,吕布被曹操擒获后,臧霸藏匿起来。曹操通过招募的方式找到臧霸,立即任命他为琅邪相。早先,曹操在兖州时,任用徐翕、毛晖为将,兖州发生动乱,徐翕、毛晖都叛变了。后来曹操平定兖州,徐翕、毛晖投奔臧霸。到这时,曹操让臧霸交出那两个人,臧霸说:“我之所以能够自立的原因,是因为不做这样的事情。”曹操叹息他的贤能。曹操当初起事时,正是想借助众人的力量成就大业,所以以此奔走天下。等到他削平群雄,势位已定时,孔融、许攸等人都因嫌忌被杀。荀彧一直是曹操的谋主,也因为阻止曹操接受九锡而被逼死。由此可见,曹操的雄猜之性久而自露,而从前的宽容用人,只是出于权宜之计,以应一时之需,这就是所谓的以权术驾驭人。
至于刘备,一起事就为人心所向。看他三顾茅庐请诸葛亮出山,咨询大计,独有傅岩立贤的风范。关羽、张飞、赵云,自年轻时结交,终身相随,即使在颠沛流离、无立足之地时,这几人也患难与共,毫无二心。这固然是几人的忠义,但刘备也必定有深厚的情感纽带令人不能解开。到托孤于诸葛亮时,刘备说:“嗣子可辅,辅之;不可辅,则君自取之。”千载之下仍能见其肝胆相照,岂不是性情的流露?诸葛亮是第一流的人才,其他两国都不能得到,唯独刘备能得到他,这也可见以诚待人的效果。
至于孙氏兄弟用人,也各自有别人比不了之处。孙策生擒太史慈后,立即解开他的绑缚,说:“子义是青州名士,只是所托非人罢了。我是你的知己,不用担心不如意。”这是孙策得士的表现。陆逊镇守西陵,孙权把印章放在陆逊那里,每次与刘禅、诸葛亮通信,常常给陆逊看,有不妥之处就让他改定,然后盖上印章发出。委任如此,臣下有不感知遇而竭心尽力的吗?陆逊晚年被杨竺等人谗害,愤郁而死。孙权后来见到陆逊的儿子陆抗,哭着说:“我以前听信谗言,与令尊的关系不够深厚,因此辜负了你。”作为君主能自悔其过,像这样开诚布公地告知,谁能不感动流泪呢?这就是孙氏兄弟用人,这就是所说的以意气感人的表现。
(二)古代诗歌阅读(本题共2小题,9分)
阅读下面诗歌,回答后面问题。
次韵钱逊叔泛舟虹桥①
宋·吕本中
半篙春涨绿平溪,二月江城草色齐。
舟比蜉蝣千顷外,□同斥鷃一枝栖②。
野桥柳线斜风软,曲槛花光夕照低。
却讶探骊人不至③,清樽画航倩分题④。
[注]①次韵:依次用所和诗中的韵作诗。②本句首字原缺。③探骊:这里指精通写诗作文。④分题:诗人聚会,分题目而赋诗。
14. 下列对这首诗的理解和赏析,不正确的一项是( )
A. 诗歌开篇写春水、草色,围绕色彩落笔,营造出一种愉悦的情感氛围。
B. 春水新涨,水面辽阔宽广,在波间漂浮的船只显得如同蜉蝣一样细小。
C. 斥鷃见于《庄子·逍遥游》,用来与鹏做对比,因此诗中缺字应是“鹏”。
D. 诗歌的尾联写到了“分题”,以此收束,与题目中的“次韵”形成照应。
15. 请赏析颈联“野桥柳线斜风软,曲槛花光夕照低”中“软”“低”二字艺术效果。
【答案】14. C 15. “软”字形容斜风的温柔轻柔,营造出宁静和谐的氛围;“低”字描绘夕照的柔和低垂,增强了画面的层次感和诗意,使景象更生动。
【解析】
【14题详解】
本题考查学生对诗歌解读中存在问题进行逻辑判断及对课文内容的理解和分析的能力。
C.“……对比,因此诗中缺字应是‘鹏’”错误,前后不构成因果关系。缺字一句可以有两种解释:一是缺字表示的事物与斥鷃一起栖息在树枝上;二是该事物像斥鷃一样栖息在树枝上。参照上句中的“比”字,后一种理解符合原意的可能性较大。但无论是哪一种理解,缺字都不可能是“鹏”字。鹏与斥鷃是《逍遥游》用来论述“小大之辨”的两个例证,斥鷃是一种小鸟,是可以栖息在树枝之上的;而鹏则庞大得不可思议,它“背若泰山,翼若垂天之云”,无法想象它可以在树枝上栖息。当然,“一枝”也可能是一个比喻,用来表示狭窄的空间,那也同样不是鹏所能栖息的。
故选C。
【15题详解】
本题考查学生鉴赏炼字艺术效果的能力。
用字精当以追求表现力的最大化,是历代文人在文学创作中极为重视的问题,诗歌中尤其如此。本题要求赏析“软”“低”二字的艺术效果,需要学生借助联想和想象品味语言,并把自己的体验和感受用文字表达出来。
“软”字用来形容斜风,传达出春风的温柔和轻柔。斜风拂过野桥上的柳条,柳条随风轻轻摇曳,给人一种柔和、舒适的感觉。这个字不仅描绘了春风的特质,还营造出一种宁静、和谐的氛围,使读者仿佛置身于春日的美景中,感受到春风的温暖和柔情。
“低”字用来形容夕照,描绘了夕阳西下时光线逐渐变低的景象。夕阳的余晖洒在曲折的栏杆和花朵上,光线柔和而低垂,给人一种温馨、宁静的感觉。这个字不仅描绘了夕阳的特质,还增强了画面的层次感和立体感,使整个景象显得更加生动和富有诗意。
通过“软”和“低”两个字,诗人成功地描绘了春日黄昏时分的美丽景象,传达出一种宁静、温柔的氛围。这两个字不仅准确地刻画了自然景物的特征,还增强了诗歌的画面感和感染力,使读者能够身临其境地感受到春日的美好与宁静。
(三)名篇名句默写(本题共1小题,6分)
16. 补写出下列句子中的空缺部分。
(1)王湾《次北固山下》的名句“____________,____________”,描写时序交替中的景物,暗示着时光流逝,蕴含着自然理趣。
(2)小慧为朋友家的农家乐餐厅写宣传横幅,直接使用了陆游《游山西村》里的“____________,____________”两句诗,朋友看了觉得很贴切。
(3)行至群山深处,见到一挂瀑布飞泻而下,水石激荡,轰鸣作响。于老师回头对学生们说:“这不就是古诗中写的‘____________,____________’嘛!”
【答案】 ①. 海日生残夜 ②. 江春入旧年 ③. 山重水复疑无路 ④. 柳暗花明又一村 ⑤. 飞流直下三千尺 ⑥. 疑是银河落九天(飞湍瀑流争喧豗,砯崖转石万壑雷)
【解析】
【详解】本题考查学生默写常见的名篇名句的能力。
易错字词有:生、暗、喧豗,砯崖、壑。
三、语言文字运用(20分)
(一)语言文字运用Ⅰ(本题共4小题,14分)
阅读下面的文字,完成下面小题。
天山可谓家喻户晓,但真正了解它的人恐怕不多。怎样算是真正了解天山呢?不妨做个测试。你闭上眼睛,念出“天山”这个名字,试试看,能不能想象出一幅天山的全景图来?在这幅全景图里,山脉或平行或交错,许多巨大的、汽车要开上很久很久的盆地坐落其间。两座威严的雪峰——托木尔峰和汗腾格里峰巍然耸立,俯视着周边十多座海拔6000米以上的山峰。带着充沛的水汽在伊犁河谷一路长驱直入的暖湿气流造就了一片片麦浪滚滚的田地和水草丰美的牧场。博斯腾湖碧水连天,赛里木湖晶莹澄澈,艾比湖“盐”装素裹,天池静卧在苍翠环绕之中……①如果在你的脑海中,②能包罗万象地浮现出这样一幅全景图,③图上呈现了天山的任何山脉、盆地、雪峰,④还有河流、和湖泊,⑤你就算真正了解天山了。
17. 下列句子中的“要”与文中加点的“要”,意义相同的一项是( )
A. 描绘“寒风扫高木”的景况,用“木”字要比用“树”字更合适。
B. 莲花池边有个小酒店,我们走进去,打了半斤酒,还要了些菜。
C. 台儿沟没有学校,香雪每天上学要到十五里以外的公社去。
D. 等枣树的叶子落尽,树上的枣子红完,西北风就要起来了。
18. 请将文中画横线的部分改成几个较短的语句。可以改变语序、少量增删词语,但不得改变原意。
19. 下列句子中画波浪线的词语与文中画波浪线的“苍翠”,所用的修辞手法相同的一项是( )
A. 烟花向上空冲去,下落时便洒散着满天花雨。
B. 鲁迅先生穿着朴素的长衫,从容地坐在西装领带们旁边。
C. 夏天的雨是热情洋溢的,喜欢不打招呼就前来拜访。
D. 微风过处,送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。
20. 文中标序号的部分有两处表述不当,请指出其序号并做修改,使语言准确流畅,逻辑严密。不得改变原意。
【答案】17. C 18. 示例(1):暖湿气流带着充沛的水汽在伊犁河谷一路长驱直入,它造就了一片片麦浪滚滚的田地,以及水草丰美的牧场。
示例(2):带着充沛水汽的暖湿气流在伊犁河谷一路长驱直入,它造就了一片片麦浪滚滚的田地和水草丰美的牧场。
19. B 20. 序号②修改为:能浮现出这样一幅包罗万象的全景图;
序号③修改为:图上呈现了天山的所有山脉、雪峰、盆地;
序号④修改为: 还有河流、湖泊(还有河流和湖泊) 。
【解析】
【17题详解】
本题考查学生辨析词语语境义的能力。
文中“要”意思是需要。
A.表示估计,用于比较。
B.讨。表示希望将某种事物归自己所有 。
C.需要。
D.即将来临。
故选C。
【18题详解】
本题考查学生变换句式的能力。
所谓长句一般是修饰限制成分多,或者主语、宾语、谓语部分比较复杂。画线句属于修饰成分多,宾语复杂。
首先确定句子主干,“暖湿气流造就了田地和牧场”,让主干单独成句;
然后把复杂部分按照语法规则加以拆分,比如定语拿出来单独成句,“带着充沛的水汽在伊犁河谷一路长驱直入”,作为句子时需要添加主语“暖湿气流”;
然后强调一下两个宾语的特点,比如“田地里一片片麦浪滚滚”“牧场上水草丰美”;
最后根据逻辑关系组合成包含几个短句的复句,除了参考答案,还可以表述为:带着充沛水汽的暖湿气流在伊犁河谷一路长驱直入,它造就了田地和牧场,田地里一片片麦浪滚滚,牧场上水草丰美。
【19题详解】
本题考查学生辨析修辞手法的能力。
文中“苍翠”属于借代修辞,颜色代树木。
A.比喻修辞,把漫天洒散的烟花比喻成“雨”;
B.借代修辞,用西装领带借指人们;
C.拟人修辞,赋予自然现象“雨”以人的特点“热情洋溢”“喜欢”“打招呼”“拜访”;
D.通感手法,沟通了视听两种感官,把鼻子嗅到的“清香”比喻成耳朵听到的“歌声”。
故选B。
【20题详解】
本题考查学生辨析并修改病句的能力。
序号②语序不当,“浮现”是客观词语,不能用“包罗万象”修饰,应该放在“全景”前。
序号③用词不当,把“任何”删掉或改为“所有”;语序不当,并列词语间应该有视觉顺序,比如由高到低,“盆地” 放在后面,与低处的“河流”“湖泊”能更好地衔接。
序号④成分赘余,有了顿号没必要加“和” ,删掉顿号或“和” 。
(二)语言文字运用Ⅱ(本题共1小题,6分)
21. 下面的文字是一位老奶奶在医院看病时的自述,不够简明扼要,不利于和医生高效沟通。请对这段自述进行缩写。要求:保留必要信息,不超过80个字。
大夫好!今天看病的人太多了,我排了好长时间队才看上。我是你们医院的老病号了,这么多年我的高血压和糖尿病一直是在你们医院看的,好多年前有一次扭伤了脚踝,也是在你们这儿看好的,您可得给我好好看看。是这么回事儿。昨天晚上我老闺女来家里,我们一起吃的晚饭。吃过饭看着电视,我就开始头疼,先是头顶一圈疼,一跳一跳的,后来整个头都疼。我试了很多办法,一会儿躺着,一会儿坐着,大口喘气,戴上帽子捂着,都没有用。闺女要带我来医院,我说天太冷了,明天可能就好了,明天再说吧,然后就睡觉了。今天早上醒了还疼,头也不敢动,一晃就更疼了,就赶紧来医院了。
【答案】大夫好!我是你们医院的老病号,一直在这儿看高血压和糖尿病。昨天晚上吃完饭后开始头疼,先是头顶一圈疼,后来整个头都疼。今天早上醒来仍然头疼,头一动就更疼,所以赶紧来医院了。
【解析】
【详解】本题考查学生提炼概括核心信息、表达准确简明的能力。
首先删除冗余:
排队时间、与医生的寒暄、扭伤脚踝的旧事、与女儿的互动、尝试的无效缓解方法等信息可以压缩掉,比如“今天看病的人太多了,我排了好长时间队才看上”“好多年前有一次扭伤了脚踝,也是在你们这儿看好的,您可得给我好好看看”“我试了很多办法,一会儿躺着,一会儿坐着,大口喘气,戴上帽子捂着,都没有用。闺女要带我来医院,我说天太冷了,明天可能就好了,明天再说吧,然后就睡觉了”,冗长啰嗦,属于多余信息,忽略不计。
