2024版高考全国卷真题

2024-10-23 考试试题

  亲爱的考生们,2024 版高考全国卷真题即将开启你逐梦的新征程。这里的每一道题都是智慧的挑战,是对知识与能力的深度检验。愿你以沉稳之姿、睿智之思,在这张试卷上尽情挥洒才情,为青春书写璀璨华章,向梦想勇敢迈进,开启人生新的辉煌篇章。

  2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国甲卷)

  语 文

  使用地区:四川、宁夏、内蒙古、青海、陕西

  本试卷满分150分,考试时间150分钟。

  一、现代文阅读(36分)

  (二)实用类文本阅读(本题共3小题,12分)

  阅读下面的文字,完成下面小题。

  “偷梁换柱”多指以假代真,用欺骗的手段改变事物的性质,然而在古建筑工程领域,“偷梁换柱”却属于一种科学实用的修缮加固方法。

  梁是截面形状一般为长方形的木料,且木料的长度尺寸远大于截面尺寸。梁为水平放置,两端的底部有支撑构件。梁主要用于承担建筑上部构件及屋顶的全部重量,并把这些重量向下传给支撑构件。柱为梁的支撑构件。柱子截面形状一般为圆形,长度尺寸远大于截面直径。柱子为竖向放置,主要用于承担上部梁传来的重量,并向下传递给下部的梁或直接传至地面。梁与柱采用榫卯形式连接,形成稳固的大木结构体系。位于屋架内的若干梁在竖向被层层往上“抬”,上下梁之间由短柱支撑,底部的梁由立于地面的立柱支撑。梁、柱均为中国木结构古建筑的核心受力、传力构件,缺一不可。

  对于古建筑而言,立于地面的立柱,或因长期承受上部结构传来的重量而产生开裂残损,或因柱底部位长期受到地面潮气影响而出现糟朽残损,这导致木柱强度下降,无法正常支撑梁。此时可采用“偷梁换柱”的加固方法。“偷梁换柱”实际就是“托梁换柱”。其基本做法为:首先将“假柱”(即临时的竖向支撑构件)安装在梁底部、原柱(原有立柱)旁边;再抽去原柱,使梁传来的重量暂时由“假柱”承担;然后安装新柱,新柱的材料、尺寸及安装位置与原有立柱相同;最后将“假柱”移去。

  完善的“偷梁换柱”加固方法具有科学性,其原理主要包括三个方面:其一,从梁的角度而言,它是水平受力构件,并把外力向下传给立柱。梁只有保持水平稳定状态,才能保证整个大木结构的稳定。在加固古建筑的过程中,梁始终受到支托,因而能一直保持水平稳定状态。其二,从柱的角度而言,它是竖向支撑构件,并最终把上部构件的重量传给地基。只有立柱具有充足的承载力,且与梁有可靠连接时,才能有效承担梁传来的作用力。加固过程中,技术人员虽然将原柱抽去,但是预先将“假柱”设置于原柱附近,让“假柱”代替原柱发挥支撑作用,因而换柱过程对结构整体的稳定基本无影响。换柱完成后,新柱与原柱有着同样的材料、尺寸,且与梁有着相同的可靠连接方式,它完全能够代替原柱发挥支撑作用。其三,从梁、柱整体结构角度而言,“偷梁换柱”方法对整体结构干扰小,且能达到良好的加固效果:原柱被新柱原位替换,新柱不仅有很好的支撑作用,而且与梁仍有可靠连接;“假柱”仅用于加固过程的临时支撑,且在原柱撤去后新柱安装前,能够与梁临时组成稳定的结构体系。因此,在“偷梁换柱”过程中,梁、柱结构整体始终处于稳定状态。

  中国古建筑大木构架剖面示意图

  (摘编自周乾《故宫建筑细探》)

  4. 下列对原文相关内容的理解和分析,不正确的一项是( )

  A. “偷梁换柱”这一成语在现今的使用中多含有贬义的色彩,但在古建筑工程领域,它是指一种修缮加固的科学方法,完全没有贬义。

  B. 中国古建筑大木构架剖面示意图展示了几种不同位置、不同尺寸的柱,这些柱子中,立于地面的立柱比较容易发生糟朽残损的情况。

  C. 结合图文可以发现,屋顶的重量由上层柱承担,然后传给梁,再由梁传递给其下的短柱,依次向下传递,最终由底部的立柱传至地面。

  D. “偷梁换柱”的加固方法包括托梁、抽柱、换柱等步骤,在每一个步骤中梁一直会得到很好的支撑,从而始终能够保持水平稳定状态。

  5. 请根据原文内容,在下面文段的横线处补写出恰当的词语。

  工程实例:故宫太和殿是我国最大的木构大殿,明清两代帝王即位或节日庆典都在此举行。2004年,技术人员在对太和殿进行勘查时,发现有一根立柱下部三分之一的位置出现了严重糟朽,于是采取了“偷梁换柱”的方法对该立柱进行加固。具体过程如下:先使用“假柱”托住原柱上部的梁。“假柱”为完好的木料,被安装在_________附近,用于临时支撑梁。再把柱子底部糟朽部分抽去,以便用_________代替。原柱糟朽部分去掉后,剩余的部分做成巴掌形,与新柱搭接。新柱与被抽去的糟朽部分同材料、同形状、同尺寸,且顶部亦做成巴掌榫形状。最后再把_________拆除,即完成了原有立柱的加固。

  6. 清代的古籍中有另一种“偷梁换柱”的记载:当某根立柱损坏需要更换时,为节省工料,工匠只是在原柱旁边设一根新柱,再撤去原柱。为什么第2题“工程实例”中,太和殿修缮没有采用这种更简便的加固方式呢?请简要分析。

  【答案】4. C 5. ①. 原柱 ②. 新柱 ③. 假柱

  6. ①新柱如果没有原位替换原柱,可能会改变建筑原结构的受力和传力方式,影响整体的稳定性;

  ②太和殿是中国最大的木构大殿,建造之初工匠们应该经过了精心的测量,原位替换才是最佳的解决方案;

  ③太和殿的修缮加固追求最大程度地保持文物原貌,节省工料不是优先考虑的因素。

  【解析】

  【4题详解】

  本题考查学生理解、分析文章内容和理解图表的能力。

  C.“屋顶重量由上层柱承担,然后传给梁”错误,原文第二段“梁为水平放置”“梁主要用于承担建筑上部构件及屋顶的全部重量,并把这些重量向下传给支撑构件”,示意图中线条指示的横着的木料是“梁”,它承担屋顶的全部重量。选项受力、传力分析不对。

  故选C。

  【5题详解】

  本题考查学生筛选整合信息、根据文本信息进行判断推理和情境补写的能力。

  试题以故宫太和殿的修缮工程实例为题面,要求学生在理解“偷梁换柱”全过程,尤其是原柱、“假柱”、新柱三者关系的基础上,补写空缺内容。

  题干中“具体过程如下”可对应材料第三段的“其基本做法为……”。

  第①处,“被安装在……附近”,对应材料的“首先将‘假柱’(即临时的竖向支撑构件)安装在梁底部、原柱(原有立柱)旁边”或第四段“预先将‘假柱’设置于原柱附近”,“附近”与“旁边”意思相近,故填“原柱”。

  第②处,“以便用……代替”,对应“使梁传来的重量暂时由‘假柱’承担;然后安装新柱,新柱的材料、尺寸及安装位置与原有立柱相同”或第四段“原柱被新柱原位替换”,“假柱”只是代替原柱发挥支撑作用,真正用于替换的应该是“新柱”,故填“新柱”。

  第③处,“最后再把……拆除”,对应“最后将‘假柱’移去”,“假柱”的引号不能删除,因为表示特定称谓,故填“‘假柱’”。

  【6题详解】

  本题考查学生筛选并整合信息、根据文本信息进行判断推理的能力。

  题干中的方法“更简便”,但是由材料和上一题的信息可知:完善的“偷梁换柱”加固方法具有科学性。

  首先,从受力分析角度看,原文第四段从三个角度“从梁的角度而言……保证整个大木结构的稳定”“从柱的角度而言……对结构整体的稳定基本无影响”“从梁、柱整体结构角度而言……组成稳定的结构体系”,进行受力、传力分析,得出:原位替换可以保证整体的稳定性。

  其次,从工匠精神的“精益求精”追求看,上一题的材料中指出“故宫太和殿是我国最大的木构大殿,明清两代帝王即位或节日庆典都在此举行”,大殿设计、建造之初,必定组织大量能工巧匠进行了精心的设计、测量等工作,原位替换更符合整体设计,因而是最佳修缮方案。

  最后,从修缮原则、文物保护角度看,“修旧如故”,不追求节省工料,而应尽可能地保持其原有历史形态和特征,以尊重和保护其历史价值和文化意义。上一题的'材料中,在修缮时将“原柱糟朽部分去掉后,剩余的部分做成巴掌形,与新柱搭接。新柱与被抽去的糟朽部分同材料、同形状、同尺寸,且顶部亦做成巴掌榫形状”,这样能够最大程度地保持文物原貌,

  该题不要求学生作答面面俱到,只要回答出两点即可。如果有其他的答案,言之成理亦可。

  (三)文学类文本同读(本题共3小题,15分)

  阅读下面的文学。完成下面小题。

  霜降夜

  周蓬桦

  白露过后,乌乡的风里就已平添了寒意。早晨醒来,阳光刺眼,推开栅门,发现脚下的草叶上布满晶莹的霜,薄簿的一层,把路边的花打蔫,桦树的枝条似乎萧条了些许,树木上的一只只眼睛长出了睫毛,无意间仰头,但见几粒寒星正在向山顶以南的方向悄悄隐逝。镇上某一户人家屋顶上的烟囱,已经开始忙活,突突地冒青烟,烟柱是笔直的,上升到一米多高后遇到了风,才变得凌乱,像一块被抽断的丝绸。

  有人说,乌乡的风里,流动着一股特别的味道,也只有亲临现场的人才会知道。这种特别的味道让人难忘,在鼻间萦绕,以至于割舍不下,成了人们再来乌乡的理由。

  我提着满满一大铁桶草木灰,把它们倾倒在大路边潮湿的水洼里——这是房东阿姨安排给我的任务。昨天晚上,我约了几个养桑蚕与种植薰衣草的农户,到院子里攀谈,大家吃着草原黄膘烤牛肉,品尝着新摘的巨峰葡萄,黑色的冻梨,喝着自酿的桑葚酒,交谈内容涉猎宽泛,没有明确的主题。基本围绕农事收成,动物保护和挖掘过冬的地窖打转。当然,我最感兴趣的,是他们讲述过往亲身经历的事件。兴许口吻轻描淡写,但对我十分有用。一些亮点像阵雨打湿心头,渗入静夜植物的根须,我急忙拿出记事本,在马灯的光线下一一做了记录。牛圈在屋后,小牛犊不时制造一点骚动,从那里飘来丝丝淡淡的尿臊气,但这并没影响大家浓厚的谈兴。叶子稀疏的板栗树梢上,始终挑着一弯残月。

