【知识网络】
一、重点词汇与短语
1．argue的用法小结：
（1）argue可以作及物动词和不及物动词，意思是“辩论,争论；争吵”。常用结构是“argue with somebody about/over something”，表示“和某人就某事进行辩论”。
例如：
argue a case：辩论一个案子
They argued their actions had nothing to do with the riot, but I think that's debatable.
他们辩解道,他们的行为与这次骚乱没有关系,但我认为这话未必正确。
He argued with Mary about/over the best place for a holiday.
他和玛丽争论度假的最好地方。
（2）argue 还可以用于以下搭配：
argue for something ：赞成某事
argue against something ：反对某事
argue somebody into/out of doing something：说服某人做/不做某事
He argued for the plan. 它赞成这个计划。
They strongly argue against going there next Sunday.
他们坚决反对下星期天去那儿。
We argued him out of doing such a stupid thing.
我们说服了他没有做这件蠢事。
2．survive 的用法小结：
（1）survive表示“大难不死；死里逃生;在…之后还活着”的意思。经常用于词组survive from something或者survive on something。
Many strange customs have survived from earlier time.
许多奇怪的习俗是从很早以前流传下来的。
They can survive on very little money.
他们用很少的钱就可以生存。
The man was very ill, but he survived.
这个人病得很厉害，可是他活下来了。
（2）survive作动词，还可以表示“幸存，幸免于”，也可以表示“比…长寿”。例如：These plants cannot survive in very cold conditions.
这些植物在非常寒冷的条件下无法存活。
Few survived after the flood.
洪水过后，生还者极少。
3．share的用法小结：
（1）share可以作为名词使用，意思是“属于或由某人做的部分，一份；股份；股票”。例如：
We gave each of the five children an equal share.
我们给了这五个孩子每人均等的一份。
Do not part with the shares on any account. 无论如何不要放弃这些股票。
They sell shares in companies at the stock exchange.
他们在证券交易所出售公司股票。
Note: share在表示“（以股票形式买卖的）股权”这个意思时，常用复数形式。
例如：
go shares：平分；均摊
（2）share用作动词时，既可以作及物动词，也可以作不及物动词。过去式和过去分词都是shared，属于规则动词。它常与in连用，意思是“共用；分摊；共有；参与”；与out连用，意思是“分配”；与with连用，意思是“告诉别人”。
例如：
We shared the sweets. 我们分吃了糖果。
They share their joys and sorrows. 他们同甘共苦。
Bill and Bob shared the work equally between them. 比尔和鲍勃两人把工作平分了。
He shared the story with us. 他给我们讲了这个故事。
（3）常用习语：
share and share alike：平均分配；有相同的等份
bear/take one’s share of …：负担……的部分
for my share：至于我自己
fall to somebody’s share：由某人分担；归某人享有
go shares (with)…：平分，分享，均摊
have/take one’s share：分担，参加
one’s share of the cake：分享的一份好处；应得的一份
二、词义辨析
1．specially与especially的区别:这两个词都有“特别、专门”的意思。
（1）specially指的是非一般、非正常、非广泛。表示为某一特定目的而做某事，经常翻译成“专门”。
例如：
I came here specially to ask you a question. 我是专门来问你一个问题的。
"Bluebird, the car he was driving, had been specially built for him."
他所驾驶的汽车是为他特制的`蓝鸟'。
Specially-made lanterns are hung outside each house to help the dead to find their way.
"家家户户都挂着特制的灯笼,以帮助死者认路。"
He is not specially clever，but he works hard.
他不是特别聪明，但他工作很努力。
（2）especially的特殊、特别指的是非普通、非寻常、程度上超过其他的。常常翻译成“尤其，特别地”，修饰形容词、副词或者动词，表示某种情况与平常很不一样。例如：
I love Italy, especially in summer. 我喜欢意大利，尤其是在夏天。
There is one part of the country with an especially large Indian population. That is the southwest.
"美国有一个区域的印第安人特别多,那就是美国西南部。"
"People, especially youngsters don't seem so polite these days."
"如今人们,尤其是年青人好象不那么讲礼貌了。"
"'Do you like chocolate?' 'Not, especially.'" '你喜欢吃巧克力吗?''不是特别喜欢。'
（3）specially与 especially在数量、程度等方面表示“例外、格外、过分”的意思时一般可以互换。口语中，一般用specially, 正式文件中多用especially，特别是在介词或者连词前面尤为多见。例如：
It’s not specially/especially hot today.