然后提炼出有效信息:
(1)由“我是你们医院的老病号了,这么多年……一直是在你们医院看的”提炼出患者身份:老病号,长期在该医院看病。
(2)由“这么多年我的高血压和糖尿病一直是在你们医院看的”提炼出病史信息:高血压和糖尿病。
(3)由“昨天晚上我老闺女来家里,我们一起吃的晚饭。吃过饭看着电视,我就开始头疼”提炼出病痛时间:昨晚开始。
(4)由“先是头顶一圈疼,一跳一跳的,后来整个头都疼”“今天早上醒了还疼,头也不敢动,一晃就更疼了”提炼出症状:头顶一圈疼,后来整个头都疼。今天早上醒来仍然头疼,头一动就更疼;就诊原因:头疼持续未见好转。
最后组织语言:
将关键信息按时间顺序和逻辑关系进行组织,使表达简洁明了,条理清晰。
四、作文(60分)
22. 阅读下面的材料,根据要求写作。
每个人都要学习与他人相处。有时,我们为避免冲突而不愿表达自己的想法。其实,坦诚交流才有可能迎来真正的相遇。
这引发了你怎样的联想和思考?请写一篇文章。
要求:选准角度,确定立意,明确文体,自拟标题;不要套作,不得抄袭;不得泄露个人信息;不少于800字。
【答案】例文
心迹不掩,英雄本色
现代社会,人际错综,在群体相处的复杂过程中,人们往往为了提高“隐蔽性”、增加安全感而掩藏心迹、力求“大同”,生怕被人看穿自己的“底牌”,拿住自己的“软肋”。其实,一味遮掩闪躲、矫饰趋众并不是缓和矛盾、寻求认同的妙方,唯有率真坦荡、直露心迹,方能彰显个性魅力,吸引同频挚友,赢得社会尊重。
不掩心迹,敢于直陈与众各异的观点、表达独特无二的看法,既不畏惧因成为大众眼中的“少数人”而被视为异类,也不担忧因无法追随主流的脚步而倍觉孤独,即使为时人所讪笑、不解、嘲讽讥刺甚至排斥孤立,仍始终保持独立思考的态度,呵护不易动摇的本心,以敢当千夫所指、无惧踽踽独行的执着刚毅行走于朗朗世间,以不肯随波逐流、拒绝人云亦云的明亮坦荡彰显着大勇大慧。
不掩心迹,乐于袒露不加伪饰的性情、展示多有瑕疵的真我,既不遮掩粉饰并不完美的“黑暗层”、真个性,也不追求浮夸矫造的假“人设”、高“友商”,即使知音寥寥,同行无几,仍始终保存虽有缺陷却不失特色的真面目,怀抱虽感落寞而不改本我的真风骨,以不因寂寥而盲目迎合、不因从众而勉强改变的实言实行对抗一众“假面”,以心口如一的磊落洒脱、率直天真的霁月光风对抗着诸如“守口如瓶,防意如城”之类的人情“箴言”。
不掩心迹之杰出人物,古今皆众。前有“必不堪者七”和“甚不可者二”的嵇康直拒司马政权邀请,“行不为饰,动求真适”的孟浩然直陈胸中“不才明主弃”的郁结之气,声震朝野的“拗相公”王安石直言对京官高职的排斥反感;后有“不要迁就什么,也不要盲目地去追什么潮流”的优客工场创始人毛大庆直评创业心路,“能爬珠穆朗玛干吗还要爬那些小山”的中科院院士颜宁直扬凌云之志……心迹所显,本色所向,英雄之气,难掩行藏。
诚然,寻求群体接纳,渴望社会认同本是人之常情,隐藏真实想法、力求避免冲突的处世态度并非不可理解。但若是人人都掩藏心迹,不愿坦诚,交接之间含糊其辞、虚与委蛇,唯恐自己的“全抛一片心”碰上了对方的“且说三分话”, 生怕首先暴露了自己的真实态度、客观情绪而丧失主动权,如此,人与人之间的温情善意、赤诚真挚将不复存在,人们将永远保持着所谓的“安全距离”而无法触碰彼此的灵魂,永远受困于身边的“无效社交”而无法脱离原始的恐惧与孤独。
“唯大英雄能本色,是真名士自风流。”哼哼哈哈、遮遮掩掩并非润滑人际、左右逢源的“万金油”,直率天然、简单澄澈方为提升格局、收获美满的“强心针”。不掩心迹,方显英雄本色,展露真我,笑迎盛放人生。
【解析】
【详解】本题考查学生写作的能力。
审题:
这是一道引语式材料作文题。
材料意在引导青少年形成健康正向的人际交往理念,关键句“坦诚交流才有可能遇到真正的相遇”直接指明中心论点和写作方向,把握住“坦诚交流”一词,则易进行文章构思。
与他人相处时,不愿表达真实想法,因此人云亦云、从众而谈、唯唯诺诺,无非出于寻求群体、避免矛盾、保护自我的心理,固然能暂时起到润滑关系、规避冲突的作用,但长此以往,则会使人丧失个性,面目模糊,看似左右逢源,实则孤独自苦,既无法培养起勇敢表达、直抒己见的能力,也错过与同频的朋友交流、相知的良机。
坦诚交流,既可以勾勒真实自我,让群体认识、了解自己,更能够吸引到认同、欣赏自己的“同类”,在共性的基础上建立起牢固真实的友情;既可以摆脱虚言矫饰的疲惫,克服怕做“异类”、怕成“孤岛”的畏缩情绪,更能以我口说我心的姿态消除他人对自己的假性印象,释放由持续掩饰伪装带来的精神压力;既是一种不惧发声、敢于袒露的胆量、勇气,更是一种磊落洒脱、质朴天然的人生态度。总之,唯有坦诚交流,适合的机会、同质的朋友、应得的利益、独特的魅力……才会和自己有一场“真正的相遇”。
写作时,可以先明确提出论点——“坦诚交流”,然后分别从坦诚能够吸引真正的朋友、赢得应有的尊重,能够培养磊落的品行、锻炼坚韧的心志等方面进行论述;再从反方面假设人人都戴上面具、不肯坦诚,将会对人际关系造成怎样的打击、对和谐社会造成怎样的破坏;接下来联系实际,适当批驳现代社会中某些提倡“圆稳”、曲解“中庸”的乱象;最后总结观点,收束全文。
立意:
1.率真为人,英雄本色。
2.展露真我,不敛锋芒。
3.坦以承己,诚以待人。
4.袒露心迹,同向而行。
2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标Ⅰ卷)
英语
姓名________________ 准考证号________________
全卷共12页,满分150分,考试时间120分钟。
考生注意:
1. 答题前,请务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔分别填写在试题卷和答题纸规定的位置上。
2. 答题时,请按照答题纸上“注意事项”的要求,在答题纸相应的位置上规范作答,在本试题卷上的作答一律无效。
第一部分 听力(共两节,满分30分)
做题时,先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题纸上。
第一节 (共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
例:How much is the shirt?
A. 19.15. B. 9.18. C. 9.15.
答案是C。
1. 【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
What is Kate doing?
A. Boarding a flight. B. Arranging a trip. C. Seeing a friend off.
【答案】C
【解析】
原文】M: Thanks for the wonderful weekend, Kate.
W: Thats okay. Bob and I are glad you came to see us.
M: Oh, I have to go in. My flight will take off soon. Do contact me when youre in Sydney.
W: Sure, we will.
2. 【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
What are the speakers talking about?
A. A pop star. B. An old song. C. A radio program.
【答案】B
【解析】
【原文】W: Paul, listen to the radio. Its Youve Stolen My Heart, one of the songs played at our wedding.
M: Yeah, how beautiful! Its been popular for almost two decades.
3. 【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
What will the speakers do today?
A. Go to an art show. B. Meet the mans aunt. C. Eat out with Mark.
【答案】A
【解析】
【原文】W: David, forget about Mark. His aunt is in town, so he cant go with us today.
M: Oh, what a pity! Its the last day of the art show.
4. 【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
What does the man want to do?
A. Cancel an order. B. Ask for a receipt. C. Reschedule a delivery.
【答案】C
【解析】
【原文】W: How may I help you?
M: I bought a desk and asked for it to be delivered to my house this Friday.
W: Yes, what’s the problem?
M: I need to have it delivered this Saturday.
5. 【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
When will the next train to Bedford leave?
A. At 9:45. B. At 10:15. C. At 11:00.
【答案】A
【解析】
【原文】W: Next, please.
M: Oh, hi, I missed my 9 oclock train to Bedford. Do I have to buy another ticket?
W: No. The next train leaves at a quarter to ten at Platform 11.
M: Thank you.
第二节 (共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
6. What will the weather be like today?
A. Stormy. B. Sunny. C. Foggy.
7. What is the man going to do?
A. Plant a tree. B. Move his car. C. Check the map.
【答案】6. A 7. B
【解析】
【原文】W: Honey, have you checked todays weather forecast?
M: Yes, its cold and wet. There is a warning for strong winds up to 100 kilometers per hour.
W: What are we going to do then?