  聊到10点多钟时,霜降开始了,夜幕陡然拉向纵深,只听得周围的芦苇秆在瑟瑟作响,白桦树枝在轻轻蠕动,我身上很快起了一层细小的鸡皮疙瘩。这时,善良的房东阿姨送来了羊毛毯和羊毛披肩,以抵抗霜降带来的微妙变化。

  “天要落露了,大伙儿小心着凉。”她说。

  阿姨端来一小筐被冰冻过的无花果,果子个头大,已经在冰柜里冻成了一个个小冰球,阿姨从厨房提来了铁皮桶,点燃了软草和木柴。很快就将冻浆果烤软了,冰渣子化成了水,杂糅着果实的汁液。取一个放在嘴里,觉得冻过后的无花果有一股山柿饼的味道。少顷,桌上又摆满了甜点美食——大列巴面包、哈尔滨红肠、咖啡、奶茶、干果仁,还有烤得香喷喷的草原红糖焙子,吃得大家直打饱嗝。

  这是一个特别的霜降夜,让人感觉到生命与节气之间发生了某种密切的联系,有很强烈的体验感,从这个夜晚起始,我正式走进乌乡人的生活,自此与之呼吸同一种空气,吃一锅同样的黑米乌饭,喝新碾的大碴子粥,我并不觉得我与乌乡的人和动物有什么不同。我们是对等的。他们在日子艰辛面前所持有的积极态度,和对幸福目标的追寻姿态,都让我感同身受,嘘唏或喜悦。如果可能,我愿意做乌乡山野中的一株树或一片霜冻的叶子。

  我还记下了燃烧时呲呲作响的松油灯,灯下的笑脸,火光中明亮的瞳仁,以及整整一个晚上都在谈论的接地气的话题——如何与枯草丛中的野物们一道,度过暴风雪即将来临的严冬,需要粮食、木柴、胡萝卜和大白菜,需要棉衣棉被,需要一个大火炉。哟,对我这样长年奔波的外乡人来说,这是一个多么难忘的夜晚。

  早晨的光线重叠移动,越升越高,把山脉的阴影投射到地面上。我手扶栅栏,将空空的铁皮桶放回到了板栗树下,却见房东阿姨的小儿子背了行囊,走下台阶,似乎要离乡远行。阿姨从灶间走出来,腰间系着粗布白围裙。她搓着手,一边抬手拭泪,脸上难掩担忧和凄惶的表情。

  她的小儿子目光淡定,飞快地走出院落,又回过头来朝我们挥手笑笑,然后大步踩过路边的草木灰,在阳光下缩小成一个移动的墨点,在远山的背景下渐渐消失。返回屋内,我以树墩做书案,在稿纸上飞快地记下一句话:“霜降后,一些植物枯萎,一些事物到来,一些人又把双脚踩在了泥泞的路上。”

  (有删改)

  7. 下列对文本相关内容和艺术特色的分析鉴赏,不正确的一项是( )

  A. 文章第一段写乌乡的清晨,作者感受着风与光,视线从脚下草、身边树,推展至天际寒星,再收回到农家炊烟,心情和笔触都从容舒缓。

  B. 霜降夜攀谈中,作者感觉到“一些亮点像阵雨打湿心头,渗入静夜植物的根须”,既实写外在景致的变动,又虚写心中灵感的滋生。

  C. 霜降夜的柴草烤软了冻果,次晨草木灰被倾倒在路边水洼,一个年轻人踩过草木灰离家远行,这些点滴细节都带有乌乡生活的温度。

  D. 本文不仅记录了作者本人在乌乡小住的感受,还提及不少与当地生活息息相关的话题,如农事收成、动物保护等,侧面反映了乡村的发展。

  8. 如何理解文章最后作者记下的那句话?

  9. 乌乡霜降夜,作者“感觉到生命与节气之间发生了某种密切的联系,有很强烈的体验感”,文章是从哪些方面来抒写这种体验感的?请简要分析。

  【答案】7. D 8. ①面对生活的困境,有人经不起打击而败退,有人则迎难而上,开始了新生;②虽然前行艰难,但也要凭借坚韧和勇气勇敢踏上征程,寻找属于自己的新生活;③此句表达了作者在乌乡霜降夜的所见所感,表达了对生命坚韧精神的深刻理解,对乌乡人的赞美。

  9. ①自然景象的描写中渗透着独特的生命感受:文章开头描写了乌乡清晨的霜景,草叶上的霜、萧条的桦树、寒星的隐逝、农家炊烟等细节,写出了霜降节气中自然的变化;通过写作者感受到风中对的含义,闻得到风中独特的味道,写出了生命的独特感受。②人与自然的互动:作者与农户们在院子里攀谈、品尝当地食物,展示了人与自然的密切联系;作者还写了霜降夜的景物变化与感受到的寒意,写了房东阿姨送毯子,谈论过冬的准备等细节,展现了乌乡人对节气的重视以及应对节气的方法,写出人与节气之间密切的关联。③情感的共鸣:作者在霜降夜中感受到乌乡人对生活的积极态度和对幸福的追求,产生了强烈的情感共鸣。特别是最后看到房东阿姨的小儿子离乡远行,作者感受到生命的流动和时间的变迁,进一步深化了对生命与节气之间联系的体验。

  【解析】

  【7题详解】

  本题考查学生对文本艺术特色的分析鉴赏能力。

  D.“侧面反映了乡村的发展”错,文章主要记录了作者在乌乡的感受和体验,虽然提及了一些与当地生活相关的话题,但并没有反映乡村的发展,主要是表现乌乡特有的自然风光、生活习俗和人情特点。

  故选D。

  【8题详解】

  本题考查学生理解重要句子含义的能力。

  这句话是作者在乌乡小住之后的人生感悟。

  “霜降”代表着生活中的困境;“植物枯萎”象征着生命的衰退和结束,象征着那些经不起打击而被击败的人和事物;“一些事物到来”则象征着新的开始和希望,代表着经受住打击的人或事物迎来新生,开始新生活;

  “一些人又把双脚踩在了泥泞的路上”,“泥泞”代表前路坎坷不易,而“把双脚踩在了泥泞的路上”象征着前行的艰辛和不易,但也体现了人们在困境中前行的坚韧和勇气,正如房东阿姨的小儿子,毅然背起行囊离家远行,去追寻属于自己的生活。

  此句表达了作者在乌乡霜降夜的所见所感,表达了对生命坚韧精神的深刻理解,对乌乡人的赞美。

  【9题详解】

  本题考查学生理解文章内容,多角度探究作品意蕴的能力。

  自然景象的描写中渗透着独特的生命感受:文章描写了乌乡清晨的霜景,草叶上的霜、被霜打蔫的花、枝条萧条的桦树、悄悄隐逝的寒星、农家屋顶的炊烟,这些自然景观都带有霜降节气的特色;贯穿其中的还有作者的细腻感受,如乌乡白露过后感受到的寒意,“白露过后,乌乡的风里就已平添了寒意”;还有乌乡风中特别的味道,“这种特别的味道让人难忘,在鼻间萦绕,以至于割舍不下,成了人们再来乌乡的理由”。

  人与自然的互动:作者描写了霜降夜与农户们在院子里攀谈、品尝当地食物,“大家吃着草原黄膘烤牛肉,品尝着新摘的巨峰葡萄,黑色的冻梨,喝着自酿的桑葚酒”“阿姨端来一小筐被冰冻过的无花果,果子个头大,已经在冰柜里冻成了一个个小冰球”,这些都是秋天特有的食物,体现了人与自然的密切关联;此外,作者还写了霜降夜的景物变化与感受到的寒意,“霜降开始了,夜幕陡然拉向纵深,只听得周围的芦苇秆在瑟瑟作响,白桦树枝在轻轻蠕动,我身上很快起了一层细小的鸡皮疙瘩”,写了房东阿姨送毯子,“善良的房东阿姨送来了羊毛毯和羊毛披肩,以抵抗霜降带来的微妙变化”;还写了谈论过冬的准备等细节,“如何与枯草丛中的野物们一道,度过暴风雪即将来临的严冬,需要粮食、木柴、胡萝卜和大白菜,需要棉衣棉被,需要一个大火炉”,展现了乌乡人对节气的重视以及应对节气的方法,写出人与节气之间密切的关联。

  情感的共鸣:作者在霜降夜中感受到乌乡人对生活的积极态度和对幸福的追求,产生了强烈的情感共鸣,“他们在日子艰辛面前所持有的积极态度,和对幸福目标的追寻姿态,都让我感同身受,嘘唏或喜悦”。特别是最后看到房东阿姨的小儿子离乡远行,“她的小儿子目光淡定,飞快地走出院落,又回过头来朝我们挥手笑笑,然后大步踩过路边的草木灰,在阳光下缩小成一个移动的墨点,在远山的背景下渐渐消失”,作者感受到生命的流动和时间的变迁,进一步深化了对生命与节气之间联系的体验。

  通过这些方面的描写,文章生动地抒写了作者在乌乡霜降夜的深刻体验感,展现了人与自然、生命与节气之间的密切联系。

  二、古代诗文阅读(34分)

  (一)文言文阅读(本题共4小题,19分)

  阅读下面的文言文,完成下面小题。

  人才莫盛于三国,亦惟三国之主各能用人,故得众力相扶,以成鼎足之势。而其用人亦各有不同者,大概曹操以权术相驭,刘备以性情相契,孙氏兄弟以意气相投。

  刘备为吕布所袭奔于操程昱以备有雄才劝操图之。操曰:“今收揽英雄时,杀一人而失天下之心,不可也。”然此犹非与操有怨者。臧霸先从陶谦,后助吕布,布为操所擒,霸藏匿,操募得之,即以霸为琅邪相。先是操在兖州,以徐翕、毛晖为将,兖州乱,翕、晖皆叛,后操定兖州,翕、晖投霸。至是,操使霸出二人,霸曰:“霸所以能自立者,以不为此也。”操叹其贤。盖操当初起时,方欲藉众力以成事,故以此奔走天下。及其削平群雄,势位已定,则孔融、许攸等,皆以嫌忌杀之。荀彧素为操谋主,亦以其阻九锡而胁之死。然后知其雄猜之性久而自露,而从前之度外用人,特出于矫伪,以济一时之用,所谓以权术相驭也。

  至刘备,一起事即为人心所向。观其三顾诸葛,咨以大计,独有傅岩爰立之风。关、张、赵云,自少结契,终身奉以周旋,即羁旅奔逃,无寸土可以立业,而数人者患难相随,别无贰志。此固数人者之忠义,而备亦必有深结其隐微而不可解者矣。至托孤于亮,曰:“嗣子可辅,辅之;不可辅,则君自取之。”千载下犹见其肝膈本怀,岂非真性情之流露?亮第一流人,二国俱不能得,备独能得之,亦可见以诚待人之效矣。