今天不算特别热。
2． question, problem, trouble, matter的区别：
这四个名词都可以翻译成“问题”，question指主观存在的“疑惑、疑问”，所以是需要“回答（answer）的”；problem指客观存在的和遇到的疑难问题，有时指较严重的问题，所以是需要“解决（solve，work out）的”；trouble指遇到的“麻烦、问题”，指存在并有点棘手的问题；matter表示“事情，麻烦”，指具有某种特征的事例。例如：
You haven't answered my question. 你还没有回答我的问题。
His honesty is beyond question. 他的诚实无可怀疑。
a key problem： 一个关键问题
The problem was how to move the heavy machinery.
问题是怎样移动这台沉重的机器。
They are discussing how to solve the problem.
他们正在讨论如何解决这个问题。
The boy caused a lot of trouble to his parents；he was always in trouble.
这个男孩给他的父母招来很多麻烦，他甚为苦恼。
Students growing up from nursery school to college have trouble dealing with realities.
从幼儿园到大学的大学生在如何应付现实生活上都存在困难。
Trouble seems to be developing both in the cities and in the villages.
城市和农村好象都在酝酿着麻烦的事端。
This is a matter of no account. 这是一件无关紧要的事。
I can't see the visitors right now. I have an urgent matter to attend to.
现在我不能接见客人,因为我有一件急事要办。
It is still a serious matter that some people drive after having drunk.
一些人酒后驾车仍然是一个严重的问题。
3．besides, except, except for 与but的区别：
这四个介词或者短语都可以表示“除了…”的意思。但except仅表示“除了…”，排除在外，后面可以接that，what，when等引导的从句；而besides表示“除了…还有…”的意思，表示包含在内；except for表示“除了…”，它引出一个与前面的词相反的原因或者事例；but的意思与except接近，它主要与某些不定代词如nothing，all, anything， no one，anyone连用。
例如：
"Except for one old lady, the bus was empty."
公共汽车上要不是坐了一位老太太就是空的。
She can do everything except cook.
除了做饭之外她什么都会。
He had considered everything except the weather.
"他什么都想过,唯独没考虑到天气。"
I know nothing about it except what I have read in the papers.
"除了在报上读到的以外,我对这件事一无所知。"
Most of the Chinese people usually go to work on the bike except when it rains.
"除了雨天,大多数中国人一般都骑自行车上班。"
Besides milk and cheese, we need vegetables.
除了牛奶和干酪外，我们还需要蔬菜。
Besides football, I like playing basketball and table tennis.
除了足球以外，我还喜欢打篮球和乒乓球。
No one but me passed the exam yesterday.
昨天除了我以外没别人考及格。
Nobody but Li Ming talked to Lao Wang today.
除了李明，今天没有人给老王说话。
三、重点句型
1. I don’t enjoy singing, nor do I like computers.
此句要注意的是表示否定意义的nor引导一个倒装句。 再如：
I don’t know how to play computer games, nor do I care.
我不知道怎样打电脑游戏，我也不在乎。
表示上一句的情况也适合下一句时，还可以用“so”表示肯定意义。例如：
I work in a very big factory, so does he. 我在一个大工厂上班，他也是。
2．Despite the fact that they have never met each other, Michael and Xiao Li are best friends.
此句中的that引导的是一个同位语从句，that在这类句子中不作成分。同样，that还可以在名词idea, plan, suggestion等词的后面引导同位语从句。再如：
The idea that we go there by bus is acceptable because it is very far from here to the city.
我们坐车去那里的想法是可以接受的，因为从这里到城里很远。
3．With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.
在英语中，with复合结构是一个常用结构，常用来作定语、状语等等。此句中的with复合结构作状语。
再如：
The poor girl, with a basket on her back, search all day from the foot of the mountain to the top of it.
四、语法复习: 直接引语与间接引语：
直接引语变为间接引语时，要从以下几个方面考虑：
1．句式的转变：
①当直接引语为陈述句时，间接引语变为由that引导的宾语从句。
例如：
“I like doing my homework in the evening,” said George.
--George said that he liked doing his homework in the evening.