M: Nothing much. Just stay indoors. There is a risk of falling trees and power lines.
W: Right.
M: And the low temperatures could bring snow to the forest area.
W: I hope its over quickly.
M: Well, it wont get better until late Wednesday. Anyway, I have to move the car away from the trees.
W: Yeah, you cannot be too careful.
听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
8. Why is Kathy in California now?
A. She is on vacation there. B. She has just moved there. C. She is doing business there.
9. What is the relationship between Tom and Fiona?
A. Husband and wife. B. Brother and sister. C. Father and daughter.
10. What does Kathy thank Dave for?
A. Finding her a new job. B. Sending her a present. C. Calling on her mother.
【答案】8. B 9. B 10. C
【解析】
【原文】W: Hello, Dave. This is Kathy from Sunny California.
M: Hi, Kathy. You finally called. How was the move? All settled in?
W: Sorry, I hadn’t called sooner, but it’s been a busy month. We’re slowly getting things set up in our new home.
M: Yeah, I understand. How are Jeff and the children?
W: Jeff is doing well with his new job. Tom has made many new friends here and has a lot to do. Fiona is fine, though she misses her grandma. By the way, thank you for looking in on my mother from time to time. I call her every week, but it isn’t the same as seeing her.
M: No problem. Betty and I are friends now. How is the weather there?
W: It’s nice and warm, and we are able to spend some time every week on the beach with the children.
M: That’s great.
听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
11. How did Jack go to school when he was a child?
A. By bike. B. On foot. C. By bus.
12. What is Jacks attitude toward parents driving their kids to school?
A. Disapproving. B. Encouraging. C. Understanding.
13. What is the problem with some parents according to the woman?
A. Overprotecting their children.
B. Pushing their children too hard.
C. Having no time for their children.
【答案】11. B 12. C 13. A
【解析】
【原文】W: Jack, how did you get to school when you were in primary school?
M: I lived close to my school, so I walked every day. Why?
W: Well, I remember that when we were kids, we often walked, rode a bike or caught the bus to school. Few of us were dropped off at the school gate by our parents.
M: I see what you mean, these days you can see traffic jams around schools that drop off at pick-up times, but it’s hard to blame the parents. They have good reasons for driving their kids to school, mostly to do with safety and convenience.
W: You have a point there, but it could also mean children are missing out on much needed exercise and other life skills. Some parents are just being over-protective with their children learning nothing, but living in fear of everything. Studies have found that children who spend more time outside tend to be healthier, better adjusted and better at dealing with stress.
听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
14. Why did Marie post her kitchen gardening online at first?
A. To keep records of her progress.
B. To sell home-grown vegetables.
C. To motivate her fellow gardeners.
15. Why does Marie recommend beginners to grow strawberries?
A. They need no special care.
B. They can be used in cooking.
C. They bear a lot of fruit soon.
16. What is difficult for Marie to grow?
A. Herbs. B. Carrots. C. Pears.
17. What is Maries advice to those interested in kitchen gardening?
A. Aim high. B. Keep focused. C. Stay optimistic.
【答案】14. A 15. C 16. B 17. C
【解析】
【原文】M: So Aurie, your kitchen garden looks excellent. What made you turn to social media to record your vegetable growing?
W: Initially, I used the online platform as a diary, something to look back on, giving me a sense of achievements and keeping me motivated and moving forward. As time went by, other gardeners and like-minded people began to follow my progress, too.
M: I know you grow lots of fruit on your land. Which would you recommend to beginners as the best to grow?
W: Strawberries would be a good choice. They produce a lot of fruit in their first season.
M: Thats cool. Well, do you have plans to try newor any particular crops next year?
W: Next season I will be adding some pear trees to the fruit area. I will be adding more herbs which I can use in the kitchen. After a couple of years of failure, I will try growing carrots again.
M: What advice would you offer someone thinkingof doing kitchen gardening?
W: Have a plan of what you want your kitchen garden to look like. Dont be too discouraged if things dont go according to plan. Learn from your mistakes and move on. Theres always next season.
听下面一段独白,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
18. What is "Life of Johnson"?
A. A magazine column. B. A TV series. C. A historical novel.
19. What is Johnson famous for?
A. His acting talent. B. His humorous writing. C. His long sports career.
20. When did Johnson join Sports Times?
A. In 1981. B. In 1983. C. In 1985.
【答案】18. A 19. B 20. C
【解析】
【原文】M: Welcome to Meet the Author. Well, many readers of Sports Times turn to the last page of their magazine first in order to read Jacob Johnsons weekly article under the title Life of Johnson, the articles along with his novels and essay collections have earned Johnson the reputation as one of the funniest humans on the planet. Johnson began writing about sports as a second-year student at the University of Colorado, covering high school volleyball games for his hometown newspaper. After graduating in 1981, he moved on to work at the Denver Weekly for 2 years and the Los Angeles Post for two more years before landing at Sports Times. He has been voted national sports writer of the year 11 times. So now lets welcome the funny man with serious tone, Jacob Johnson.
第二部分 阅读(共两节,满分50分)
第一节 (共15小题;每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM
Help restore and protect Marins natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge. Well explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive (侵入的) plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.
GROUPS
Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance. Please review the List of Available Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form.
AGE, SKILLS, WHAT TO BRING
Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.
Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form. Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed.
Well be working rain or shine. Wear clothes that can get dirty. Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.
Bring a personal water bottle, sunscreen, and lunch.
No experience necessary. Training and tools will be provided. Fulfills (满足) community service requirements.
UPCOMING EVENTS
Time Meeting Location
Sunday, Jan. 15 10:00 am — 1:00 pm Battery Alexander Trailhead
Sunday, Jan. 22 10:00 am — 2:30 pm Stinson Beach Parking Lot
Sunday, Jan. 29 9:30 am — 2:30 pm Coyote Ridge Trailhead
21. What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team?
A. To discover mineral resources. B. To develop new wildlife parks.
C. To protect the local ecosystem. D. To conduct biological research.
22. What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team?
A. 5. B. 10. C. 15. D. 18.
23. What are the volunteers expected to do?
A. Bring their own tools. B. Work even in bad weather.
C. Wear a team uniform. D. Do at least three projects.
【答案】21. C 22. B 23. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了参加保护当地生态系统的栖息地恢复小组的时间地点等相关细节。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Help restore and protect Marin’s natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge. We’ll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive (侵入的) plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys. (帮助恢复和保护从马林海岬到波利纳斯岭的马林海的自然区域。我们将探索美丽的公园场地,同时进行入侵植物清除、冬季种植和种子收集。栖息地恢复小组的志愿者在恢复敏感资源和保护山脊和山谷中的濒危物种方面发挥着至关重要的作用)”可知,栖息地恢复小组的目的是保护当地生态系统。故选C项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. (欢迎10岁及以上的志愿者)”可知,参加栖息地恢复小组的最低年龄限制是10岁。故选B项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第五段“We’ll be working rain or shine. (我们将风雨无阻地工作)”可知,身为志愿者,即使天气不好也要工作。故选B项。
B
“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.”
24. What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him?
A. He’s odd. B. He’s strict. C. He’s brave. D. He’s rude.
25. Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets?
A. He was trained in it at university. B. He was inspired by another veterinarian.
C. He benefited from it as a patient. D. He wanted to save money for pet owners.
26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work.
C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
27. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association?
A. To prove Farber’s point. B. To emphasize its importance.
C. To praise veterinarians. D. To advocate animal protection.
【答案】24. A 25. C 26. D 27. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是记叙文。文章讲述兽医威廉·法伯(William Farber)博士在从针灸中受益后,将综合医疗应用于动物,并取得了初步成效。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的“If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.( 如果他看起来有点自卫,那可能是因为他的一些同事偶尔会嘲笑他不寻常的方法。) ”可知,Farber的同事们有时会嘲笑他不寻常的方法,他们认为他很奇怪。故选A。
【25题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.(然后,他尝试了针灸,这是一种古老的中国疗法,并惊讶地发现,经过两三次治疗,他的病情有所好转。对兽医有效的方法似乎对他的病人也有效。因此,在研究了这些技术几年后,他开始把它们提供给宠物。)”可知,Farber作为患者从针灸中受益,这促使他决定尝试在宠物上使用针灸。故选C。
【26题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说,查理心脏病发作后,她准备让他进入睡眠状态,但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦,她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说,她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后,“行动更容易,乘车更舒服”。) ”可知,本段主要讲述了两个例子,一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie,另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. ( 法伯确信,随着时间的推移,综合疗法会越来越受欢迎,如果过去有任何迹象的话,他可能是对的:自1982年以来,美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个。)”可知,法伯认为综合疗法会越来越受欢迎,随后作者列举了美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个的例子,因此推断美国整体兽医协会是为证明法伯的观点。故选A。
C
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean?
A Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain.
C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice.
29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume?
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media.
30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers?
A. They can hold students attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare.
C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text.
31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph?
A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
【答案】28. D 29. A 30. A 31. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时,在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知,在纸上学习更有成效,以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知,此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时,纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意,所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意,和D项意思相近。故选D项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论,人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本,这些文本通常不那么严肃,与阅读印刷品时相比,投入的精神努力也更少)”可知,shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态,不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力,因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术,例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知,音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力,所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用,尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而,为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习,教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的,即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知,尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用,但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时,教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的,即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代,因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。
D
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on?
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现,数字生物多样性记录存在偏见,建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天,大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知,现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据,而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化,我想知道:它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面,比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片,而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知,Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据,即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面,比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片,而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的,因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家,他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知,导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的'研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区,并将他们引导到样本不足的地方,甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量,生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知,Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
第二节 (共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Not all great writers are great spellers. If you want to be published, its vital to submit a perfect, professionally presented manuscript (原稿). ____36____ No editor is likely to tolerate a writer who does not take the trouble to spell words correctly.
I keep two reference books close-by on my desk: dictionary and thesaurus (同义词词典). I dont trust my laptops spellchecker. ____37____ Of course, these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses, but Im old-fashioned enough to prefer a hard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers. I use the Concise Oxford Dictionary and the Collins Thesaurus.
____38____ It should give you a precise definition of each word, thus differentiating it from other words whose meanings are similar, but not identical. It will also usually show how the word is pronounced.
In addition, I have an old two-volume copy of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, picked up a few years ago in a bookshop sale for just 99 pence. Of course, with its 2,672 pages, its not exactly short. It contains around 163,000 words, plus word combinations and idiomatic phrases. ____39____ However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, theres nothing better.
For well over a hundred years the most influential English dictionary was Samuel Johnsons Dictionary of the English Language published in 1755. "To make dictionaries is dull (乏味) work," wrote Johnson, illustrating one definition of "dull". ____40____ A few minutes spent casting your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience.