  至孙氏兄弟之用人,亦自有不可及者。孙策生擒太史慈,即解其缚曰:“子义青州名士,但所托非人耳。孤是卿知己,勿忧不如意也。”此策之得士也。陆逊镇西陵,权刻印置逊所,每与刘禅、诸葛亮书,常过示逊,有不安者,便令改定,以印封行之。委任如此,臣下有不感知遇而竭心力者乎?陆逊晚年为杨竺等所谮,愤郁而死。权后见其子抗,泣曰:“吾前听谗言,与汝父大义不笃,以此负汝。”以人主而自悔其过,开诚告语如此,其谁不感泣?此孙氏兄弟之用人,所谓以意气相感也。

  (节选自赵翼《廿二史札记》卷七)

  10. 文中画波浪线的部分有三处需要断句,请用铅笔将答题卡上相应位置的答案标号涂黑。

  刘备为吕布A所袭B奔C于操D程昱E以备F有雄才G劝操H图之。

  11. 下列对文中加点的词语及相关内容的解说,不正确的一项是( )

  A. 藉,凭借、借助,与《陈涉世家》中“藉第令毋斩”的“藉”意思相同。

  B. 即,即使,与《桃花源记》中“太守即遣人随其往”的“即”意思不同。

  C. 固,固然,与《赤壁赋》中“固一世之雄也,而今安在哉”的“固”意思相同。

  D. 但,只是,与《记承天寺夜游》中“但少闲人如吾两人者耳”的“但”意思相同。

  12. 下列对原文有关内容的概述,不正确的一项是( )

  A. 臧霸曾为吕布效力,曹操擒捉吕布以后,臧霸为避祸藏匿起来;后来他又被曹操捕获,曹操不计前嫌,对他委以重任,任命他为琅邪相。

  B. 曹操初起时为图霸业,能笼络人才,甚至能任用曾与己有怨者;势位已定时则猜忌异己,滥杀无辜。这正是其用人“以权术相驭”的表现。

  C. 刘备以性情结交忠义之士,以诚待人,故能深得人心;刘备创业过程中多次遭遇挫折,但诸葛亮及关、张、赵云等人患难相随,忠贞不渝。

  D. 陆逊镇守西陵时,深得孙权信任,孙权给刘禅、诸葛亮写信,常常给陆逊看,有不妥之处就让他改定;到了晚年,陆逊遭到谗害,郁郁而终。

  13. 把文中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。

  (1)操使霸出二人,霸曰:“霸所以能自立者,以不为此也。”

  (2)吾前听谗言,与汝父大义不笃,以此负汝。

  【答案】10. BDG 11. A 12. A

  13. (1)曹操让臧霸交出那两个人,臧霸说:“我之所以能够自立的原因,是因为不做这样的事情。”

  (2)我以前听信谗言,与令尊的关系不够深厚,因此辜负了你。

  【解析】

  【10题详解】

  本题考查学生文言文断句的能力。

  句意:刘备被吕布袭击后,投奔曹操,程昱认为刘备有雄才,劝曹操图谋除掉他。

  “为……所”表被动,“袭”是动词,“刘备为吕布所袭”是一个被动句,所以从“袭”后B处断开;

  “奔于操”承接前边主语“刘备”,“奔”是谓语,“操”是宾语,结构完整,所以从“于操”后D处断开;

  “以”是“程昱”的谓语,“备有雄才”是宾语,“程昱以备有雄才”句子结构完整,所以从“有雄才”后G处断开。

  故选BDG。

  【11题详解】

  本题考查学生对文言词语中的一词多义现象的理解能力。

  A.错误。两个“藉”意思不同。“藉”,凭借、借助;/即使。句意:正是想借助众人的力量成就大业。/即使仅能免于斩刑。

  B.正确。即,即使;/立即。句意:即使在颠沛流离、无立足之地时。/太守立即派遣人员跟随他前往。

  C.正确。句意:这固然是几人的忠义。/(曹孟德)固然是当世的一位英雄人物,然而现在又在哪里呢?

  D.正确。句意:只是所托非人罢了。/只是缺少像我们两个这样清闲的人罢了。

  故选A。

  【12题详解】

  本题考查学生理解文章内容的能力。

  A.“后来他又被曹操捕获”理解错误,根据原文“霸藏匿,操募得之,即以霸为琅邪相”可知,臧霸并不是被曹操捕获,而是曹操通过招募的方式找到臧霸,并任命他为琅邪相。

  故选A。

  【13题详解】

  本题考查学生理解并翻译文言文句子的能力。

  (1)“出”,交出;“所以”,……的原因;“以”,因为;“……也”,表判断。

  (2)“前”,以前;“笃”,深厚;“负”,辜负。

  参考译文:

  三国时期的人才可谓是最为鼎盛的,这也得益于三国的君主各自善于用人,因此能够汇聚众人的力量,形成三足鼎立的局面。然而,他们用人的方式各有不同。大致来说,曹操是以权术驾驭人,刘备是以性情结交人,孙氏兄弟则是以意气感召人。

  刘备被吕布袭击后,投奔曹操,程昱认为刘备有雄才,劝曹操图谋除掉他。曹操说:“现在是收揽英雄的时候,杀一个人会失去天下人的心,这是不可以的。”然而,这还不是与曹操有怨的人。臧霸先是跟随陶谦,后来帮助吕布,吕布被曹操擒获后,臧霸藏匿起来。曹操通过招募的方式找到臧霸,立即任命他为琅邪相。早先,曹操在兖州时,任用徐翕、毛晖为将,兖州发生动乱,徐翕、毛晖都叛变了。后来曹操平定兖州,徐翕、毛晖投奔臧霸。到这时,曹操让臧霸交出那两个人,臧霸说:“我之所以能够自立的原因,是因为不做这样的事情。”曹操叹息他的贤能。曹操当初起事时,正是想借助众人的力量成就大业,所以以此奔走天下。等到他削平群雄,势位已定时,孔融、许攸等人都因嫌忌被杀。荀彧一直是曹操的谋主,也因为阻止曹操接受九锡而被逼死。由此可见,曹操的雄猜之性久而自露,而从前的宽容用人,只是出于权宜之计,以应一时之需,这就是所谓的以权术驾驭人。

  至于刘备,一起事就为人心所向。看他三顾茅庐请诸葛亮出山,咨询大计,独有傅岩立贤的风范。关羽、张飞、赵云,自年轻时结交,终身相随,即使在颠沛流离、无立足之地时,这几人也患难与共,毫无二心。这固然是几人的忠义,但刘备也必定有深厚的情感纽带令人不能解开。到托孤于诸葛亮时,刘备说:“嗣子可辅,辅之;不可辅,则君自取之。”千载之下仍能见其肝胆相照,岂不是性情的流露?诸葛亮是第一流的人才,其他两国都不能得到,唯独刘备能得到他,这也可见以诚待人的效果。

  至于孙氏兄弟用人,也各自有别人比不了之处。孙策生擒太史慈后,立即解开他的绑缚,说:“子义是青州名士,只是所托非人罢了。我是你的知己,不用担心不如意。”这是孙策得士的表现。陆逊镇守西陵,孙权把印章放在陆逊那里,每次与刘禅、诸葛亮通信,常常给陆逊看,有不妥之处就让他改定,然后盖上印章发出。委任如此,臣下有不感知遇而竭心尽力的吗?陆逊晚年被杨竺等人谗害,愤郁而死。孙权后来见到陆逊的儿子陆抗,哭着说:“我以前听信谗言,与令尊的关系不够深厚,因此辜负了你。”作为君主能自悔其过,像这样开诚布公地告知,谁能不感动流泪呢?这就是孙氏兄弟用人,这就是所说的以意气感人的表现。

  (二)古代诗歌阅读(本题共2小题,9分)

  阅读下面诗歌,回答后面问题。

  次韵钱逊叔泛舟虹桥①

  宋·吕本中

  半篙春涨绿平溪,二月江城草色齐。

  舟比蜉蝣千顷外,□同斥鷃一枝栖②。

  野桥柳线斜风软,曲槛花光夕照低。

  却讶探骊人不至③,清樽画航倩分题④。

  [注]①次韵:依次用所和诗中的韵作诗。②本句首字原缺。③探骊:这里指精通写诗作文。④分题:诗人聚会,分题目而赋诗。

  14. 下列对这首诗的理解和赏析,不正确的一项是( )

  A. 诗歌开篇写春水、草色,围绕色彩落笔,营造出一种愉悦的情感氛围。

  B. 春水新涨,水面辽阔宽广,在波间漂浮的船只显得如同蜉蝣一样细小。

  C. 斥鷃见于《庄子·逍遥游》,用来与鹏做对比,因此诗中缺字应是“鹏”。

  D. 诗歌的尾联写到了“分题”,以此收束,与题目中的“次韵”形成照应。

  15. 请赏析颈联“野桥柳线斜风软,曲槛花光夕照低”中“软”“低”二字艺术效果。

  【答案】14. C 15. “软”字形容斜风的温柔轻柔,营造出宁静和谐的氛围;“低”字描绘夕照的柔和低垂,增强了画面的层次感和诗意,使景象更生动。

  【解析】

  【14题详解】

  本题考查学生对诗歌解读中存在问题进行逻辑判断及对课文内容的理解和分析的能力。

  C.“……对比,因此诗中缺字应是‘鹏’”错误,前后不构成因果关系。缺字一句可以有两种解释:一是缺字表示的事物与斥鷃一起栖息在树枝上;二是该事物像斥鷃一样栖息在树枝上。参照上句中的“比”字,后一种理解符合原意的可能性较大。但无论是哪一种理解,缺字都不可能是“鹏”字。鹏与斥鷃是《逍遥游》用来论述“小大之辨”的两个例证,斥鷃是一种小鸟,是可以栖息在树枝之上的;而鹏则庞大得不可思议,它“背若泰山,翼若垂天之云”,无法想象它可以在树枝上栖息。当然,“一枝”也可能是一个比喻,用来表示狭窄的空间,那也同样不是鹏所能栖息的。

  故选C。

  【15题详解】

  本题考查学生鉴赏炼字艺术效果的能力。

  用字精当以追求表现力的最大化,是历代文人在文学创作中极为重视的问题,诗歌中尤其如此。本题要求赏析“软”“低”二字的艺术效果,需要学生借助联想和想象品味语言,并把自己的体验和感受用文字表达出来。

  “软”字用来形容斜风,传达出春风的温柔和轻柔。斜风拂过野桥上的柳条,柳条随风轻轻摇曳,给人一种柔和、舒适的感觉。这个字不仅描绘了春风的特质,还营造出一种宁静、和谐的氛围,使读者仿佛置身于春日的美景中,感受到春风的温暖和柔情。

  “低”字用来形容夕照,描绘了夕阳西下时光线逐渐变低的景象。夕阳的余晖洒在曲折的栏杆和花朵上,光线柔和而低垂,给人一种温馨、宁静的感觉。这个字不仅描绘了夕阳的特质,还增强了画面的层次感和立体感,使整个景象显得更加生动和富有诗意。

  通过“软”和“低”两个字,诗人成功地描绘了春日黄昏时分的美丽景象,传达出一种宁静、温柔的氛围。这两个字不仅准确地刻画了自然景物的特征,还增强了诗歌的画面感和感染力,使读者能够身临其境地感受到春日的美好与宁静。

  (三)名篇名句默写(本题共1小题,6分)

  16. 补写出下列句子中的空缺部分。

  (1)王湾《次北固山下》的名句“____________,____________”,描写时序交替中的景物,暗示着时光流逝,蕴含着自然理趣。

  (2)小慧为朋友家的农家乐餐厅写宣传横幅,直接使用了陆游《游山西村》里的“____________,____________”两句诗,朋友看了觉得很贴切。

  (3)行至群山深处,见到一挂瀑布飞泻而下,水石激荡,轰鸣作响。于老师回头对学生们说:“这不就是古诗中写的‘____________,____________’嘛!”