②当直接引语为一般疑问句时，就将其变为由if/whether引导的宾语从句,动词由say变为ask。
例如：
“Mary, have you seen Tom this morning?” Peter said to me.
--Peter asked me whether/if I had seen Tom that morning.
③当直接引语为特殊疑问句时，就将其变为以这个特殊疑问词为连接词引导的宾语从句。
例如：
“What are they doing over there?” asked John.
--John asked what they were doing over there.
④当直接引语为祈使句时，就将其变成动词不定式形式;同时还要注意把say改为可以接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词，如tell, ask, order, advise等等。
例如：
“Go there at once,” Father said to me just now.
--Father ordered me to go there at once just now.
2．人称的改变。变成间接引语的句子前后人称要一致。
例如：
“Your bike is more beautiful than mine.” she said to me.
--She said that my bike was more beautiful than hers.
3．谓语动词时态的改变：当主句的谓语动词为一般现在时态时，从句可以根据需要使用不同的时态，也就是说，原来直接引语的时态大多不需要改变，而当主句用一般过去时态时，从句要用表示过去范畴的时态。
例如：
“Come here again next month,” he is saying to us.
--He is telling us to come here again next month.
注意：如果直接引语的谓语动词为一般现在时态，而内容又是客观事实、科学真理、现在的习惯动作以及格言等时，间接引语保持原来的时态不变。
例如：
The teacher said to us,” The earth goes around the sun.”
--The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.
4．根据句子的意思，句中的指示代词、地点以及时间状语等也要作必要的变动。
例如：
“Come here,” the police officer said to the driver.
--The police officer told the driver to go there.
【考点透视 考例精析】
[考点] 考查动词的-ing形式与-ed分词的用法。
[考例1] The old man felt _______________ he couldn’t say a word but cried with his body shaking at the airport.
A．so excited that B．so exciting that C．oo excited to D．enough exciting to
[解析] 选Ａ．从对句子的结构分析我们可以看出这是一个复合句，因此用so …that连接。Excited表示“某人对某事感到激动”，所以其主语多用指人的词；而exciting表示“某事令某人激动的”，因而主语多用指物的词。本句的意思是“那位老人感到非常激动，他在飞机场颤动着身体大哭起来，一句话都说不出来。”因此答案选A。
[考点] 考查动词need to do与need doing/to be done的用法。
[考例2]The teachers___________ change their forms of practice, and sometimes some practice ________ as well.
A．need, needs changing B．need, needs to change
C．need to, need to change D．need to, needs changing
[解析]选Ｄ．由指人的词作主语，表示“需要做某事”的时候，应该使用句型“need to do something”；如果要表示“某事需要（被）做”，那就一般用指物的词作主语，使用句型“something need doing/to be done”。
[考点]本题考查动词trade的用法以及not at all 与not a little的意义区别。
[考例3] Mr. Robert doesn’t like to _________ with Arabs _____________ just because he used to be hurt five years ago.
A．trade, at all B．business, not a bit
C．trade, a little D．do business, not a little
[解析] 选Ａ．“trade…with 与do business with”意思都是“与某人做买卖、交往”。Not at all 与not a bit都表示“一点也不”；但是，not a little表示“不止一点，非常，相当”的意思，相当于very的意思。所以，根据句子的意思，应该选A。
[拓展] not a bit与not a little这两个词组的意思要引起特别的重视，因为它们的肯定意思相同，而否定结构意思相差非常大。另外还要注意这两个词组的肯定式后面接名词时也是有区别的。a bit后要先接of再接名词；而a little后可以直接接名词。例如：
There is only a little ink in the bottle.
There is only a bit of ink in the bottle.
[考点] need作情态动词与作行为动词的区别。
[考例4] In fact you ______________ argue with anyone, just making yourself happy in your office.
A．need not to B．didn’t need to C．mustn’t D．can’t
[解析] 选Ｂ．need既可以作情态动词也可以作行为动词。作为情态动词使用时，其后面直接接动词原形，否定的结构是直接在其后接not，而且无第三人称单数形式；用作行为动词时，变成否定句和疑问句要遵循其它行为动词的规则，即加上助动词do, does, did等等。
【基础演练】
一、根据所给首字母或括号中的汉语意思填写句子空格中所缺的单词。
1．You can spell the word “understand”, but can you p___________ it?