A. I dont often use this dictionary.
B. It takes no account of the context.
C. But I still dont want to replace them.
D. But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.
E. Of course, a dictionary is not only for spelling.
F. That means good grammar and no spelling mistakes.
G. Dictionaries dont always give you enough information.
【答案】36. F 37. B 38. E 39. A 40. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者使用英语词典的经验和心得以及从中获得的乐趣。
【36题详解】
上文“If you want to be published, it’s vital to submit a perfect, professionally presented manuscript(如果你想发表,提交一份完美的、专业的手稿是至关重要的)”提到了完美的、专业的手稿的重要性,手稿中不能有语法和拼写错误是专业的手稿的要求之一。F选项“That means good grammar and no spelling mistakes.(这意味着语法正确,没有拼写错误。)”是对手稿要求的进一步解释说明,符合题意。故选F项。
【37题详解】
上文“I don’t trust my laptop’s spellchecker.(我不相信我笔记本电脑的拼写检查器。)”提到了作者不相信电脑的拼写检查器;下文“Of course, these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses, but I’m old-fashioned enough to prefer a hard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers.(当然,现在有很多在线词典和同义词库,但我是一个守旧的人,更喜欢精装的书和能用手指翻阅的书页。)”提到了作者更喜欢实体书和能用手指翻阅的书页,说明电子设备可能不会考虑上下文,所以B选项“It takes no account of the context.(它不考虑上下文。)”解释了上文的原因,具有承上启下的作用。故选B项。
【38题详解】
下文“It should give you a precise definition of each word, thus differentiating it from other words whose meanings are similar, but not identical. It will also usually show how the word is pronounced.(它应该给出每个单词的精确定义,从而将其与其他含义相似但不相同的单词区分开来。它通常还会显示单词的发音。)”提到了字典的功能,E选项“Of course, a dictionary is not only for spelling.(当然,字典不仅仅是用来拼写的。)”提到了字典的部分功能,能引起下文内容。故选E项。
【39题详解】
下文“However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there’s nothing better.(然而,如果我需要检查一个单词的来源或查找其用法的例子,没有什么比这更好的了。)”提到了字典的使用情况,A选项“I don’t often use this dictionary.(我不经常用这本字典。)”是对字典使用频率的说明,与下文构成转折关系。故选A项。
【40题详解】
上文“ “To make dictionaries is dull (乏味) work, ” wrote Johnson, illustrating one definition of ”dull".(约翰逊在解释“dull”的一个定义时写道:“编字典是件无聊的工作(乏味)。”)”提到了编写字典是件乏味的工作,下文“A few minutes spent casting your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience.(花几分钟的时间浏览一两页是一种有益的体验。)”提到浏览字典也是一种阅读的乐趣,D选项“But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.(但是一本字典读起来是一种乐趣。)”是作者对字典的评价,与上文的“乏味”形成对比,与上文构成转折关系。故选D项。
第三部分 语言运用(共两节,满分30分)
第一节 (共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)
阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
I’ve been motivated — and demotivated — by other folks’ achievement s all my life.
When I was a teenager, a neighborhood friend ____41____ a marathon race. Feeling motivated, I started running ____42____, but then two things happened. First, a girl I met one day told me she was ____43____ for a “super,” referring to a 52.4-mile double marathon. Then, the next day I went on my longest run — 15 miles. To be honest, I ____44____ it! Between the girl making my ____45____ seem small and the pure boredom of jogging, I decided that the only ____46____ I’d ever run again is if a big dog was running after me!
So I ____47____ cycling. I got a good bike and rode a lot. I ____48____ of entering cycle races until I flew to San Diego to visit my sister. While she was at work one day, I ____49____ her bike and went for a ride. The ____50____: The roads there went through large valleys where I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time. I’d never faced such ____51____. That day, I got ____52____ by about 100 “local” bikers who were used to such roads. When I got back home, suddenly riding my bike didn’t seem quite as ____53____.
I’ve ____54____ a lot since then. I’ve come to accept that whatever ____55____ I set for myself, they just have to be my own.
41. A. knew B. held C. won D. quit
42. A. regularly B. silently C. proudly D. recently
43. A. asking B. looking C. waiting D. training
44. A. made B. believed C. hated D. deserved
45. A. advantage B. achievement C. contribution D. influence
46. A. way B. risk C. place D. reason
47. A. gave up B. went on C. turned to D. dealt with
48. A. heard B. dreamed C. complained D. approved
49. A. painted B. borrowed C. bought D. parked
50. A. problem B. secret C. principle D. advice
51. A. dangers B. events C. opponents D. challenges
52. A. passed B. convinced C. admired D. stopped
53. A. reliable B. convenient C. familiar D. appealing
54. A. traveled B. matured C. missed D. worried
55. A. limits B. dates C. goals D. tests
【答案】41. C 42. A 43. D 44. C 45. B 46. D 47. C 48. B 49. B 50. A 51. D 52. A 53. D 54. B 55. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。它详细叙述了作者在不同阶段对不同运动(跑步和骑自行车)的兴趣和经历,并通过这些经历反映了作者的成长和心理变化。
【41题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:我十几岁的时候,一个邻居朋友赢得了马拉松比赛。A. knew知道;B. held抓住;C. won赢得;D. quit退出。根据后文“Feeling motivated”可知,作者有了动力,所以此处应是一个邻居朋友赢得了马拉松比赛。故选C项。
【42题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意:有了动力,我开始定期跑步,但后来发生了两件事。A. regularly有规律地;B. silently默默地;C. proudly自豪地;D. recently最近。根据前文“Feeling motivated” 可知,作者有了动力,所以应是定期跑步,符合语境。故选A项。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:首先,有一天我遇到的一个女孩告诉我,她正在为“超级”马拉松训练,指的是52.4英里的双马拉松。A. asking要求;B. looking看;C. waiting等待;D. training训练。根据后文“referring to a 52.4-mile double marathon”可知,女孩要跑双马拉松,所以此处应是为之训练,符合语境。故选D项。
【44题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:说实话,我讨厌它!A. made制作;B. believed相信;C. hated讨厌;D. deserved值得。根据前文“Then, the next day I went on my longest run — 15 miles.”以及后文“Between the girl making my 5 seem small and the pure boredom of jogging”可知,作者最长跑了15 miles和女孩一比微不足道,所以是讨厌这个成绩。故选C项。
【45题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:在那个女孩面前,我的成就显得微不足道,再加上慢跑的无聊,我决定我再跑步的唯一理由就是有一只大狗在追我! A. advantage优势;B. achievement成就;C. contribution贡献;D. influence影响。根据前文“Then, the next day I went on my longest run — 15 miles.”以及后文“seem small”可知,作者最长跑了15 miles,而女孩在为52.4 miles做训练,所以应是作者的成就微不足道。故选B项。
【46题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:在那个女孩面前,我的成就显得微不足道,再加上慢跑的无聊,我决定我再跑步的唯一理由就是有一只大狗在追我!A. way方式;B. risk风险;C. place地方;D. reason理由。根据后文“I’d ever run again is if a big dog was running after me!”可知,有一只大狗在追“我”,“我”才会再跑步,这里说的是跑步的原因。故选D项。
【47题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意:所以我开始骑自行车。A. gave up放弃;B. went on继续;C. turned to转向;D. dealt with处理。根据前文“I decided that the only 6 Id ever run again is if a big dog was running after me!”可知,作者决定放弃跑步,所以此处应是转向骑自行车。故选C项。
【48题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:我梦想着参加自行车比赛,直到我飞到圣地亚哥去看我妹妹。A. heard听到;B. dreamed梦想;C. complained抱怨;D. approved批准。根据后文“of entering cycle races”结合选项可知,此处应是作者梦想着参加自行车比赛,符合语境。故选B项。
【49题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:有一天她上班的时候,我借了她的自行车去兜风。A. painted把……描绘成;B. borrowed借;C. bought买;D. parked停(车)。根据前文“I flew to San Diego to visit my sister”以及后文“went for a ride”可知,作者去看妹妹,所以要去骑行的话,应是向妹妹借自行车。故选B项。
【50题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:问题是:那里的道路穿过很大的山谷,我一次要骑上坡好几英里。A. problem问题;B. secret秘密;C. principle原则;D. advice建议。根据后文“I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time. I’d never faced such 11 .”可知,作者要骑上坡好几英里,这对他来说,是一个问题。故选A项。
【51题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:我从来没有遇到过这样的挑战。A. dangers危险;B. events事件;C. opponents对手;D. challenges挑战。根据前文“The 10 : The roads there went through large valleys where I’d be riding uphill for miles at a time.”可知,作者要骑上坡好几英里,这对他来说是一个挑战。故选D项。
【52题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:。那天,我被大约100个习惯了这种道路的“当地”骑自行车的人超过了。A. passed超过;B. convinced说服;C. admired欣赏;D. stopped阻止。根据前文“I’d never faced such 11 .”可知,作者骑上坡好几英里是个挑战,所以是被很多人超过。故选A项。
【53题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:当我回到家,突然骑自行车似乎不那么吸引人了。A. reliable可信赖的;B. convenient方便的;C. familiar熟悉的;D. appealing吸引人的。根据前文“That day, I got 12 by about 100 “local” bikers who were used to such roads.”可知,作者那天骑行被100多人超过,所以此时是觉得骑自行车似乎不那么吸引人了。故选D项。
【54题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:从那以后我成熟了很多。A. traveled旅行;B. matured (情感和认识)成熟;C. missed思念;D. worried担心。根据后文“I’ve come to accept that whatever 15 I set for myself, they just have to be my own.”可知,作者不再轻易放弃,所以是成熟了很多。故选B项。
【55题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:我已经开始接受这样一个事实:无论我为自己设定什么目标,它们都必须是我自己的。A. limits限制;B. dates日期;C. goals目标;D. tests测试。根据后文“I set for myself, they just have to be my own.”可知,此处应是“无论我为自己设定什么目标,它们都必须是我自己的”,符合语境。故选C项。
第二节 (共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Heatherwick Studio recently built a greenhouse at the edge of the National Trust’s Woolbeding Gardens. This beautiful structure, named Glasshouse, is at the centre of a new garden that shows how the Silk Road influences English gardens even in modern times.
The latest ____56____ (engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective ____57____ (function) structure that is also beautiful. The design features ten steel “sepals (萼片)” made of glass and aluminium (铝). These sepals open on warm days ____58____ (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. In cold weather, the structure stays ____59____ (close) to protect the plants.
Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse ____60____ (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for ____61____ first time. These plants included modern Western ____62____ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road. The path offers over 300 plant species for visitors to see, too.
The Glasshouse stands ____63____ a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route ____64____ brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the _____65_____ (rich) of gardening in England.