  【答案】 ①. 海日生残夜 ②. 江春入旧年 ③. 山重水复疑无路 ④. 柳暗花明又一村 ⑤. 飞流直下三千尺 ⑥. 疑是银河落九天(飞湍瀑流争喧豗,砯崖转石万壑雷)

  【解析】

  【详解】本题考查学生默写常见的名篇名句的能力。

  易错字词有:生、暗、喧豗,砯崖、壑。

  三、语言文字运用(20分)

  (一)语言文字运用Ⅰ(本题共4小题,14分)

  阅读下面的文字,完成下面小题。

  天山可谓家喻户晓,但真正了解它的人恐怕不多。怎样算是真正了解天山呢?不妨做个测试。你闭上眼睛,念出“天山”这个名字,试试看,能不能想象出一幅天山的全景图来?在这幅全景图里,山脉或平行或交错,许多巨大的、汽车要开上很久很久的盆地坐落其间。两座威严的雪峰——托木尔峰和汗腾格里峰巍然耸立,俯视着周边十多座海拔6000米以上的山峰。带着充沛的水汽在伊犁河谷一路长驱直入的暖湿气流造就了一片片麦浪滚滚的田地和水草丰美的牧场。博斯腾湖碧水连天,赛里木湖晶莹澄澈,艾比湖“盐”装素裹,天池静卧在苍翠环绕之中……①如果在你的脑海中,②能包罗万象地浮现出这样一幅全景图,③图上呈现了天山的任何山脉、盆地、雪峰,④还有河流、和湖泊,⑤你就算真正了解天山了。

  17. 下列句子中的“要”与文中加点的“要”,意义相同的一项是( )

  A. 描绘“寒风扫高木”的景况,用“木”字要比用“树”字更合适。

  B. 莲花池边有个小酒店,我们走进去,打了半斤酒,还要了些菜。

  C. 台儿沟没有学校,香雪每天上学要到十五里以外的公社去。

  D. 等枣树的叶子落尽,树上的枣子红完,西北风就要起来了。

  18. 请将文中画横线的部分改成几个较短的语句。可以改变语序、少量增删词语,但不得改变原意。

  19. 下列句子中画波浪线的词语与文中画波浪线的“苍翠”,所用的修辞手法相同的一项是( )

  A. 烟花向上空冲去,下落时便洒散着满天花雨。

  B. 鲁迅先生穿着朴素的长衫,从容地坐在西装领带们旁边。

  C. 夏天的雨是热情洋溢的,喜欢不打招呼就前来拜访。

  D. 微风过处,送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。

  20. 文中标序号的部分有两处表述不当,请指出其序号并做修改,使语言准确流畅,逻辑严密。不得改变原意。

  【答案】17. C 18. 示例(1):暖湿气流带着充沛的水汽在伊犁河谷一路长驱直入,它造就了一片片麦浪滚滚的田地,以及水草丰美的牧场。

  示例(2):带着充沛水汽的暖湿气流在伊犁河谷一路长驱直入,它造就了一片片麦浪滚滚的田地和水草丰美的牧场。

  19. B 20. 序号②修改为:能浮现出这样一幅包罗万象的全景图;

  序号③修改为:图上呈现了天山的所有山脉、雪峰、盆地;

  序号④修改为: 还有河流、湖泊(还有河流和湖泊) 。

  【解析】

  【17题详解】

  本题考查学生辨析词语语境义的能力。

  文中“要”意思是需要。

  A.表示估计,用于比较。

  B.讨。表示希望将某种事物归自己所有 。

  C.需要。

  D.即将来临。

  故选C。

  【18题详解】

  本题考查学生变换句式的能力。

  所谓长句一般是修饰限制成分多,或者主语、宾语、谓语部分比较复杂。画线句属于修饰成分多,宾语复杂。

  首先确定句子主干,“暖湿气流造就了田地和牧场”,让主干单独成句;

  然后把复杂部分按照语法规则加以拆分,比如定语拿出来单独成句,“带着充沛的水汽在伊犁河谷一路长驱直入”,作为句子时需要添加主语“暖湿气流”;

  然后强调一下两个宾语的特点,比如“田地里一片片麦浪滚滚”“牧场上水草丰美”;

  最后根据逻辑关系组合成包含几个短句的复句,除了参考答案,还可以表述为:带着充沛水汽的暖湿气流在伊犁河谷一路长驱直入,它造就了田地和牧场,田地里一片片麦浪滚滚,牧场上水草丰美。

  【19题详解】

  本题考查学生辨析修辞手法的能力。

  文中“苍翠”属于借代修辞,颜色代树木。

  A.比喻修辞,把漫天洒散的烟花比喻成“雨”;

  B.借代修辞,用西装领带借指人们;

  C.拟人修辞,赋予自然现象“雨”以人的特点“热情洋溢”“喜欢”“打招呼”“拜访”;

  D.通感手法,沟通了视听两种感官,把鼻子嗅到的“清香”比喻成耳朵听到的“歌声”。

  故选B。

  【20题详解】

  本题考查学生辨析并修改病句的能力。

  序号②语序不当,“浮现”是客观词语,不能用“包罗万象”修饰,应该放在“全景”前。

  序号③用词不当,把“任何”删掉或改为“所有”;语序不当,并列词语间应该有视觉顺序,比如由高到低,“盆地” 放在后面,与低处的“河流”“湖泊”能更好地衔接。

  序号④成分赘余,有了顿号没必要加“和” ,删掉顿号或“和” 。

  (二)语言文字运用Ⅱ(本题共1小题,6分)

  21. 下面的文字是一位老奶奶在医院看病时的自述,不够简明扼要,不利于和医生高效沟通。请对这段自述进行缩写。要求:保留必要信息,不超过80个字。

  大夫好!今天看病的人太多了,我排了好长时间队才看上。我是你们医院的老病号了,这么多年我的高血压和糖尿病一直是在你们医院看的,好多年前有一次扭伤了脚踝,也是在你们这儿看好的,您可得给我好好看看。是这么回事儿。昨天晚上我老闺女来家里,我们一起吃的晚饭。吃过饭看着电视,我就开始头疼,先是头顶一圈疼,一跳一跳的,后来整个头都疼。我试了很多办法,一会儿躺着,一会儿坐着,大口喘气,戴上帽子捂着,都没有用。闺女要带我来医院,我说天太冷了,明天可能就好了,明天再说吧,然后就睡觉了。今天早上醒了还疼,头也不敢动,一晃就更疼了,就赶紧来医院了。

  【答案】大夫好!我是你们医院的老病号,一直在这儿看高血压和糖尿病。昨天晚上吃完饭后开始头疼,先是头顶一圈疼,后来整个头都疼。今天早上醒来仍然头疼,头一动就更疼,所以赶紧来医院了。

  【解析】

  【详解】本题考查学生提炼概括核心信息、表达准确简明的能力。

  首先删除冗余:

  排队时间、与医生的寒暄、扭伤脚踝的旧事、与女儿的互动、尝试的无效缓解方法等信息可以压缩掉,比如“今天看病的人太多了,我排了好长时间队才看上”“好多年前有一次扭伤了脚踝,也是在你们这儿看好的,您可得给我好好看看”“我试了很多办法,一会儿躺着,一会儿坐着,大口喘气,戴上帽子捂着,都没有用。闺女要带我来医院,我说天太冷了,明天可能就好了,明天再说吧,然后就睡觉了”,冗长啰嗦,属于多余信息,忽略不计。

  然后提炼出有效信息:

  (1)由“我是你们医院的老病号了,这么多年……一直是在你们医院看的”提炼出患者身份:老病号,长期在该医院看病。

  (2)由“这么多年我的高血压和糖尿病一直是在你们医院看的”提炼出病史信息:高血压和糖尿病。

  (3)由“昨天晚上我老闺女来家里,我们一起吃的晚饭。吃过饭看着电视,我就开始头疼”提炼出病痛时间:昨晚开始。

  (4)由“先是头顶一圈疼,一跳一跳的,后来整个头都疼”“今天早上醒了还疼,头也不敢动,一晃就更疼了”提炼出症状:头顶一圈疼,后来整个头都疼。今天早上醒来仍然头疼,头一动就更疼;就诊原因:头疼持续未见好转。

  最后组织语言:

  将关键信息按时间顺序和逻辑关系进行组织,使表达简洁明了,条理清晰。

  四、作文(60分)

  22. 阅读下面的材料,根据要求写作。

  每个人都要学习与他人相处。有时,我们为避免冲突而不愿表达自己的想法。其实,坦诚交流才有可能迎来真正的相遇。

  这引发了你怎样的联想和思考?请写一篇文章。

  要求:选准角度,确定立意,明确文体,自拟标题;不要套作,不得抄袭;不得泄露个人信息;不少于800字。

  【答案】例文

  心迹不掩,英雄本色

  现代社会,人际错综,在群体相处的复杂过程中,人们往往为了提高“隐蔽性”、增加安全感而掩藏心迹、力求“大同”,生怕被人看穿自己的“底牌”,拿住自己的“软肋”。其实,一味遮掩闪躲、矫饰趋众并不是缓和矛盾、寻求认同的妙方,唯有率真坦荡、直露心迹,方能彰显个性魅力,吸引同频挚友,赢得社会尊重。

  不掩心迹,敢于直陈与众各异的观点、表达独特无二的看法,既不畏惧因成为大众眼中的“少数人”而被视为异类,也不担忧因无法追随主流的脚步而倍觉孤独,即使为时人所讪笑、不解、嘲讽讥刺甚至排斥孤立,仍始终保持独立思考的态度,呵护不易动摇的本心,以敢当千夫所指、无惧踽踽独行的执着刚毅行走于朗朗世间,以不肯随波逐流、拒绝人云亦云的明亮坦荡彰显着大勇大慧。

