【知识网络】
一、重点词汇与短语
1． benefit
(1)．作名词的用法：
a．用作不可数名词，有“好处，益处，利益，恩惠，裨益”等意义。
例如：
She didn’t get much benefit from her stay abroad because he was ill for a long time.
由于病了很长时间，她在国外期间并没有得到多大好处。
b．用作可数名词，意思是“善举，义演”。
例如：
A benefit for the disaster area will be held next week.
下周将举办一个赈灾义演。
c．作“救济金，津贴”讲时，即可用可数名词，也可用不可数名词。
例如：
How much unemployment benefit does the middle-aged woman get every month?
那位中年妇女每月领到多少失业救济金？
Housing benefits are given out at the end of year.
住房补贴在年底发放。
d．常用于一些固定表达中。
例如：
have the benefit of 获益于，受益于
He has had the benefit of his 4-year education in America.
for the benefit of/ for one’s benefit 为了某人的利益，为了帮助某人
For the benefit of those who arrived late, I’ll go over the plan once again.
be of benefit 有益，有好处
My holiday wasn’t of much benefit to me.
（2）作动词的用法：
a．用作及物动词，有“有利于， 有助于，有益于”的意思。
例如：
It is an expensive investment but it will benefit the company in the long run.
这是一项花费很大的投资，但从长远来看，它对公司有好处。
b．用作不及物动词，有“获益，受益，得到好处”的意思，后常用介词from，也可用介词by。
例如：
They will benefit from the new way of doing the business.
他们会从新的经营方式中获益。
He is a man who has never benefit from experience.
他是一个从不吸取经验教训的人。
Who is most likely to benefit by the old lady’s death?
谁最可能因老妇人去世而获益呢？
（3）Benefit的形容词形式是beneficial，副词形式是beneficially。
be beneficial to 有利于… …,
例如：
The new policy is beneficial to car drivers.
新的法规对汽车驾驶员有利。
Fresh air and good food are beneficial to the health.
新鲜空气和优良的食物有益于健康。
2．demand
（1）demand作动词是 “要求, 需求”的意思, 经常指认为有用, 公正, 正确, 恰当或必需而提出要求. 注意: demand后接不定式, 不能接动名词; 被要求的人作为宾语时用of引出.
例如:
I demanded an answer of him.
我要求他答复.
All this was demanded of me.
这些都是向我要的.
demand后跟宾语从句时, 后面从句要用虚拟语气, 应用 “should+动词原形”, should可省略.
例如:
I demand that one of you (should) go there at once.
我要求你们中间的一个人立即到那里去! (美国用法省略should)
不能用 “demand+宾语+不定式”这种句型, 而应去掉宾语用demand to do sth。 这个句型. 例如:
He demanded to know what was going on there.
他要求知道那里发生了什么事.
She demanded to see the headmaster.
她请求见校长
（2）demand作名词是 “要求, 需求; 请求”的意思, 后面常接介词for. 常用于demand for sb, to do sth.或demand for sth/that…结构.
例如:
Ives listened to the workers’ demand for more money.
艾夫斯听着工人们要争取更多钱的要求
There is a great demand for such books.
这种书需要量很大
（3）习语:
have many demand on/upon one’s time时间不够支配
in (great )demand需要量很大; 许多人都需要
make demand of/on对……提出要求; 有求于….
meet the demand满足需要; 符合要求
on demand在要求时, 一经请求; 在要求支付时
demand of/from向…要求; 向…索取
（4）同义词: require v.要求
反义词: supply v.提供
3．插入语用法小结
插入语在句中主要是用来表示说话人对某事物的看法. 态度和推测. 有时起到解释, 说明的作用, 有时表示总结, 有时可以用来引起对方的注意和思考. 插入语用法很多. 在句子中的位置比较灵活, 大提而言, 可以分为以下及类:
（1）用简短的句子结构作插入语.这一类有: I think, I hope, I guess. I believe, I suppose, I wonder, I tell you, I say, I’m afraid, I’m sure, you see, you know, as you know, that is, that is to say, what’s more等等, 它们可以置于句中或句尾.
如:
This diet, I think, will do good to your health.
我认为, 这个食谱对你的身体有健康有益.
It won’t be raining long, I hope.
我希望雨不会老下个不停
You will have to work harder, you know, if you want to succeed.
你当然清楚, 想成功就必须努力奋斗
（2）副词或副词断语用作插入语. 这类插入语一般放在句首或句尾.
如:
Happily for him, his father’s second wife was kind to him, too.
幸运的是, 他的继母对他也很好.
You’ll be able to pass the coming exam, surely.
可以肯定地说, 你能通过下次考试.
Honestly, I don’t need it at the moment.
说实话, 我现在还不需要它.
Luckily for him, he didn’t hurt in the accident.
（3）介词或介词断语作插入语, 这类插入语一般放在句首, 有时也可放在句中.