【答案】56. engineering
57. functional
58. to give
59. closed 60. walks
61 the 62. favorites
63. as 64. which##that
65. richness
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Heatherwick工作室最近公布的一个新项目——一个位于国家信托基金会伍尔贝丁花园边缘的动态温室,并详细描述了该温室的设计、功能、以及它如何与丝绸之路的历史和丝绸之路花园相结合。
【56题详解】
考查名词。句意:最新的工程技术被用来创造一个同样美丽的保护功能结构。根据句意可知,空处考查短语engineering techniques,意为“工程技术”,符合句意。故填engineering。
【57题详解】
考查形容词。句意:最新的工程技术被用来创造一个同样美丽的保护功能结构。空处修饰名词structure,应用形容词作定语functional,符合题意。故填functional。
【58题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意:温室在温暖日子里开放,利用液压系统为内部植物提供阳光和通风。use sth. to do sth.为固定搭配,表示“使用某物去做某事”,所以空处应用动词不定式形式作宾语补足语。故填to give。
【59题详解】
考查形容词。句意:然后在寒冷的天气里,这个结构保持关闭,以保护亚热带植物。空处用于stays之后作表语,应用形容词closed,表示“紧闭的”,符合题意。故填closed。
【60题详解】
考查时态和主谓一致。句意:此外,围绕温室的丝绸之路花园带领游客走过一段受古丝绸之路影响的旅程。walk sb. through,意为“带领某人穿过……”,空处为本句谓语动词,根据上文可知,本句时态为一般现在时,主语the Silk Route Garden为单数,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填walks。
【61题详解】
考查冠词。句意:亚洲和欧洲之间的贸易路线第一次为英国带来了丝绸、香料和许多植物。固定搭配:for the first time,意为“第一次”,符合句意。故填the。
【62题详解】
考查名词的数。句意:这些植物包括现代西方最受喜爱的迷迭香、薰衣草和茴香。favorite是可数名词,意为“特别受喜爱的东西”,根据空后such as rosemary, lavender and fennel可知,空处应用名词的复数形式。故填favorites。
【63题详解】
考查介词。句意:Mark Woodruff补充说:“这是当代设计的最高成就,在丝绸之路的尽头,中国亚热带西南部的植物群从温带的欧洲穿过山脉、干旱的土地和高山牧场,这些植物从亚洲的原生栖息地带到英国,定义了英国园艺的丰富和荣耀。”根据句意可知,空处指的是“作为”,应用介词as。故填as。
【64题详解】
考查定语从句。句意:Mark Woodruff补充说:“这是当代设计的最高成就,在丝绸之路的尽头,中国亚热带西南部的植物群从温带的欧洲穿过山脉、干旱的土地和高山牧场,这些植物从亚洲的原生栖息地带到英国,定义了英国园艺的丰富和荣耀。”空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词design,先行词指物,关系词在定语从句中作主语,用关系代词which或that引导从句。故填which/that。
【65题详解】
考查名词。句意:Mark Woodruff补充说:“这是当代设计的最高成就,在丝绸之路的尽头,中国亚热带西南部的植物群从温带的欧洲穿过山脉、干旱的土地和高山牧场,这些植物从亚洲的原生栖息地带到英国,定义了英国园艺的丰富和荣耀。”空处与glory并列,应用名词形式richness,作介词of的宾语。故填richness。
第四部分 写作(共两节,满分40分)
第一节 (满分15分)
66. 假定你是李华,上周五你们班在公园上了一堂美术课。请你给英国朋友Chris写一封邮件分享这次经历,内容包括:
(1)你完成的作品;
(2)你的感想。
注意:
(1)写作词数应为80个左右;
(2)请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。
Dear Chris,
I’m writing to share with you an art class I had in a park last Friday.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】
Dear Chris,
I’m writing to share with you an art class I had in a park last Friday.
We were tasked to draw or paint something that impressed us most. Inspired by the fantastic scenery, I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park’s pond, surrounded by blooming flowers.
The entire experience was incredibly refreshing. Being surrounded by nature not only sparked my creativity but also offered a much-needed break from the usual hustle and bustle of school life. I felt a deep sense of peace as I painted.
In a word, It was not just an art class; it was a moment of connection with nature that I truly cherished.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇是应用文写作。要求考生给Chris写一封信, 分享在公园上美术课的经历。
【详解】1. 词汇积累
决定:decide→determine
整个的:entire→whole
提供:offer→provide
总之:in a word→in short
2. 句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句:Inspired by the fantastic scenery, I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park’s pond, surrounded by blooming flowers.
拓展句:Because I was inspired by the fantastic scenery, I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park’s pond, which was surrounded by blooming flowers.
【点睛】[高分句型1]We were tasked to draw or paint something that impressed us most. (that引导的定语从句)
[高分句型2] I felt a deep sense of peace as I painted.(as引导的时间状语从句)
第二节 (满分25分)
67. 阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。
I met Gunter on a cold, wet and unforgettable evening in September. I had planned to fly to Vienna and take a bus to Prague for a conference. Due to a big storm, my flight had been delayed by an hour and a half. I touched down in Vienna just 30 minutes before the departure of the last bus to Prague. The moment I got off the plane, I ran like crazy through the airport building and jumped into the first taxi on the rank without a second thought.
That was when I met Gunter. I told him where I was going, but he said he hadnt heard of the bus station. I thought my pronunciation was the problem, so I explained again more slowly, but he still looked confused. When I was about to give up, Gunter fished out his little phone and rang up a friend. After a heated discussion that lasted for what seemed like a century, Gunter put his phone down and started the car.
Finally, with just two minutes to spare we rolled into the bus station. Thankfully, there was a long queue (队列) still waiting to board the bus. Gunter parked the taxi behind the bus, turned around, and looked at me with a big smile on his face. "We made it," he said.
Just then I realised that I had zero cash in my wallet. I flashed him an apologetic smile as I pulled out my Portuguese bankcard. He tried it several times, but the card machine just did not play along. A feeling of helplessness washed over me as I saw the bus queue thinning out.
At this moment, Gunter pointed towards the waiting hall of the bus station. There, at the entrance, was a cash machine. I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the machine, and popped my card in, only to read the message: "Out of order. Sorry."
注意:
(1)续写词数应为150个左右;
(2)请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。
I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】参考范文
Para 1
I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news. He looked at me in disbelief, asking me what to do. Flashing him another apologetic smile, I begged him for a delayed payment. “If I miss this last bus to Prague, I’ll be late for the conference which is so important that I can’t afford to miss it!” I explained. “May I have your phone number? I will call you and return the money I owe you. I promise I will keep my word or you keep my watch!” I added, handing him my watch as well as my business card. Gunter accepted my business card but rejected my watch. He wrote down his phone number and gave it to me. “Just keep your promise, Sir.” A feeling of gratitude washed over me as I heard his words. Giving him a firm handshake, I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the bus, and jumped onto it just before its departure.I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news. He looked at me in disbelief, asking me what to do. Flashing him another apologetic smile, I begged him for a delayed payment. “If I miss this last bus to Prague, I’ll be late for the conference which is so important that I can’t afford to miss it!” I explained. “May I have your phone number? I will call you and return the money I owe you. I promise I will keep my word or you keep my watch!” I added, handing him my watch as well as my business card. Gunter accepted my business card but rejected my watch. He wrote down his phone number and gave it to me. “Just keep your promise, Sir.” A feeling of gratitude washed over me as I heard his words. Giving him a firm handshake, I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the bus, and jumped onto it just before its departure.
Para 2
Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised. He picked me up at the bus station where he had dropped me off four days before. Beaming a warm smile at him, I gave him a big hug the moment I saw him. We chatted happily on the way to the airport. I told him that thanks to his generosity and timely help, everything had gone smoothly. When he stopped his taxi outside the airport, I paid him for the “double car ride”, back and forth from the airport to the bus station, together with a generous tip that he turned down. I also gave him an attractive souvenir I had bought at Prague, which he accepted with delight. We became good friends and kept in touch with each other regularly. I felt blessed to have such a warm-hearted friend like Gunter.Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised. He picked me up at the bus station where he had dropped me off four days before. Beaming a warm smile at him, I gave him a big hug the moment I saw him. We chatted happily on the way to the airport. I told him that thanks to his generosity and timely help, everything had gone smoothly. When he stopped his taxi outside the airport, I paid him for the “double car ride”, back and forth from the airport to the bus station, together with a generous tip that he turned down. I also gave him an attractive souvenir I had bought at Prague, which he accepted with delight. We became good friends and kept in touch with each other regularly. I felt blessed to have such a warm-hearted friend like Gunter.
【解析】
【导语】本文以人物为线索展开,讲述了作者在一次因风暴延误的旅途中,匆忙搭乘出租车前往车站赶最后一班去布拉格的公共汽车。司机冈特不熟悉车站位置,通过电话求助后顺利抵达。到达时作者却发现自己没带现金,尝试用葡萄牙银行卡支付没有成功,而车站的取款机也故障了。
【详解】1.段落续写:
①由第一段首句内容“我跑回到冈特那里,告诉他这个坏消息。”可知,第一段可描写作者留下冈特的电话,承诺会还钱给对方,冈特同意,最终作者及时登上了公共汽车。
②由第二段首句内容“四天后,当我回到维也纳时,我按照承诺给冈特打了电话。”可知,第二段可描写作者付费给冈特,并向对方表示感激,两人成为了好朋友。
2.续写线索:作者给出解决办法——承诺还钱——冈特同意——作者登上公共汽车——履行承诺还钱——两人成为朋友
3.词汇激活
行为类
①拒绝:reject/refuse
②给某人拥抱:give sb. a hug/embrace sb.
③记下,写下:write down/set down
情绪类
①难以置信地:in disbelief/incredibly/unbelievably
②开心地:happily/joyfully
【点睛】【高分句型1】He picked me up at the bus station where he had dropped me off four days before.(运用了where引导的限制性定语从句)
【高分句型2】When he stopped his taxi outside the airport, I paid him for the “double car ride”, back and forth from the airport to the bus station, together with a generous tip that he turned down.(运用了when引导的时间状语从句,that引导的限制性定语从句)
2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标Ⅱ卷)
英语
本试卷共12页。考试结束后, 将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
注意事项: 1. 答题前, 考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚, 将条形码准确粘贴在考生信息条形码粘贴区。
2. 选择题必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂; 非选择题必须使用 0.5 毫米黑色字迹的签字笔书写, 字体工整、笔迹清楚。
3. 请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答, 超出答题区域书写的答案无效; 在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。
4. 作图可先使用铅笔画出, 确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。
5. 保持卡面清洁, 不要折叠, 不要弄破、弄皱, 不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。
第一部分 听力(1—20 小题)在笔试结束后进行。
注意事项: 英语听力共两节,20小题,每小题1.5分,满分30分。
第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分)
做题时,先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
例: How much is the shirt?
A. 19.15. B. 9.18. C. 9.15.
答案是 C。
1. 【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
What did the woman do yesterday evening?
A. She watched TV. B. She went shopping. C. She attended a show.
【答案】B
【解析】
【原文】M: Did you watch the talent show on TV last night?
W: No, I missed it. I went with my mom to buy some clothes.
2. 【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
What is the man’s suggestion?
A. Taking a rest. B. Going for a coffee. C. Having a snack.
【答案】A
【解析】
【原文】W: I love this park. It’s so beautiful.
M: It surely is. Are you tired? Shall we stop by the lake for a few minutes?
W: Good idea. Let’s go to that cafe for a little refreshment.
3. 【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
What are the speakers mainly talking about?
A. A weekend plan. B. A wedding invitation. C. A business deal.
【答案】A
【解析】
【原文】W: Tom, shall we invite the Smiths around for dinner this Sunday?
M: Sure, but I need to pack for Monday’s business trip. What about Saturday?
W: Okay.
4. 【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
Where is Barbara going tonight?
A. To a gym. B. To her grandma’s. C. To the doctor’s.
【答案】B
【解析】
【原文】M: Barbara, do you want to play table tennis with us tonight?
W: I’d love to, but I can’t. I’m catching the last train to Denver to see my grandma. I need to take her to visit a doctor tomorrow morning.
5. 【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
What is Alex doing?
A. He’s having breakfast. B. He’s feeding a cat. C. He’s reading a book.
【答案】C
【解析】
【原文】W: Alex, did you feed the cat this morning? I don’t think she can wait.
M: All right. After I finish this chapter, I just can’t let go of this book.
第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟:听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
6. Where does the conversation probably take place?
A. In a fitness center. B. In a sports shop. C. In a clinic.
7. What does the man advise the woman to do?
A. Buy high-quality sportswear.
B. Keep working out regularly.
C. Avoid over-exercising.
【答案】53. A 54. B
【解析】
【原文】M: Miss, do you need any help?
W: I want to get fit, but exercise doesn’t seem to help.
M: What kind of exercise have you done before?