  不掩心迹,乐于袒露不加伪饰的性情、展示多有瑕疵的真我,既不遮掩粉饰并不完美的“黑暗层”、真个性,也不追求浮夸矫造的假“人设”、高“友商”,即使知音寥寥,同行无几,仍始终保存虽有缺陷却不失特色的真面目,怀抱虽感落寞而不改本我的真风骨,以不因寂寥而盲目迎合、不因从众而勉强改变的实言实行对抗一众“假面”,以心口如一的磊落洒脱、率直天真的霁月光风对抗着诸如“守口如瓶,防意如城”之类的人情“箴言”。

  不掩心迹之杰出人物,古今皆众。前有“必不堪者七”和“甚不可者二”的嵇康直拒司马政权邀请,“行不为饰,动求真适”的孟浩然直陈胸中“不才明主弃”的郁结之气,声震朝野的“拗相公”王安石直言对京官高职的排斥反感;后有“不要迁就什么,也不要盲目地去追什么潮流”的优客工场创始人毛大庆直评创业心路,“能爬珠穆朗玛干吗还要爬那些小山”的中科院院士颜宁直扬凌云之志……心迹所显,本色所向,英雄之气,难掩行藏。

  诚然,寻求群体接纳,渴望社会认同本是人之常情,隐藏真实想法、力求避免冲突的处世态度并非不可理解。但若是人人都掩藏心迹,不愿坦诚,交接之间含糊其辞、虚与委蛇,唯恐自己的“全抛一片心”碰上了对方的“且说三分话”, 生怕首先暴露了自己的真实态度、客观情绪而丧失主动权,如此,人与人之间的温情善意、赤诚真挚将不复存在,人们将永远保持着所谓的“安全距离”而无法触碰彼此的灵魂,永远受困于身边的“无效社交”而无法脱离原始的恐惧与孤独。

  “唯大英雄能本色,是真名士自风流。”哼哼哈哈、遮遮掩掩并非润滑人际、左右逢源的“万金油”,直率天然、简单澄澈方为提升格局、收获美满的“强心针”。不掩心迹,方显英雄本色,展露真我,笑迎盛放人生。

  【解析】

  【详解】本题考查学生写作的能力。

  审题:

  这是一道引语式材料作文题。

  材料意在引导青少年形成健康正向的人际交往理念,关键句“坦诚交流才有可能遇到真正的相遇”直接指明中心论点和写作方向,把握住“坦诚交流”一词,则易进行文章构思。

  与他人相处时,不愿表达真实想法,因此人云亦云、从众而谈、唯唯诺诺,无非出于寻求群体、避免矛盾、保护自我的心理,固然能暂时起到润滑关系、规避冲突的作用,但长此以往,则会使人丧失个性,面目模糊,看似左右逢源,实则孤独自苦,既无法培养起勇敢表达、直抒己见的能力,也错过与同频的朋友交流、相知的良机。

  坦诚交流,既可以勾勒真实自我,让群体认识、了解自己,更能够吸引到认同、欣赏自己的“同类”,在共性的基础上建立起牢固真实的友情;既可以摆脱虚言矫饰的疲惫,克服怕做“异类”、怕成“孤岛”的畏缩情绪,更能以我口说我心的姿态消除他人对自己的假性印象,释放由持续掩饰伪装带来的精神压力;既是一种不惧发声、敢于袒露的胆量、勇气,更是一种磊落洒脱、质朴天然的人生态度。总之,唯有坦诚交流,适合的机会、同质的朋友、应得的利益、独特的魅力……才会和自己有一场“真正的相遇”。

  写作时,可以先明确提出论点——“坦诚交流”,然后分别从坦诚能够吸引真正的朋友、赢得应有的尊重,能够培养磊落的品行、锻炼坚韧的心志等方面进行论述;再从反方面假设人人都戴上面具、不肯坦诚,将会对人际关系造成怎样的打击、对和谐社会造成怎样的破坏;接下来联系实际,适当批驳现代社会中某些提倡“圆稳”、曲解“中庸”的乱象;最后总结观点,收束全文。

  立意:

  1.率真为人,英雄本色。

  2.展露真我,不敛锋芒。

  3.坦以承己,诚以待人。

  4.袒露心迹,同向而行。

  2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国甲卷)

  英语学科

  第一部分 听力(共两节, 满分30分)

  第一节(共5小题; 每小题1. 5分, 满分7. 5分)

  听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题, 从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后, 你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。

  1. Where are the speakers going?

  A. A new restaurant. B. A convenience store. C. Their office.

  2. When is the class presentation according to Vicky?

  A. On Thursday. B. On Wednesday. C. On Tuesday.

  3. Why does the woman make the call?

  A. To check the price. B. To make an apology. C. To cancel her order.

  4. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?

  A. Husband and wife. B. Boss and employee. C. Salesperson and customer.

  5. What are the speakers mainly talking about?

  A. Their move to a new place. B. Toms friends at school. C. A sports center.

  第二节(共15小题; 每小题1. 5分, 满分22. 5分)

  听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题, 从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前, 你将有时间阅读各个小题, 每小题5秒钟; 听完后, 各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。

  听第6 段材料, 回答第6、7题。

  6. What does the girl tell her dad?

  A. She decides to quit college.

  B. She worries about her academic ability.

  C. She is unpopular with her classmates.

  7. How does the father help his daughter?

  A. By telling a funny joke. B. By sharing his own story. C. By planning a school tour.

  听第7段材料, 回答第8 至 10题。

  8. Who is the man?

  A. A researcher. B. A bird watcher. C. A radio host.

  9. When do birds sing quieter?

  A. On weekend mornings. B. During rush hours. C. In early evenings.

  10. What is Dr. Zollinger going to do next?

  A. Summarize her studies. B. Play some recordings. C. Answer more questions.

  听第8段材料, 回答第11至13题。

  11. Where was Jena born?

  A. In Canada. B. In Japan. C. In Australia.

  12. How old was Mike when he left Glasgow?

  A. Five. B. Six. C. Ten.

  13. What do we know about Mikes parents?

  A. They enjoy living abroad.

  B. They first met at the age of 20.

  C. They will start their own company.

  听第9段材料, 回答第14至16题。

  14. What is the first question to Mr. Green about?

  A. His adventure in space. B. His physical condition. C. His doctors advice.

  15. How does Mr. Green feel about traveling to Mars?

  A. Its unlikely to happen.

  B. Its physically demanding.

  C. Its a chance not to be missed.

  16. Which is Mr. Greens favorite movie?

  A. Apollo 13. B. Blue Earth. C. Space Station.

  听第10段材料, 回答第17至20题。

  17. What is the speaker doing?

  A. Giving a report.

  B. Introducing a musical play.

  C. Making an announcement.

  18. What are the students expected to do?

  A. Carry school flags. B. Wear fun clothes. C. Design fancy masks.

  19. Where can the parents stand and watch?

  A. On the sidewalk. B. On the playground. C. In front of the office.

  20. What should the students do if they dont take part?

  A. Let their teacher know. B. Stay in the lecture hall. C. Do some reading.

  参考答案

  1-5ACBCA 6-10 BBCAB

  11-15 ABABC 16-20ACBCA

  听力原文

  (Text 1)

  W: Look, we have time for hamburgar at this former restaurant.

  W: Forget that. I know a new restaurant on Maple Street not far from our company. Is that okay with you?

  M: Perfect.

  (Text 2)

  M: Hi,Vicky. I remember our class presentation is on Wednesday,but you said its on Thursday. Are you sure?

  W: Sorry. It was a slip of the tongue. I meant Tuesday for sure.

  (Text 3)

  M: Allens furniture. Can I help you?

  W: Hi. Im the one who asked about the price of a glass tea table top. Just now Im sorry,I made a mistake. The size should be 75 centimeters by 50 centimeters.

  M: Oh. Thatll make a difference in the price. Hold on and let me find out.

  (Text 4)

  W: These are our new arrivals. Every man should own at least one woollen sweater. Dont you think?

  M: I agree. Any suggestions?

  W: The one with two pockets sells best this year?Lightweight and stylish. Would you like to try it on?

  (Text 5)

  W: How do you like your school,Tom?

  M: Oh, I like it a lot and I also like the area. The nearby recreation center is cool. Thank you,mom.

  W: What really leaves you happy with your new home?

  (Text 6)

  W: I dont know if I want to go to college,I dont think Ill do very well there,

  M: Why not?

  W: Because Im not smart.

  M: Ye, It can be scary.

  W: Did you ever come close to dropping out, Dad?

  M: No. But I worried a lot before I went,I thought college would be full of brains. Once I got there,I found out that most of the kids were just like me.

  (Text 7)

  M: Hello,listeners. People around the world are reporting that birds are much louder these days. Now Ive connected with doctor salinger and lets hear what she will say.

  W: We feel that theyre singing louder because they sing in typically noisy places. But when the noise is gone,they sing quieter than they normally do.

  M: In other words,birds are like us in a noisy bar,for example,people will raise their voices.

  W: Exactly. We know that birds sing quieter on the weekend mornings.

  (Text 8)

  M: Hi. I dont think weve met before. Im Mike.

  W: Hi,Mike. My name is Gina. Nice to meet you.

  M: Nice to meet you,Gina. Where do you come from?

  W: Originally Im from Canada,but we moved to australia when I was about 5 years old now. My parents live in Tokyo. How about you, Mike?

  M: I was born in Glasgow and we lived there until I was six. Then since my father worked for an international trade company,we moved all over the place.

  W: Yeah. Where are some of the places youve lived?

  M: Most of the time we lived abroad?We spent a total of 10 years in Japan,Germany and Korea. We came back to the UK only 2 years ago,but I think my parents would prefer to stay overseas for another 20 years.

  W: Wow. It sounds like youve had an interesting life.

  (Text 9)

  W: Good morning. Welcome the space hero, Mr Green to my studio.

  M: Hello. Maria. Hello,my dear friends.

  W: Well. Lets start from the first question I collected from the audience. Did you have any moments of dizziness since he landed back on the earth.

  M: The first 3 days back were pretty tough. Your body system is all messed up. So you feel dizzy. Its quite normal,though.

  W: Thanks. Another question. Would you go for the first manned Mars travel, If you have the chance?

  M: Absolutely. A trip to Mars is hugely exciting. Im always ready for it.

  W: I know you can watch movies on the space station. Whats your favorite space movie?Some people asked.

  M: Apollo 13 is probably my top one. My sons love blue earth. It was brilliant watching the new movie on board the space station.

  (Text 10)

  W : Our next dress up day will be on friday,October 28th, and it is our annual dress up day. On this day,students may dress up in fun clothes and there will be a march around the school. Students are reminded not to carry sharp things such as knives and swords. Please make sure that you can see and breathe easily if you wear masks. Parents are invited to watch the event but are asked to stand either in front of the office near the flagpole or in the grassy courtyard,the students will be marching around on the sidewalks. So we do need to keep all sidewalks clear. Parents and friends may also join in the march if they are dressed in appropriate clothes. But if youre just watching,wed like to ask you to stay in one spot to reduce traffic jams. Students who do not wish to take part in the event for religious or other reasons should inform their teacher and they will be allowed to stay in the office until after the event.