2．Pardon? Could you r_________ the question?
3．You can c__________ this TV set carefully with the other one to find which is better.
4．Although she is young, she is very i__________. She seldom relies on others to decide.
5．After the father retired, the youngest son r_____________ him as president of the company.
6．All the children listened to his ____________(冒险经历) with eager attention.
7．He ________________(争论) with Mary about the best place for a holiday yesterday.
8．The president has already _________________(沟通) on this event with the general manager.
9．When will the new novel be ______________(出版)?
10．Only with ____________（组织）can the wisdom of the collective be given full play.
二、单项填空：
1．It’s said that the weather will _________ hot for another three or four days.
A．look B．last C．stay D．get
2． I have to go to work by taxi because my car ______ at the garage. [06 重庆卷]
A．will be repaired B．is repaired C．is being repaired D．has been repaired
3．I telephoned him twice and I couldn’t get through to his house. The line must have been out of order, _______________?
A．doesn’t it B．mustn’t it C．wasn’t it D．hadn’t it
4．__________ is the kindness of the nurse that the patient can never be __________ to her.
A．So, too thankful B．Such, so thankful
C．So, that thankful D．Such, thankful enough
5． ________ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
A．Besides B．With C．As for D．Because of
6．All morning as she waited for the medical report from the window, her nervousness _________.
A．is growing B．has grown C．grew D．had grown
7．The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once _________ with each other.
A．they had quarreled B．hey have quarreled
C．have they quarreled D．had they quarreled
8．In this experiment, they are waken up several times during the night, and asked to report what they ____________.
A．had just been dreaming B．are just dreaming
C．have just been dreaming D．had just dreamt
9．Tom ought not to _________ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A．have told B．tell C．be telling D．having told
10．--English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it?
--Yes. _________ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.
A．Know B．Knowing C．To know D．Known
【能力拓展】
阅读理解：
Many American presidents in the 19th century were born in poor families. They spent their childhood in little wooden rooms. They got little education. Washington and Lincoln, for example, never went to school and they taught themselves. Lincoln once did jobs for a worker, shop-keeper and post-master in his early years.
A large number of American presidents had experiences in the army. The two best known were Ulysses Grant and Dwight D. Eisenhower. Grant was a general in the American Civil War and Eisenhower was hero in the Second World War. It happened that they graduated from the same school--West Point Military Academy(西点军校).One may be surprised to learn that both of them didn't do well in the school. Eisenhower, for example, was once fined(punished to pay money) because he broke the rules of the school.
The jobs of the U.S. presidents are tiring. He must keep an eye on anything important that happens both at home and abroad. Every day, a lot of work waits for him to do and he has to make many important decisions. When Franklin Roosevelt was a child, he was once brought to visit President Taft. The old president said to him," When you grow up, you should not be president. It's a tiring job."
1． How many American presidents are mentioned in this passage?
A．4 B．5 C．6 D．7
2．Who regard the jobs of the U.S. presidents as the tiring ones?
A．Grant B．Taft C．Eisenhower D．Roosevelt
3．In this passage, "keep an eye on" means _______.
A．take care of B．see C．look at fixedly D．stare at
4．The second paragraph mainly tells us ______.
A．that Eisenhower became famous in the Second World War
B．how Grant became a general
C．that Grant and Eisenhower were both schoolmates
D．that many of the U.S. presidents had served in the army
5．Which of the following is true?
A．F. Roosevelt was one of the U.S. presidents before Grant
B．Lincoln was elected the U.S. president after Grant
C．West Point Military Academy was founded in the Second World War
D．Washington was born in a very poor family
参考答案
高一部分
Units 1-2 (B1)
基础演练
一、1． pronounce 2．repeat 3．compare 4．independent 5．replaced 6．adventures 7．argued 8．communicated 9．published 10．organization
二、1-5 CCCDB 6-10 CCCAA
能力拓展
1-5 CBADD
1．C 从文章所提到的姓名中可以算出来。
2．B 最后一段的最后，从上下文可以判断出来。“When Franklin Roosevelt was a child, he was once brought to visit President Taft. The old president said…”
3．A 根据文章内容猜测这个词组的意思，应为“关注”。
4．D归纳第二段的段意可以得出此答案。
5．D 根据全文意思判断正误。