W: I did jogging now and then but it was so boring, so I changed to weightlifting. But it was so demanding, and I was afraid of getting injured, so I went bike riding.
M: Oh, I see. You need to be consistent. I suggest you do different kinds of exercise on one day or on different days of the week. This will help hold your interest, so you can keep coming back.
听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
8. Why does the man make the call?
A. To reserve a table. B. To ask about a party. C. To postpone a meeting.
9. What time should the man arrive on Friday evening?
A. At 5:30. B. At 6:30. C. At 8:00.
10. What is the man’s name?
A. Brown. B. Anderson. C. Howard.
【答案】55. A 56. C 57. B
【解析】
【原文】W: Hello, Brown’s Grill. How may I help you?
M: Hi, I’d like to book a table for Friday evening.
W: Okay, how many people are there in your party?
M: There will be six.
W: And what time would you like to come?
M: Let’s say at... 6:30.
W: I’m afraid we don’t have anything available then. We could see you at 5:30 or 8:00.
M: Oh, 8:00 is better.
W: Fine. May I have your name?
M: Yes, it’s Anderson.
W: Thank you. We’ll see you on Friday. By the way, we’ve moved to Howard Street.
M: Oh, yeah, I know. Thanks.
听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
11. Why does Sarah come to talk to Jacob?
A. To make an appointment. B. To seek his advice. C. To explain a decision.
12. How many people are there in Sarah’s group?
A. Three. B. Four. C. Five.
13. What is the relationship between the speakers?
A. Classmates. B. Fellow workers. C. Teacher and student.
【答案】58. C 59. B 60. A
【解析】
【原文】W: Jacob, do you have a minute now?
M: Sure.
W: Well, it’s not easy to say, but I have to tell you, you’re not in our group for the class project.
M: Sarah, what do you mean? You know, I’m always in a group with you.
W: I know, it’s just that this time..., this time we made the group differently. And because you were late, we’ve already made the group. See, there are four of us already.
M: so? we can’t be a group of five?
W: Well, Professor North said there should be no more than four people in each group. It’s not about you or your work or anything like that.
M: Okay, but please count me in next time.
听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
14. How often does the band come to perform in the park?
A. Three times a year. B. Once a year. C. Every other year.
15. What kind of music will be played this evening?
A. Country music. B. Jazz. C. Rock and roll.
16. What will Jannie do next?
A. Catch a bus. B. Listen to a lecture. C. Go to the library.
【答案】61. B 62. A 63. C
【解析】
【原文】M: Hey, Jannie, where are you going?
W: To the library.
M: There is a music concert in Victoria Park at 4 o’clock. Do you want to go?
W: Yes, Professor Darwin’s lecture is cancelled. I’m free this evening.
M: Great. The band plays pretty good music. For the last 3 years, I have never missed it.
W: How long ago did the band start playing in the park?
M: I think it was 5 years ago. Every year they arrive the first week of July and play for a week. You’re sure to enjoy this evening. There will be good country music.
W: My favorite is rock and roll, but I have to say that country music can be quite beautiful sometimes.
M: I like all kinds of music, especially jazz. Oh, Jannie, we have to go now.
W: Why? There’s plenty of time.
M: Many people are heading to the park. The traffic will be terrible.
W: All right, but I have to return these books first.
M: Okay. I’ll be waiting for you at the bus station.
听下面一段独白,回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频,请去附件查看】
17. Why did the speaker go to the hotel?
A. To deliver a speech.
B. To arrange a conference.
C. To interview Mr. Rochester.
18. What did Mr. Rochester do soon after he bought the hotel?
A. He talked with the staff members.
B. He had the old carpets replaced.
C. He ran a six-month training project.
19. What did Susan do when she met Mr. Rochester the second time?
A. She was a cleaner. B. She was a secretary. C. She was a receptionist.
20. What does the speaker think is key to Mr. Rochester’s success?
A. Managing time efficiently.
B. Valuing human relationships.
C. Possessing a good memory.
【答案】64. B 65. A 66. C 67. B
【解析】
【原文】W: Good morning, everyone. This lesson is a part of our leadership series. Let me start by sharing a story of Richard Rochester, one of the most successful businessmen in Britain. Years ago, I was given the task of organizing a conference in the south of England. I chose a five-star hotel owned by Rochester as the venue. Susan, the receptionist, helped me arrange everything perfectly. Once when we were chatting, I asked Susan if she’d ever met Mr. Rochester. She said yes. Shortly after Mr. Rochester bought the hotel, he made an appointment to see the hotel manager. When he arrived, the first person he met was Susan, who was cleaning the carpet. He chatted with Susan for 30 minutes before keeping his appointment with the manager. He spent all day at the hotel talking with each member of the staff, from the top guy to the lady who cleaned the toilets. Six months later, Mr. Rochester paid another visit. Susan had been promoted to receptionist, but he recognized her immediately and addressed her by name. He even remembered that she had a little girl and what her name was. Now, I don’t believe that Richard Rochester has that good memory. He must have written a lot of notes after his first visit and read them over again before that second visit. It’s time-consuming, but it shows the importance he places on human relationships. I think that’s one of the secrets of his success.
第二部分 阅读(共两节, 满分50分)
第一节(共15 小题; 每小题 2.5 分, 满分 37.5分)
阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Choice of Walks for Beginner and Experienced Walkers
The Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is a great opportunity for the beginner, experienced or advanced walker to enjoy the challenges of Carlow’s mountain hikes or the peace of its woodland walks.
Walk 1 — The Natural World
With environmentalist anna Lamhna as the guide, this walk promises to be an informative tour. Walkers are sure to learn lots about the habitats and natural world of the Blackstairs.
Date and Time: Saturday, 1st October, at 09:00
Start Point: Scratoes Bridge
Walk Duration: 6 hours
Walk 2 — Introduction to Hillwalking
Emmanuel Chappard, an experienced guide, has a passion for making the great outdoors accessible to all. This mountain walk provides an insight into the skills required for hillwalking to ensure you get the most from future walking trips.
Date and Time: Sunday, 2nd October, at 09:00
Start Point: Deerpark Car Park
Walk Duration: 5 hours
Walk 3 — Moonlight Under the Stars
Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone Breathtaking views of the lowlands of Carlow can be enjoyed in the presence of welcoming guides from local walking clubs. A torch (手电筒) along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark. Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate.
Date and Time: Saturday, 1st October, at 18:30
Start Point: The Town Hall
Walk Duration: 3 hours
Walk 4 — Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest
This informative walk led by Richard Smyth introduces you to the basic principles of photography in the wild. Bring along your camera and enjoy the wonderful views along this well-surfaced forest path.
Date and Time: Sunday, 2nd October, at 11:45
Start Point: Kilbrannish Forest Recreation Area
Walk Duration: 1.5 hours
1. Which walk takes the shortest time?
A. The Natural World. B. Introduction to Hillwalking.
C. Moonlight Under the Stars. D. Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest.
2. What are participants in Walk 3 required to do?
A. Wear proper clothes. B. Join a walking club.
C. Get special permits. D. Bring a survival guide.
3. What do the four walks have in common?
A. They involve difficult climbing. B. They are for experienced walkers.
C. They share the same start point. D. They are scheduled for the weekend.
【答案】1. D 2. A 3. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了参加卡洛秋季徒步节的几种步行方案,及其日期、起点和步行时间等相关细节。
【1题详解】
细节理解题。通读全文,根据文章所给出的四种方案中的“Walk Duration (步行时间)”部分比较可知,“Walk 4 — Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest (步行4——基尔布兰尼什森林摄影步行)”的步行时间是1.5小时,用时最短。故选D项。
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章“Walk 3 — Moonlight Under the Stars (步行3——星光下的月光)”部分中的“Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate.(穿着不当的人将被拒绝参加)”可知,第三种步行方案的参与者需要穿合适的衣服。故选A项。
【3题详解】
细节理解题。根据四种步行方案中的“Date and Time (日期和时间)”部分比较可知,这四种方案都被安排在周末。故选D项。
B
Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read? Yes, we all have our phones, but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed.
Well, there’s a kiosk (小亭) for that. In the San Francisco Bay Area, at least.
“You enter the fare gates (检票口) and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story,” says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit — known as BART. “You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.”
It’s that simple. Riders have printed nearly 20,000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March. Some are classic short stories, and some are new original works.
Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders. “We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest,” Trost says. “And as of right now, we’ve received about 120 submissions. The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.”
Ridership on transit (交通) systems across the country has been down the past half century, so could short stories save transit?
Trost thinks so.
“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories,” she says.
And you’ll never be without something to read.
4. Why did BART start the kiosk program?
A. To promote the local culture. B. To discourage phone use.
C. To meet passengers’ needs. D. To reduce its running costs.
5. How are the stories categorized in the kiosk?
A. By popularity. B. By length.
C. By theme. D. By language.
6. What has Trost been doing recently?
A. Organizing a story contest. B. Doing a survey of customers.
C. Choosing a print publisher. D. Conducting interviews with artists.
7. What is Trost’s opinion about BART’s future?
A. It will close down. B. Its profits will decline.
C. It will expand nationwide. D. Its ridership will increase.
【答案】4. C 5. B 6. A 7. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要报道了旧金山湾区捷运系统(BART)推出自动售货亭提供短篇故事打印服务,旨在满足乘客阅读需求,提升出行体验,Trost认为此举措能吸引更多乘客,对BART的未来持乐观态度,预期乘客量将会增长。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段““You enter the fare gates (检票口) and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story,” says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit - known as BART. “You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.”(旧金山湾区捷运系统(BART)首席通讯官Alicia Trost表示:“你进入检票口,会看到一个亮着灯的信息亭,它告诉你可以得到一分钟、三分钟或五分钟的报道。你可以选择你想要的长度,它会给你一个类似收据的短篇故事。”)”可知,BART启动信息亭是为了满足乘客在乘车过程中的阅读需求,为他们提供不同长度的短篇故事或诗歌来打发时间。故选C项。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.(你可以选择你想要的长度,它会给你一个类似收据的短篇故事)”可知,信息亭中的故事按长度分类,乘客可以根据自己的需求选择不同长度的故事。故选B项。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest,(我们想做一些事情,呼吁湾区的艺术家为比赛提交故事)”以及第六段“The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.(获奖故事会进入我们的书报亭,然后你就会成为一名出版艺术家)”可知,Trost最近在组织一个故事竞赛,向湾区的艺术家征集故事,获胜作品将被放入书报亭供乘客阅读。故选A项。
【7题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段““At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories,” she says.(她说:“归根结底,所有的交通机构现在都在尽一切努力改善乘客体验。所以我绝对认为,我们会因为短篇小说而吸引更多的乘客。”)”可知,Trost认为通过提升乘客体验,包括提供短篇故事阅读服务,BART可以吸引更多的乘客,乘客量将会增加。故选D项。
C
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1?
A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
9. What information does the convenient app offer?
A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants.
C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.
10. What can be concluded about BMF employees?
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D. They have a strong environmental awareness.
11. What does the text mainly talk about?
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
【答案】8. C 9. B 10. D 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场(BMF)的一些主要优势,包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择,但巴比伦微型农场(BMF)甚至缩短了旅程)”可知,巴比伦微型农场(BMF)进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. (此外,还有一个便捷的应用程序,可以实时提供增长数据)”可知,这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里,他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示:“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知,BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择,但巴比伦微型农场(BMF)甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接,对BMF进行远程监控。此外,还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的,因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水,而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里,他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示:“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知,文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场(BMF)的一些主要优势,包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。
D
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic.
13. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text?
A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals.
14. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development?
A. Observe existing regulations on it.
B. Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history.
C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert.
【答案】12. C 13. B 14. C 15. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南,以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景,强调控制AI的重要性,呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展,以防潜在危机。
【12题详解】
词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂,但值得庆幸的是,坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验,可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发,撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南,读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知,坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的,如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了,推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的.人写的”。故选C项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(值得庆幸的是,坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验,可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发,撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南,读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知,坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容,这本书的特点是通俗易懂,推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选B项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. (她说,我们必须保持对人工智能的控制,否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟的风险)”和文章最后一段“We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. (我们需要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维,加上全球监管,将使我们走向伟大,而不是走向衰败)”可知,坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制,考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展,所以关于人工智能的发展,坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). (考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力,我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来,这正是AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图,旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战)”和文章最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. (人工智能将影响我们所有人,如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书,那就是这本书)”可知,本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书,该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南,以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景,强调控制AI的重要性,呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展,以防潜在危机,所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选A项。
第二节(共5小题; 每小题2.5分, 满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文, 从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Overtourism Is For Real: How Can You Help?
Travel promotes understanding, expands our minds, makes us better people, and boosts local economies and communities, but the rapid growth of travel has led to overtourism in certain regions and destinations. ___16___ Certainly not. The loss of what travel offers would be unacceptable in today’s world. Here are some tips on making wise decisions to minimize pressure on the places we visit and improve our experience.
●Choose mindfully. Overvisited destinations are that way for a reason: they’re special. With so many online posts featuring the same places, it’s easy to feel like you’re missing out. Go somewhere only when the landscape, culture or food deeply draws you. ___17___
●Get creative. The best way to ease pressure on over-touristed destinations is to go somewhere else. Though overtourism is described as a problem affecting the entire world, it’s actually concentrated to a small number of extremely popular spots. That means you have tons of less-visited options to choose from. ___18___ Why not try a regional alternative or check out a popular destination’s lesser-known sights?
●___19___ Minimize impact and maximize experience by skipping major holidays or rush hour. You’ll compete with fewer tourists, save money, experience a different side of a popular place, and boost the economy when tourism is traditionally slower.
Visiting a place that others call home is a privilege (荣幸). Do your part to preserve what makes a destination special in the first place. ___20___ You may be amazed how much closer you’ll feel to the people there.
A. Visit during off-peak times.
B. So, should we stop traveling?
C. Travel for you and no one else.
D. Can overtourism be avoided then?
E. You can still find relatively undiscovered places.
F. You’ll find yourself virtually alone, or close to it.
G. Consider giving back to the communities you’re visiting.
【答案】16. B 17. C 18. E 19. A 20. G
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文,介绍了如何避免“过度旅游”的现象。
【16题详解】
前文“Travel promotes understanding, expands our minds, makes us better people, and boosts local economies and communities, but the rapid growth of travel has led to overtourism in certain regions and destinations.(旅游促进理解,扩展我们的思想,使我们成为更好的人,促进当地经济和社区,但旅游业的快速发展导致了某些地区和目的地的过度旅游)”表明旅游带来了一些问题,后文“The loss of what travel offers would be unacceptable in today’s world.(在当今世界,失去旅行所能提供的东西将是不可接受的)”表示不能失去旅行,结合后文“Certainly not.(当然不)”可知,空处提问能否停止旅行,D选项“那么,我们应该停止旅行吗?”符合语境。故选B。
【17题详解】
前文“Overvisited destinations are that way for a reason: they’re special. With so many online posts featuring the same places, it’s easy to feel like you’re missing out. Go somewhere only when the landscape, culture or food deeply draws you.(游客过多的目的地是有原因的:它们很特别。网上有这么多关于同一个地方的帖子,很容易让你觉得你错过了。只有当风景、文化或食物深深吸引你时,才去某个地方)”表明不要跟风旅游,C选项“为你而不是其他人旅行”表明要关注自己在旅行时的感受,忠实自己的感受,不用管其余的建议,符合语境。故选C。
【18题详解】
前文“That means you have tons of less-visited options to choose from.(这意味着你有很多不太受欢迎的选择)及后文“Why not try a regional alternative or check out a popular destination’s lesser-known sights?( 为什么不尝试一个地区性的选择,或者看看一个热门目的地不太为人所知的景点呢)”提出建议,可以选择一些冷门的景点,E选项“你仍然可以找到相对未被发现的地方”符合语境。故选E。
19题详解】
空处为小标题,根据后文“Minimize impact and maximize experience by skipping major holidays or rush hour.(通过跳过重大节假日或高峰时间来最小化影响并最大化体验)”表示旅游时要注意避开高峰期,选择合适的时间,A选项“在非高峰时间参观”概括本段内容。故选A。
【20题详解】
前文“Do your part to preserve what makes a destination special in the first place.(尽你的一份力,从一开始就保护一个目的地的特别之处)”表明旅游时应保护旅游景点,后文“You may be amazed how much closer you’ll feel to the people there.(你可能会惊讶地发现你和那里的人感觉如此亲近)”表示这样做的感受,G选项“考虑回馈你所访问的社区”承上启下,符合语境。故选G。
第三部分 语言运用(共两节, 满分30分)
第一节(共15小题; 每小题1分, 满分15分)
阅读下面短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
When I decided to buy a house in Europe ten years ago, I didnt think too long. I liked traveling in France, but when it came to picking my favorite spot to ___21___, Italy was the clear winner.
During my first visit to Italy, I ___22___ to ask for directions or order in a restaurant. But every time I tried to ___23___ a sentence of Italian together, the locals smiled at me and ___24___ my language skills. That encouragement helped me to get through the language ___25___. After I made Italy my permanent home, I discovered how ___26___ Italians are. Neighbors will bring me freshly made cheese and will come to my door to ___27___ me to close the window in my car when rain is coming. Its these small ___28___ of kindness that make a new country feel like home.
As a foodie, the way to my heart is through my stomach, and nowhere fuels my ___29___ quite like Italy. Each town has its own traditional ____30____, and every family keeps a recipe passed from one generation to another. Families ____31____ for big meals on Sundays, birthdays, and whatever other excuses they can ____32____. These meals are always ____33____ by laughter and joy. Whatever ____34____ life in Italy might have, the problems are ____35____ once you sit down to a big meal with friends and family.
21. A. study B. rent C. visit D. settle
22. A. planned B. struggled C. refused D. happened
23. A. string B. hang C. mix D. match
24. A. improved B. assessed C. admired D. praised
25. A. course B. barrier C. area D. test
26. A. open-minded B. strong-willed C. warm-hearted D. well-informed
27. A. remind B. allow C. persuade D. order
28. A. tricks B. promises C. acts D. duties
29. A. ambition B. success C. appetite D. growth
30. A. costume B. dish C. symbol D. tale
31. A. gather B. cheer C. leave D. wait
32. A. put up with B. stand up for C. come up with D. make up for
33. A. signaled B. confirmed C. represented D. accompanied
34. A. disadvantages B. meanings C. surprises D. opportunities
35. A. created B. forgotten C. understood D. identified
【答案】21. D 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. C 27. A 28. C 29. C 30. B 31. A 32. C 33. D 34. A 35. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者十年前选择在意大利定居的原因以及意大利的风土人情。
【21题详解】
考查名词词义辨析,句意:我喜欢在法国旅行,但当谈到选择我最喜欢的定居地点时,意大利显然是赢家。A. study学习;B. rent租金;C. visit游览;D. settle定居。根据下文“After I made Italy my permanent home”以及“make a new country feel like home”可推知,此处指作者最喜欢的定居地点。故选D。
【22题详解】
考查动词词义辨析,句意:在我第一次访问意大利时,我很难问路或在餐馆点餐。A. planned计划;B. struggled斗争、吃力地进行;C. refused拒绝;D. happened出现、发生。根据上文“During my first visit to Italy”可推知,此处指作者第一次到意大利,语言不通,很难沟通交流。故选B。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析,句意:我试着把一个意大利语句子串在一起,当地人对我微笑,称赞我的语言技能。A. string串起、连成一串;B. hang悬挂;C. mix混合;D. match配对。根据下文“a sentence of Italian together”可推知,此处指作者努力想用意大利语串成一句话。故选A。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析,句意:我试着把一个意大利语句子串在一起,当地人对我微笑,称赞我的语言技能。A. improved改进;B. assessed评估;C. admired钦佩;D. praised赞扬。根据上文“the locals smiled at me”以及下文“That encouragement”可推知,此处指作者尝试说意大利语,当地人赞扬作者的语言能力。故选D。
【25题详解】
考查名词词义辨析,句意:这种鼓励帮助我克服了语言障碍。A.course课程;B. barrier障碍;C. area区域;D. test测试。根据上文“the locals smiled at me and praised my language skills. That encouragement helped me”可推知,此处指当地人对作者的鼓励帮助他克服了语言障碍。故选B。
【26题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析,句意:当我把意大利作为永久的家后,我发现了意大利人是多么的热情。A. open-minded思想开明的;B. strong-willed思想坚定的;C. warm-hearted热心的;D. well-informed见多识广的。根据下文邻居的热心行为“Neighbors will bring me freshly made cheese and will come to my door”和“close the window in my car when rain is coming.”可推知,此处指邻居是热情的。故选C。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析,句意:邻居们会给我带来新鲜的奶酪,还会在下雨的时候来我家门前提醒我关上车窗。A. remind提醒;B. allow允许;C. persuade说服;D. order命令。根据上文“I discovered how warm-hearted Italians are”以及下文“will come to my door”可推知,此处指热心的邻居在下雨的时候来作者家门前提醒他关上车窗。故选A。
【28题详解】
考查名词词义辨析,句意:正是这些小小的善举让一个新国家有家的感觉。A. tricks技巧;B. promises承诺;C. acts行为;D. duties职责。根据上文“Neighbors will bring me freshly made cheese and will come to my door to remind me to close the window in my car when rain is coming.”可推知,此处指邻居们的善举。故选C。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析,句意:作为一个美食家,通往我内心的路是通过我的胃,没有什么地方能像意大利那样刺激我的食欲。A. ambition雄心;B. success成功;C. appetite食欲;D. growth发育。根据上文“As a foodie, the way to my heart is through my stomach”可推知,此处指做这是一个美食家,所以应该是刺激食欲。故选C。
【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析,句意:每个城镇都有自己的传统菜肴,每个家庭都保存着代代相传的食谱。A. costume服装;B. dish菜肴;C. symbol符号;D. tale故事。根据上文“fuels my appetite”以及下文“every family keeps a recipe passed from one generation to another”可推知,此处指意大利各地都有传统菜肴。故选B。
【31题详解】
考查动词词义辨析,句意:一家人在星期天、生日以及他们能想出的任何其他借口聚在一起吃大餐。A. gather集合;B. cheer欢呼;C. leave留下;D. wait等待。根据上文“Families”以及下文“with friends and family”可推知,此处指一家人聚集在一起吃饭。故选A。
【32题详解】
考查动词短语辨析,句意:一家人在星期天、生日以及他们能想出的任何其他借口聚在一起吃大餐。A. put up with克服;B. stand up for支持;C. come up with想出;D. make up for弥补。根据上文“whatever other excuses they can”可推知,此处指家人们为了聚在一起吃饭而想出的理由。故选C。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析,句意:这些饭菜总是伴随着笑声和喜悦。A. signaled示意;B. confirmed确认;C. represented 代表;D. accompanied伴随。根据下文“by laughter and joy”可推知,此处指家人们在一起用餐时伴随着欢声笑语。固定搭配“accompany by”译为“伴随”。故选D。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析,句意:无论意大利的生活有什么缺点,一旦你和朋友和家人坐下来吃顿大餐,这些问题就会被遗忘。A. disadvantages缺点;B. meanings含义;C. surprises惊喜;D. opportunities机会。根据上文“Whatever”以及下文“the problems”可推知,此处指在意大利的生活有什么不如意之处。故选A。
【35题详解】
考查动词词义辨析,句意:无论意大利的生活有什么缺点,一旦你和朋友和家人坐下来吃顿大餐,这些问题就会被遗忘。A. created创建;B. forgotten忘记;C. understood理解;D. identified确认。根据上文“Whatever disadvantages life in Italy might have, the problems”以及下文“once you sit down to a big meal with friends and family”可推知,此处指无论在意大利的生活有什么不如意之处,跟家人们吃一顿饭就会忘记不愉快。故选B。
第二节(共10 小题; 每小题 1.5 分, 满分15分)
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, ___36___ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown.