  第二部分 阅读(共两节, 满分50分)

  第一节(共15小题; 每小题2. 5分, 满分37. 5分)

  阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

  A

  Each ARTS FIRST festival is a unique annual celebration of the Harvard communitys artistic creativity. We invite you to join us for the coming ARTS FIRST. We look forward to welcoming you as we showcase the creativity of the Harvard arts community through performances, art exhibitions and art-making activities. The festival is a public event for Harvard and community members of all ages.

  Light Awash in Watercolor

  Learn about the materials and qualities of watercolor paint with experts from the Harvard Art Museums Materials Lab. Try your hand at some of the painting tricks used by artists whose works will be in the upcoming exhibition of American Watercolors 1880-1990: Into the Light.

  Spineless Artists: Invertebrate Creativity

  From webs to cocoons, invertebrates (无脊椎动物) create some of natures most delicate and beautiful designs. Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of Natural History to learn how insects and other invertebrates dance, inspire fashion and create art, while making your own spineless artists out of craft (手工艺) materials.

  Wheel Throwing

  Join instructors from the Ceramics Program and great potters from Quincy, Cabot and Mather Houses for demonstrations using the potters wheel. Then create your own masterpiece!

  Knitting and Pom-Pom Making

  Join the Harvard Undergraduate Knitting Circle to make pom-poms and tassels out of thread, or pick up a pair of needles and learn to knit (编织).

  1. What do we know about ARTS FIRST?

  A. It is an exhibition of oil paintings. B. It offers art courses for all ages.

  C. It presents recreational activities. D. It is a major tourist attraction.

  2. Which program will you join if youre interested in drawing pictures?

  A. Light Awash in Watercolor. B. Spineless Artists: Invertebrate Creativity.

  C. Wheel Throwing. D. Knitting and Pom-Pom Making.

  3. What can you do together with Javier Marin?

  A. Practice a traditional dance. B. Make handcrafts.

  C Visit a local museum. D. Feed invertebrates.

  【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B

  【解析】

  【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了ARTS FIRST艺术节的相关艺术展览和艺术制作活动,并且邀请热爱的学生或社区成员加入。

  【1题详解】

  推理判断题。根据文章第一段的“We look forward to welcoming you as we showcase the creativity of the Harvard arts community through performances, art exhibitions and art-making activities.(我们期待着您的到来,我们将通过表演、艺术展览和艺术创作活动来展示哈佛艺术界的创造力。)”以及下文的四个小标题“Light Awash in Watercolor (水彩中的淡光)”;“Spineless Artists: Invertebrate Creativity(没有骨气的艺术家:无脊椎的创造力)”;“Wheel Throwing (投掷轮子)”和“Knitting and Pom-Pom Making (编织和制作毛绒球)”可推知,ARTS FIRST是提供娱乐活动的。故选C项。

  【2题详解】

  细节理解题。根据文章“Light Awash in Watercolor (水彩中的淡光)”部分中的“Learn about the materials and qualities of watercolor paint with experts from the Harvard Art Museums Materials Lab. Try your hand at some of the painting tricks used by artists whose works will be in the upcoming exhibition of American Watercolors 1880 — 1990: Into the Light. (与哈佛艺术博物馆材料实验室的专家一起了解水彩颜料的材料和质量。在即将到来的“1880 — 1990年美国水彩画:进入光”展览中,尝试一下艺术家们使用的一些绘画技巧。)”可知,如果对画画感兴趣,可以参加Light Awash in Watercolor。故选A项。

  【3题详解】

  细节理解题。根据文章“Spineless Artists: Invertebrate Creativity (无脊椎艺术家:无脊椎动物的创造力)”部分中的“Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of History to learn how insects and other Natural invertebrates dance, inspire fashion and create art, while making your own spineless artists out of craft materials. (和哈佛历史博物馆的Javier Marin一起学习昆虫和其他自然无脊椎动物是如何跳舞、启发时尚和创造艺术的。同时用手工材料制作你自己的无脊椎艺术家。)”可知,参与者能跟Javier Marin一起进行手工制作。故选B项。

  B

  Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and youre able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mothers attention and be fed.

  Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. Thats why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they dont usually like.

  Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit thats been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that its been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!

  4. What can be learned about cats meowing from the first paragraph?

  A. Its a survival skill. B. Its taught by mother cats.

  C. Its hard to interpret. D. Its getting louder with age.

  5. How does a pet cat assess different situations?

  A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects.

  C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats.

  6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3?

  A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better.

  7. What is a suitable title for the text?

  A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cats Behavior

  C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy

  【答案】4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B

  【解析】

  【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。

  【4题详解】

  细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如,几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音,它们依靠这些声音来寻求帮助,吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫,喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知,猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。

  【5题详解】

  细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官,但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境,寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知,宠物猫通过检查气味来评估不同情况。故选C。

  【6题详解】

  词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西,并把它们带给主人。)”可知,狗以取回东西而闻名,但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来,因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a notch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。

  【7题详解】

  主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知,文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式,包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯,以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。

  C

  The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers — it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.

  “People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions (区域) of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.

  Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.

  The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.

  Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”

  8. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains?

  A. It runs across countries. B. It reserves seats for the seniors.

  C. It functions as a hospital. D. It travels along a river.

  9. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk?

  A. It is heavily populated. B. It offers training for doctors.

  C. It is a modern city. D. It needs medical aid.

  10. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply?

  A. About a year. B. About ten months.

  C. About two months. D. About two weeks.

  11. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services?

  A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.

  【答案】8. C 9. D 10. D 11. A

  【解析】

  【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务,为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗,改善当地医疗条件。

  【8题详解】

  细节理解题,根据文章第一段“The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. (圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一,前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一站平均停留两天,在此期间,船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X光扫描和处方。)”可知,圣卢卡斯号与其他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车,充当医院。故选C。

  【9题详解】

  推理判断题,第三段提到“Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctors appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施,特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区,包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约,扩大财政援助计划,激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。) ”可以推断,Krasnoyarsk需要医疗援助,故选D。

  【10题详解】

  细节理解题,根据第四段“For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). ”(每年有10个月,火车两周内停靠大约八个车站,然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。) ”可知,圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约两周,故选D。

  【11题详解】

  推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活,但仍然保持专注和非常关注,这给我留下了深刻的印象,”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知,Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度,故选A。

  【点睛】

  D

  “I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.

  This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.

  But writing the end — that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending thats unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.

  That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.

  This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be — that’s up to you and the story you’re telling — but it might provide what you need to get there.

  12. Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie?

  A. To discuss a novel. B. To submit a book report.

  C. To argue for a writer. D. To ask for a reading list.

  13. What did the author realize after seeing Gracie?

  A. Writing is a matter of personal preferences.

  B. Readers are often carried away by character.

  C. Each type of literature has its unique end.

  D. A story which begins well will end well.

  14. What is expected of a good ending?

  A. It satisfies readers’ taste. B. It fits with the story development.

  C. It is usually positive. D. It is open for imagination.

  15. Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims?

  A. To give examples of great novelists. B. To stress the theme of this issue.

  C. To encourage writing for the magazine. D. To recommend their new books.

  【答案】12. A 13. C 14. B 15. B

  【解析】

  【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先通过作者与教授关于小说结局的讨论引发了对结局的思考,接着阐述了不同类型的文学作品结局的特点,最后提出了写作好的结局的重要性并介绍了《Writer’s Digest》杂志如何帮助作家写出更好的结尾。

  【12题详解】

  细节理解题。根据第一段““I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not.( “我不喜欢这个结局,”我对我最喜欢的大学教授说。那是我大三的时候,我正在做一项关于维多利亚文学的独立研究。我刚刚读完乔治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》,读到结尾我很伤心。格雷西教授耐心地让我考虑一下,不要只看我喜不喜欢)”可知,作者去找格雷西教授是为了讨论小说。故选A项。

  【13题详解】

  推理判断题。根据第二段“This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.( 这对我来说是一个顿悟的时刻,我再也没有想过同样的结局。从那时起,如果我想读一个保证幸福的结局,我就会选一部爱情小说。如果我想要一个我猜不到的结局,我会选一本神秘小说。一种是我知道会发生什么,历史小说。选择读什么变得更容易了)”可知,见过格雷西教授后,作者意识到了每种类型的文学都有其独特的结局。故选C项。

  14题详解】

  推理判断题。根据第三段“But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.(但是写出结局——那很难。对作家来说很难,因为结局对读者来说意义重大。你必须平衡创造一个不可预测的结局,但这个结局又不能显得凭空而来,要适合角色的设定)”可知,人们对一个好结局的期望是结局又不能显得凭空而来,要适合角色的设定,也就是符合故事的发展。故选B项。

  【15题详解】

  推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.( 这就是为什么这期《Writer’s Digest》旨在帮助你找出如何为你正在写的任何类型的作品写出最好的结局。如果是短篇小说,彼得·蒙特福德分解了六种技巧,你可以尝试看看哪一种能帮助你完美着陆。伊丽莎白·西姆斯分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章,看看它们包含了哪些关键点,以及你如何将它们应用到你的作品中)”可知,作者提到彼得·蒙福德和伊丽莎白·西姆斯是为了强调这期《Writer’s Digest》的主题,即帮助读者写出更好的结尾。故选B项。

  【点睛】

  第二节(共5小题; 每小题2分, 满分10分)

  根据短文内容, 从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

  What is moderation (适度)? Basically, it means eating only as much food as your body needs. You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full. ____16____ But it doesnt mean saying goodbye to the foods you love.

  Take your time. Its important to slow down and think about food as something nutritious rather than just something to eat in between meetings. ____17____ It actually takes a few minutes for your brain to tell your body that it has had enough food, so eat slowly and stop eating before you feel full.

  Eat with others whenever possible. Eating alone, “specially in front of the TV or computer, often leads to mindless overeating. And be careful about the foods you keep at hand. Its more challenging to eat in moderation if you have unhealthy snacks at the ready, like cookies. ____18____

  Control emotional (情绪的) eating. ____19____ Many of us also turn to food to deal with unpleasant emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom. But by learning healthier ways to manage emotions, you can regain control over the food you eat and your feelings.

  ____20____ A healthy breakfast can start your metabolism (新陈代谢), while eating small, healthy meals keeps your energy up all day. Avoid eating late at night. Try to eat dinner earlier and fast for 14 — 16 hours until breakfast the next morning. Studies suggest that eating only when youre most active and giving your digestive system a long break each day may help to regulate weight.