Tang and Shakespeare were contemporaries and both died in 1616. Although they could never have met, there are common ___37___ (theme)in their works, said Paul Edmondson, head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. “Some of the things that Tang was writing about ___38___ (be)also Shakespeare’s concerns. I happen to know that Tang’s play The Peony Pavilion (《牡丹亭》) is similar in some ways ___39___ Romeo and Juliet.”
A statue commemorating Shakespeare and Tang was put up at Shakespeare’s Birthplace Garden in 2017. Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, ___40___ (inspire)by The Peony Pavilion, ___41___ (build)at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.
Those cultural elements have increased Stratford’s international ___42___ (visible), said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed ___43___ (find)the connection between the two great writers.
___44___ (recall)watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare’s play Richard III in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said, “It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language ____45____ see how Tang’s play was being performed.”
【答案】36. who
37. themes 38. were
39. to 40. inspired
41. was built
42. visibility
43. to find
44. Recalling
45. and
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国明代戏曲家汤显祖与英国戏剧家莎士比亚之间的联系和共同点,并展示了这种联系如何被纪念和展示在莎士比亚的故乡斯特拉特福德,且说明了这种联系对于提高斯特拉特福德国际知名度的重要性。
【36题详解】
考查定语从句。句意:为了纪念被誉为“亚洲莎士比亚”的汤显祖,中国文化元素为莎士比亚的故乡——埃文河畔的斯特拉特福增添了国际化的色彩。这里为定语从句的关系词,先行词为“Tang Xianzu”,在非限制性定语从句中担当主语,表示人,用关系代词who引导。故填who。
【37题详解】
考查名词的数。句意:莎士比亚故居信托基金会的研究主管Paul Edmondson说,尽管他们从未见过面,但他们的作品中都有共同的主题。本句为“there be”句型,为倒装句,根据谓语动词“are”可判断,本句主语为名词的复数形式。故填themes。
【38题详解】
考查时态和主谓一致。句意:“汤显祖所写的一些内容也是莎士比亚所关心的。我碰巧知道汤显祖的戏剧《牡丹亭》在某些方面与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》相似。”这里为本句谓语动词,根据句意以及定语从句时态可知,本句时态为一般过去时;主语为“some of the things”,复数。故填were。
【39题详解】
考查固定短语。句意:“汤显祖所写的一些内容也是莎士比亚所关心的。我碰巧知道汤显祖的戏剧《牡丹亭》在某些方面与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》相似。”固定短语:be similar to,意为“和……相似”,符合句意。故填to。
【40题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意:两年后,一座六米高的亭子在菲斯花园落成,该花园距离莎士比亚故居仅十分钟步行路程,其灵感来自《牡丹亭》。非谓语动词担当后置定语,被修饰词“a six-meter-tall pavilion”和动词“inspire”之间为被动关系,用过去分词形式。故填inspired。
【41题详解】
考查时态和语态。句意:两年后,一座六米高的亭子在菲斯花园落成,该花园距离莎士比亚故居仅十分钟步行路程,其灵感来自《牡丹亭》。这里为本句谓语动词,根据时间状语“Two years later”可知,本句时态为一般过去时;主语为“a six-meter-tall pavilion”,单数,和动词“build”之间为被动关系,所以用被动语态。故填was built。
【42题详解】
考查名词。句意:Edmondson说,这些文化元素提高了斯特拉特福德的国际知名度,并补充说,游客们穿过故居花园时,常常惊讶于这两位伟大作家之间的联系。形容词international后接名词形式,visibility“知名度”为不可数名词作宾语。故填visibility。
【43题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意:Edmondson说,这些文化元素提高了斯特拉特福德的国际知名度,并补充说,游客们穿过故居花园时,常常惊讶于这两位伟大作家之间的联系。非谓语动词担当形容词“amazed”后的原因状语,用动词不定式形式。故填to find。
【44题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意:回忆起几年前在上海观看莎士比亚戏剧《理查三世》的中国版,并遇见前来斯特拉特福德表演《牡丹亭》部分片段的中国演员时,Edmondson说:“听到中文,看到汤显祖的戏剧是如何被表演的,非常激动人心。”非谓语动词担当状语,主语“Edmondson”和动词“recall”之间为主动关系,用现在分词形式担当状语;出现在句首,首字母大写。故填Recalling。
【45题详解】
考查连词。句意:回忆起几年前在上海观看莎士比亚戏剧《理查三世》的中国版,并遇见前来斯特拉特福德表演《牡丹亭》部分片段的中国演员时,Edmondson说:“听到中文,看到汤显祖的戏剧是如何被表演的,非常激动人心。”空前“hear the Chinese language”和空后“see how Tang’s play was being performed”为并列结构,用and连接。故填and。
第四部分 写作(共两节, 满分40分)
第一节(满分15分)
46. 假定你是李华,上周五你们班在公园上了一堂美术课。请你给英国朋友Chris写一封邮件分享这次经历,内容包括:
(1)你完成的作品;
(2)你的感想。
注意:
(1)写作词数应为80个左右;
(2)请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。
Dear Chris,
I’m writing to share with you an art class I had in a park last Friday.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】
Dear Chris
I’m writing to share with you an art class I had in a park last Friday.
We were tasked to draw or paint something that impressed us most. Inspired by the fantastic scenery, I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park’s pond, surrounded by blooming flowers.
The entire experience was incredibly refreshing. Being surrounded by nature not only sparked my creativity but also offered a much-needed break from the usual hustle and bustle of school life. I felt a deep sense of peace as I painted.
In a word, it was not just an art class; it was a moment of connection with nature that I truly cherished.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇是应用文写作。要求考生给Chris写一封信, 分享在公园上美术课的经历。
【详解】1. 词汇积累
决定:decide→determine
整个的:entire→whole
提供:offer→provide
总之:in a word→in short
2. 句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句:Inspired by the fantastic scenery, I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park’s pond, surrounded by blooming flowers.
拓展句:Because I was inspired by the fantastic scenery, I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park’s pond, which was surrounded by blooming flowers.
【点睛】[高分句型1]We were tasked to draw or paint something that impressed us most. (that引导的定语从句)
[高分句型2] I felt a deep sense of peace as I painted.(as引导的时间状语从句)
第二节(满分25分)
47. 阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。
I met Gunter on a cold, wet and unforgettable evening in September. I had planned to fly to Vienna and take a bus to Prague for a conference. Due to a big storm, my flight had been delayed by an hour and a half. I touched down in Vienna just 30 minutes before the departure of the last bus to Prague. The moment I got off the plane, I ran like crazy through the airport building and jumped into the first taxi on the rank without a second thought.
That was when I met Gunter. I told him where I was going, but he said he hadnt heard of the bus station. I thought my pronunciation was the problem, so I explained again more slowly, but he still looked confused. When I was about to give up, Gunter fished out his little phone and rang up a friend. After a heated discussion that lasted for what seemed like a century, Gunter put his phone down and started the car.
Finally, with just two minutes to spare we rolled into the bus station. Thankfully, there was a long queue (队列) still waiting to board the bus. Gunter parked the taxi behind the bus, turned around, and looked at me with a big smile on his face. "We made it," he said.
Just then I realised that I had zero cash in my wallet. I flashed him an apologetic smile as I pulled out my Portuguese bankcard. He tried it several times, but the card machine just did not play along. A feeling of helplessness washed over me as I saw the bus queue thinning out.
At this moment, Gunter pointed towards the waiting hall of the bus station. There, at the entrance, was a cash machine. I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the machine, and popped my card in, only to read the message: "Out of order. Sorry."
注意:
(1)续写词数应为150个左右;
(2)请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。
I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】参考范文
Para 1
I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news. He looked at me in disbelief, asking me what to do. Flashing him another apologetic smile, I begged him for a delayed payment. “If I miss this last bus to Prague, I’ll be late for the conference which is so important that I can’t afford to miss it!” I explained. “May I have your phone number? I will call you and return the money I owe you. I promise I will keep my word or you keep my watch!” I added, handing him my watch as well as my business card. Gunter accepted my business card but rejected my watch. He wrote down his phone number and gave it to me. “Just keep your promise, Sir.” A feeling of gratitude washed over me as I heard his words. Giving him a firm handshake, I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the bus, and jumped onto it just before its departure.
Para 2
Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised. He picked me up at the bus station where he had dropped me off four days before. Beaming a warm smile at him, I gave him a big hug the moment I saw him. We chatted happily on the way to the airport. I told him that thanks to his generosity and timely help, everything had gone smoothly. When he stopped his taxi outside the airport, I paid him for the “double car ride”, back and forth from the airport to the bus station, together with a generous tip that he turned down. I also gave him an attractive souvenir I had bought at Prague, which he accepted with delight. We became good friends and kept in touch with each other regularly. I felt blessed to have such a warm-hearted friend like Gunter.
【解析】
【导语】本文以人物为线索展开,讲述了作者在一次因风暴延误的旅途中,匆忙搭乘出租车前往车站赶最后一班去布拉格的公共汽车。司机冈特不熟悉车站位置,通过电话求助后顺利抵达。到达时作者却发现自己没带现金,尝试用葡萄牙银行卡支付没有成功,而车站的取款机也故障了。
【详解】1.段落续写:
①由第一段首句内容“我跑回到冈特那里,告诉他这个坏消息。”可知,第一段可描写作者留下冈特的电话,承诺会还钱给对方,冈特同意,最终作者及时登上了公共汽车。
②由第二段首句内容“四天后,当我回到维也纳时,我按照承诺给冈特打了电话。”可知,第二段可描写作者付费给冈特,并向对方表示感激,两人成为了好朋友。
2.续写线索:作者给出解决办法——承诺还钱——冈特同意——作者登上公共汽车——履行承诺还钱——两人成为朋友
3.词汇激活
行为类
①拒绝:reject/refuse
②给某人拥抱:give sb. a hug/embrace sb.
③记下,写下:write down/set down
情绪类
①难以置信地:in disbelief/incredibly/unbelievably
②开心地:happily/joyfully
【点睛】【高分句型1】He picked me up at the bus station where he had dropped me off four days before.(运用了where引导的限制性定语从句)
【高分句型2】When he stopped his taxi outside the airport, I paid him for the “double car ride”, back and forth from the airport to the bus station, together with a generous tip that he turned down.(运用了when引导的时间状语从句,that引导的限制性定语从句)
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