  A. Eat properly throughout the day.

  B. We dont always eat just to satisfy hunger.

  C. Dont swallow a meal on the way to work.

  D. Most of us need to double the amount we eat.

  E. Instead, surround yourself with healthy choices.

  F. For many of us, moderation means eating less than we do now.

  G. That wont lead to cheating or giving up on your new eating plan.

  【答案】16. F 17. C 18. E 19. B 20. A

  【解析】

  【导语】本文是一篇说明文,文章主要介绍了,在饮食上注意节制及其如何节制的方法。

  【16题详解】

  上文“Basically, it means eating only as much food as your body needs, You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full. (基本上,它意味着只吃你身体需要的食物,你应该在用餐结束时感到满足,但不要太饱)”指出,进餐时不要吃太饱,吃东西要适量。下文“But it doesn’t mean saying goodbye to the foods you love. (但这并不意味着要告别你喜欢的食物)”指出,适量进食不是要放弃吃自己喜欢的食物。F项“对我们许多人来说,节制意味着比现在吃的少。”解释了何为适量进食。承上启下,符合文意,选项中的“means”与下文一致。故选F项。

  【17题详解】

  根据上文“Take your time. It’s important to slow down and think about food as something nutritious rather than just something to eat in between meetings. (慢慢来。放慢脚步,把食物看作是有营养东西,而不仅仅是会议间隙吃的.东西,这一点很重要)”可推知,本段主要建议读者吃东西要细嚼慢咽,不要过于急躁。C项“不要在上班的路上急忙吃下一顿饭。”承接上文。符合文意。故选C项。

  【18题详解】

  上文“It’s more challenging to eat in moderation if you have unhealthy snacks at the ready, like cookies. (如果你已经准备好了不健康的零食,比如饼干,那么适量食用就更具挑战性了。)”指出,吃不健康的食物不利于适度饮食,E项“相反,你应该选择健康的食物。”符合文意,建议读者选择健康的食物。选项中的“healthy”与上文中的“unhealthy”相对应。故选E项。

  【19题详解】

  根据本段首句“Control emotional (情绪的) eating. (控制情绪化进食)”以及下文“Many of us also turn to food to deal with unpleasant emotions such as sadness, loneliness, or boredom.(我们中的许多人也会求助于食物来处理不愉快的情绪,如悲伤、孤独或无聊)”可推知,本段主要建议读者不要情绪化的进行暴饮暴食,要进行健康饮食。B项“我们吃东西并不总是为了充饥。”指出有些人吃东西并不总是为了充饥,引出下文有些人通过食物发泄情绪,符合语境。故选B项。

  【20题详解】

  设空处位于段首,总结全段,下文“A healthy breakfast can start your metabolism (新陈代谢), while eating small, healthy meals keeps your energy up all day, Avoid eating late at night. Try to eat dinner earlier and fast for 14 — 16 hours until breakfast the next morning. (健康的早餐可以启动你的新陈代谢,而吃少量健康的食物可以让你一整天都精力充沛,避免在深夜进食。尽量早点吃晚饭,禁食14 — 16个小时,直到第二天早上吃早餐。)”指出,我们在一天中的每个时间段都要健康饮食。A项“全天合理饮食。”符合语境。故选A项。

  第三部分 语言知识运用(共两节, 满分45分)

  第一节(共20小题; 每小题1. 5分, 满分30分)

  阅读下面短文, 从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中, 选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

  One day, we had a family dinner. While the adults were busy with their serious talk outside, I was left alone in the ____21____ to help my grandmother wash dishes. ____22____ my grandmother would tell me stories about her childhood.

  Born just before WWII, my grandmother ____23____ an entirely different childhood lifestyle from mine. She did not have a chance to go to ____24____. Like in typical families, where boys were ____25____ much more than girls, my grandma had to stay at home to do ____26____. The only opportunity (机会) she could seize to ____27____ was when her brother was having Chinese ____28____ with the family tutor. She would sit quietly at the far end of the long dinner table, listening ____29____. This training taught her to read and write her Chinese upside down — a skill that has turned out to be quite ____30____, especially whenever we share the newspaper. On most weekends, my grandmother, a young girl then, and her brother would go to the ____31____. There, they would walk through deep water, sit down cross-legged underwater and hold their ____32____ while they watched all action going on around them. This is something I ____33____ — her ability to open her ____34____ underwater and still sit comfortably on the seabed.

  My childhood is quite ____35____ compared with hers. I am ____36____ that I did not need to ____37____ the hardships like she did. Ive never faced the problem of ____38____. I guess our different childhood background is what makes my grandmother such an amazing person to ____39____ to: her stories always make my history textbooks ____40____.

  21. A. sitting room B. kitchen C. yard D. dining hall

  22. A. As always B. By the way C. For example D. Here and now

  23. A. adjusted B. promoted C. achieved D. experienced

  24. A. work B. school C. court D. press

  25. A. favored B. tolerated C. trusted D. acknowledged

  26. A. gardening B. homework C. business D. housework

  27. A. exercise B. study C. explore D. teach

  28. A. food B. guests C. lessons D. tea

  29. A. closely B. directly C. nervously D. freely

  30. A. professional B. awkward C. simple D. practical

  31. A. market B. mountain C. beach D. class

  32. A. secret B. breath C. view D. tongue

  33. A. admire B. notice C. adopt D. value

  34. A. hands B. mouth C. eyes D. arms

  35. A. difficult B. complex C. happy D. similar

  36. A. grateful B. surprised C. convinced D. regretful

  37. A. reflect upon B. go through C. ask about D. prepare for

  38. A. unemployment B. health C. education D. communication

  39. A. attend B. refer C. lead D. talk

  40. A. come true B. come round C. come out D. come alive

  【答案】21. B 22. A 23. D 24. B 25. A 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. A 30. D 31. C 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. C 36. A 37. B 38. C 39. D 40. D

  【解析】

  【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者祖母的童年故事,以及作者从故事中得到的感悟。

  【21题详解】

  考查名词词义辨析。句意:当大人们在外面忙于严肃的谈话时,我一个人留在厨房里帮奶奶洗碗。A. sitting room客厅;B. kitchen厨房;C. yard院子;D. dining hall餐厅。根据下文“to help my grandmother wash dishes”可推知,此处指作者在厨房洗碗。故选B。

  【22题详解】

  考查副词短语辨析。句意:一如既往地,我的祖母会给我讲她童年的故事。As always一如既往;B. By the way顺便说一句;C. For example例如;D. Here and now此时此地。根据语境,结合下文“my grandmother would tell me stories about her childhood”可推知,此处指作者的祖母经常给作者讲童年故事,这次一如既往的给作者讲她童年的故事。故选A。

  【23题详解】

  考查动词词义辨析。句意:我的祖母出生在二战前夕,她的童年生活方式与我的完全不同。A. adjusted调整;B. promoted促进;C. achieved完成;D. experienced经历。根据下文“an entirely different childhood lifestyle from mine”可推知,此处指祖母经历的童年与作者的不同。故选D。

  【24题详解】

  考查名词词义辨析。句意:她没有机会上学。A. work工作;B. school学校;C. court法院;D. press出版社。根据下文“The only opportunity she could seize to ____7____ was when her brother was having Chinese ____8____ with the family tutor”可推知,此处在指祖母生活的年代,她是没有机会上学的。故选B。

  【25题详解】

  考查动词词义辨析。句意:就像典型的重男轻女的家庭一样,我奶奶不得不呆在家里做家务。A. favored赞成;B. tolerated容忍;C. trusted信任;D. acknowledged承认。根据上文“She did not have a chance to go to school. Like in typical families”并结合语境可推知,此处指作者祖母生活的年代是重男轻女的,所以祖母才不被允许上学。故选A。

  【26题详解】

  考查名词词义辨析。句意:就像典型的重男轻女的家庭一样,我奶奶不得不呆在家里做家务。A.gardening园艺;B. homework家庭作业;C. business商务;D.housework家务。结合语境,再根据上文“my grandma had to stay at home”可推知,此处指作者祖母在家里做家务。故选D。

  【27题详解】

  考查动词词义辨析。句意:她唯一能抓住的学习机会是当她的哥哥和家庭教师一起上语文课的时候。A. exercise锻炼;B. study学习;C. explore探索;D. teach教学。根据上文“She did not have a chance to go to school.”以及下文“with the family tutor”可推知,此处指祖母不被允许上学,自己找机会学习。故选B。

  【28题详解】

  考查名词词义辨析。句意:她唯一能抓住的学习机会是当她的哥哥和家庭教师一起上语文课的时候。A. food食物;B. guests客人;C. lessons课程;D. tea茶。根据上文“having Chinese”以及下文“with the family tutor”可推知,此处指祖母的哥哥和家庭教师一起上语文课。故选C。

  【29题详解】

  考查副词词义辨析。句意:她会安静地坐在长长的餐桌的另一端,仔细地听着。A.closely仔细地、紧密地;B. directly直接地;C. nervously紧张地;D. freely自由地。根据上文“The only opportunity she could seize to study was when her brother was having Chinese lessons with the family tutor. She would sit quietly at the far end of the long dinner table”可推知,此处指祖母抓住学习机会,仔细地旁听学习。故选A。

  【30题详解】

  考查形容词词义辨析。句意:这项训练教会了她把中文倒过来读和写——这项技能被证明是非常实用的,尤其是当我们分享报纸的时候。A. professional专业的;B. awkward令人尴尬的;C. simple简单的;D. practical实用的。根据上文“This training taught her to read and write her Chinese upside down”以及下文“especially whenever we share the newspaper”可推知,此处指祖母学会的技能是非常实用的。故选D。

  【31题详解】

  考查名词词义辨析。句意:在大多数周末,我的祖母,当时还是个小女孩,和她的哥哥会去海滩。A. market市场;B. mountain山;C. beach海滩;D. class班级。根据下文“they would walk through deep water, sit down cross-legged underwater”可推知,此处指祖母和哥哥去海滩玩水。故选C。

  【32题详解】

  考查名词词义辨析。句意:在那里,他们会穿过深水,盘腿坐在水下,屏住呼吸,看着周围发生的一切。A. secret秘密;B. breath呼吸;C. view视野;D. tongue舌头。根据上文“they would walk through deep water, sit down cross-legged underwater”可推知,此处指祖母和哥哥在水下屏住呼吸。故选B。

  【33题详解】

  考查动词词义辨析。句意:我很钦佩她在水下张开嘴,还能舒服地坐在海底的能力。A. admire钦佩;B. notice注意到;C.adopt采纳;D. value重视。根据下文“her ability to open her ____14____ underwater and still sit comfortably on the seabed”可推知,此处指作者佩服祖母在水里的能力。故选A。

  【34题详解】

  考查名词词义辨析。句意:我很钦佩她在水下张开嘴,还能舒服地坐在海底的能力。A. hands手;B. mouth嘴;C. eyes眼睛;D. arms胳膊。根据上文“open her”以及下文“still sit comfortably on the seabed”可推知,此处指祖母张开嘴在水底坐着。故选C。

  【35题详解】

  考查形容词词义辨析。句意:与她的童年相比,我的童年相当快乐。A. difficult困难的;B. complex复杂的;C. happy快乐的;D. similar相似的。通读全文,再根据“compared with hers”可推知,此处指与祖母的童年经历相比,作者的童年相当快乐。故选C。

  【36题详解】

  考查形容词词义辨析。句意:我很感激我不需要像她那样经历磨难。A. grateful感激的;B. surprised惊讶的;C. convinced深信不疑的;D. regretful后悔的。根据上文“My childhood is quite happy compared with hers.”可推知,此处指作者很感激自己的童年是快乐的。故选A。

  【37题详解】

  考查动词短语辨析。句意:我很感激我不需要像她那样经历磨难。A. reflect upon思考;B. go through经历;C. ask about询问;D. prepare for准备。根据上文“I am grateful that I did not need”以及下文“the hardships like she did”可推知,此处指作者感激自己不需要经历祖母经历过的那些磨难。故选B。

  【38题详解】

  考查名词词义辨析。句意:我从来没有遇到过受教育的问题。A.unemployment失业;B. health健康;C. education教育;D. communication沟通。通读全文,再根据上文“She did not have a chance to go to school.”可推知,文章主要讲了祖母不被允许上学,没受过教育的困境,所以此处指作者从来没有遇到过受教育的问题。故选C。

  【39题详解】

  考查动词词义辨析。句意:我想是我们不同的童年背景让我的祖母成为了一个交谈时令人惊叹的人:她的故事总是让我的历史教科书鲜活起来。A. attend出席;B. refer参考;C. lead 领导;D. talk对话、讨论。结合上文祖母给作者讲故事,再根据上文“makes my grandmother such an amazing person”可推知,此处指祖母的经历使祖母成为了一个交谈时令人惊叹的人。talk to“与某人交谈”。故选D。

  【40题详解】

  考查动词短语辨析。句意:我想是我们不同的童年背景让我的祖母成为了一个交谈时令人惊叹的人:她的故事总是让我的历史教科书鲜活起来。A. come true成真;B. come round苏醒;C. come out出现;D. come alive变得生动。根据上文“I guess our different childhood background is what makes my grandmother such an amazing person to talk to: her stories always make my history textbooks”可推知,此处指作者祖母的经历和故事丰富了作者的人生,使历史书上的故事变得生动鲜活,跃然纸上。故选D。

  第二节(共10小题; 每小题1.5分, 满分15分)

  阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

  Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend ____41____ (catch) our attention because of their large size and variety. They are ____42____ (treasure) of American heritage (遗产). How did the national park system come about? On a cool, starry night in mid-September 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in ____43____ is now northwestern Wyoming. They ____44____(be) part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.

  What should ____45____(do) with such a beautiful place? They wondered out loud. This area, with ____46____ (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved ____47____ all people of the nation to enjoy — as a national park. They all agreed and vowed (承诺) to promote the idea at the ____48____ (complete) of their journey. Their promotional work paid off. Two years later, 18 years before Wyoming became a state, Yellowstone became the first national park in the United States and the world. Yellowstone was the ____49____ (large) United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, _____50_____ became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.

  【答案】41. to catch

  42. treasures

  43. what 44. were

  45. be done

  46. its 47. for

  48. completion

  49. largest

  50. which

  【解析】

  【导语】本文是说明文。文章讲述了美国国家公园的由来,即四个男人发现了一处非常美的自然风景区,决定好好保护它以供后人欣赏,并为此做出了许多努力。

  【41题详解】

  考查非谓语动词。句意:尽管各级都有各种规模和类型的公园,但国家公园尤其吸引我们的注意,因为它们体积大,种类繁多。固定搭配:tend to do sth.,表示“倾向于做某事”,不定式作宾语,故填to catch。

  【42题详解】

  考查名词。句意:它们是美国传统的瑰宝。treasure表示“宝藏”,为可数名词,结合前文they are,应用复数形式,故填treasures。

  【43题详解】

  考查宾语从句。句意:1870年9月中旬,在一个凉爽、繁星点点的夜晚,四个男人在火洞河边的营火前放松,这里现在是怀俄明州的西北部。后文为介词in的宾语,is前缺主语,指物,主语用what引导宾语从句,作介词in的宾语,故填what。

  【44题详解】

  考查时态。句意:他们是一个由15人组成的探险队的一部分,他们花了近五个星期的时间来见证那里的自然美景。本空前They指代上文提及的四个男人,时间为1870年,同时联系后文had spent的过去完成时可知,本空时态为过去式且为复数形式,故填were。

  【45题详解】

  考查被动语态。句意:对于这样一个美丽的地方,我们应该做些什么呢?主语what指物,与谓语动词do是被动关系,情态动词should后接be done构成被动语态,故填be done。

  【46题详解】

  考查代词。句意:这个地区拥有独特的、令人惊叹的自然美景,必须作为国家公园保护好,为了所有国家的人都能享受。修饰名词beauty用形容词性物主代词its,故填its。

  【47题详解】

  考查介词。句意同上。介词for表目的,表示“为了所有国家的人都能享受”。 故填for。

  【48题详解】

  考查名词。句意:他们都同意了,并发誓要在旅行结束后推广这个想法。冠词修饰名词,本空应填名词作宾语,complete名词形式为completion,不可数,故填completion。

  【49题详解】

  考查形容词最高级。句意:黄石公园是美国最大的国家公园,占地220万英亩,直到1978年成为国家纪念碑的阿拉斯加南部的弗兰格尔-圣伊莱亚斯在1980年以1230万英亩的面积作为国家公园获得这项荣誉。本空前有the,为形容词最高级标志词,结合下文“1978年成为国家纪念碑的阿拉斯加南部的弗兰格尔-圣伊莱亚斯在1980年以1230万英亩的面积获得国家公园的荣誉”可知,用large的最高级largest作定语,故填largest。

  【50题详解】

  考查定语从句。句意同上。本空所在句子为定语从句,先行词为Wrangell-Saint Elias,从句中作主语,指物,引导非限制性定语从句用which,故填which。

  第四部分 写作(共两节, 满分35分)

  第一节短文改错(共10小题; 每小题1分, 满分10分)

  51. 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文, 请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误, 每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

  增加: 在缺词处加一个漏字符号(^), 并在其下面写出该加的词。

  删除: 把多余的词用斜线()划掉。

  修改: 在错的词下画一横线, 并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

  注意: 1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;

  2. 只允许修改10处, 多者(从第11处起)不计分。

  Last week, I saw a program about Chongqing hotpot on TV. I was curious but planned a special one-day trip there with a friend of me. Our fast train was packing with passengers. A attendant gave us some travel brochures about Chongqing. When we arrived, we went straight a famous restaurant and ordered dishes, which tasted greatly. The atmosphere here made the meal all the more enjoyed. Hotpot is meant for families and friends to sit together, dip everything they like this in one pot, and shared friendship and love.

  【答案】1. but→and

  2. me→mine

  3. packing→packed

  4. A→An

  5. straight后加 to

  6. greatly → great

  7. here → there

  8. enjoyed →enjoyable

  9.去掉this

  10. shared→share

  【解析】

  【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述作者看了一个关于重庆火锅节目后和一个朋友去那里一日游的经历。

  【详解】1. 考查连词。句意:我很好奇,和我的一个朋友计划了一个特别的一日游。前后句之间为顺承关系,所以用并列连词and。故将but改成and。

  2. 考查代词。句意:我很好奇,和我的一个朋友计划了一个特别的一日游。a friend of mine我的一个朋友。介词of后接是名词性物主代词作宾语。故将me改成mine。

  3. 考查非谓语动词。句意:我们的快车上挤满了乘客。be packed with“挤满”,pack与train是被动关系。故将packing改成packed。

  4. 考查冠词。句意:一位服务员给了我们一些关于重庆的旅游手册。名词attendant 发音以元音音素开头,所以用不定冠词an。故将A改成An 。

  5. 考查介词。句意:当我们到达时,我们直接去了一家著名的餐馆,点了一些菜,味道很好。固定短语go straight to“径直前往”。故在straight后加 to。

  6. 考查形容词。句意:当我们到达时,我们直接去了一家著名的餐馆,点了一些菜,味道很好。tasted是系动词,后接形容词作表语。故将greatly 改成 great 。

  7. 考查代词。句意:那里的气氛使这顿饭更加愉快。描述刚刚到达的餐馆,用there指代上文提到的餐馆。故将here 改成 there。

  8. 考查形容词。句意:那里的气氛使这顿饭更加愉快。more后接形容词形式,在句中作宾语补足语。故将enjoyed 改成enjoyable。

  9. 考查定语从句。句意:火锅意味着家人和朋友坐在一起,把他们喜欢的东西放在一个锅里,分享友谊和爱。分析句子结构可知,这里为定语从句。先行词为everything,在定语从句中作宾语,省略关系代词that,从句中this多余。故去掉this。

  10. 考查非谓语动词。句意:火锅意味着家人和朋友坐在一起,把他们喜欢的东西放在一个锅里,分享友谊和爱。不定式to后接动词原形sit ,dip和share,表示目的。故将shared改成share。

  第二节书面表达(满分25分)

  52. 英语课要求做课堂展示, 请你根据所给图片,以Development of Transport in China为题写一篇发言稿。

  注意:

  1. 词数 100 左右;

  2. 题目和首句已为你写好。

  Development of Transport in China

  From the vehicle of horses to todays convenient transport, Chinese transport has an enormous development.

  ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  【答案】

  Development of Transport in China

  From the vehicle of horses to today’s convenient transport, Chinese transport has seen enormous development. Chinese transport has undergone remarkable transformations, giving the Chinese people access to different ways of travelling.

  Firstly, shared bicycles have emerged as a symbol of urban mobility, offering an affordable and green alternative for short trips. Secondly, the introduction of high- speed trains has dramatically shortened travel times, making intercity travel faster and more comfortable. Lastly, the proliferation of new energy vehicles underscores China’s dedication to environmental sustainability, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. These developments illustrate China’s journey towards a modern and efficient transportation network that balances convenience with environmental responsibility.

  In short, China’s transport system is embracing innovation and eco-friendliness.

  【解析】

  【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生根据所给图片,以Development of Transport in China为题写一篇发言稿。

  【详解】1.词汇激活

  提供:offer→provide

  极大地:dramatically→tremendously

  减少:reduce→decrease

  总之:in short→in a nutshell

  2.句式拓展

  简单句变复合句

  原句:Firstly, shared bicycles have emerged as a symbol of urban mobility, offering an affordable and green alternative for short trips.

  拓展句:Firstly, shared bicycles, which offer an affordable and green alternative for short trips have emerged as a symbol of urban mobility.

  【点睛】【高分句型1】Chinese transport has undergone remarkable transformations, giving the Chinese people access to different ways of travelling.(运用了现在分词作状语)

  【高分句型2】These developments illustrate China’s journey towards a modern and efficient transportation network that balances convenience with environmental responsibility.(运用了that引导的定语从句)

  1—5 ACBCA 6—10 BBCAB 11—15 ABABC 16—20 ACBCA

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