如:
Like most of my schoolmates, I have neither bothers nor sisters-- in other words, I’m an only child.
像大多数同学一样, 我没有兄弟姐妹, 换言之, 我是独身子女
By the way, Bob sends his best wishes.
顺便说一句鲍伯也向你问好
In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load.
简而言之., 自从学校实现减负以来, 情况开始有了改善.
（4）分词短语作插入语.
如:
Judging from your accent, you must be from England.
根据口音判断, 你准是英格兰人.
Generally speaking, be is the best student in our class.
一般说来, 他是我们班最好的学生.
Compared with China, the USA is smaller.
与中国相比, 美国略小一点
（5）不定式短语做插入语.
如:
To put it mildly, he was not up to the mark.
说得婉转些, 他的身体不算太好.
To tell you the truth, I don’t want to see her.
说实话, 我不想见她.
To conclude, it was a great success.
总之，这是一次巨大的成功。
二、词义辨析
advantage; benefit; gain; profit的区别
advantage; benefit; gain; profit这四个词都可用作名词表示 “好处; 利益”.
（1）advantage侧重表示某人或某物在价值, 等级或地位方面的优势或好处.
如:
Her beauty proved to be of great advantage to her in her stage career.
她的美貌使她在舞台生涯中占了很大的便宜
（2）benefit侧重表示某人在身体, 智力精神或物质等方面的受益.
如:
This medicine will be of real benefit to you. Take it.
这种药对你的病会很有效的, 快吃吧.
（3）gain侧重表示物质利益方面的好处或利益, 常用复数形式.
如:
We have made some very exciting gains in the past year.
去年我们取得了可喜的收益.
（4）profit既可指物质或前财方面的收益, 亦可指一般意义上的益处.
如:
Coal and steel interests were merging for mutual profit.
煤矿和钢铁界为了共同的利益合并起来.
三、重点句型
a)It was during the “March on Washington DC” in 1963 that he gave the speech “I Have a Dream”, which inspired people of all races to fight for equality. 他就是在1963年的 “向华盛顿进军”活动期间发表了演说<<我有一个梦想>>, 这激励着各种种族的人民为争取平等而斗争.
本句用了It was…that…强调句型, 强调的是时间状语during the “March on Washington DC” in 1963.
又如:
It was last night that John wore a white suit at the dance.
which在此引出了一个非限制性定语从句, 修饰前面的speech, which在从句中作主语.
又如:
She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.
b)Heat capacity is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance one degree centigrade. 热能量是一种物质升高一摄氏度所需要的能量
it takes…to do…是固定句式, 可表示 “做某事需要……”之意.
如:
It will take a lot of courage to tell the truth.
it takes…to do…多指 “花多少时间去做某事”.
It took him three years to write the book.
亦有it takes…for sb. to do sth.句型.
It usually takes ten minutes for a taxi to get to the hotel.
c)What all these groups have in common is that they ask to be treated with respect, share the rights to work, good housing conditions and education and be treated equal to other people in all ways. 所有这些组织都有一个共同的目标, 那就是要求得到尊重, 享有工作的权利, 有良好的住房条件, 能获得教育, 能在各方面与其他人平等对待.
what在此做关系代词, 引出一个主语从句, what在从句中作have的宾语. 又如:
What he often keeps in mind is how to serve the people well.
equal to是固定搭配. 在此句中是形容词短语, 用作主语补足语, 意为 “与……平等或相等”.
如:
Everyone was born equal to one another.
四、语法复习
(一) 情态动词的某些特殊用法
情态动词的一些习惯用法
1．Used to+动词原形（表过去的习惯）， 含有与现在比较的意思，即过去做，现在不做了。
would经常和表示过去时间的短语或句子连用，或通过上下文可明确是过去的事，而 used to则不必。
如：
He used to smoke.
他过去总是抽烟。（但现在不抽了）
When he was young he would smoke a lot.
年轻时，他总是抽很多烟。（现在也许抽，也许不抽）
2．be used to sth. (doing sth.)习惯于
Li Ming was used to sitting up all night during the war.
战争期间，李明习惯于熬夜。
3．表“宁愿做某事”的习惯表达
would do something
would rather do than do somethingn
would do something rather than do something
would rather sb. did something
prefer to do something
prefer to do rather than do something
prefer doing something to doing something
应熟记其结构, 以便应付高考
can’t…too/enough越……越好，无论……也不过分
You can not be too/enough careful when crossing the street
过马路时，你越小心越好。/再小心也不过分
3．can not but +do sth.
不得不，只好
I can not but admire your bravery.
我不得不佩服你的勇气。
I could not but choose to go
我只好去。
（二）被动语态
被动语态常用在没有必要或不可能说明动作的执行者的句子里，被动语态由be+动词的过去分词构成，应该注意的是：语态变化要在动词上体现，助动词放在动词前。
一、被动语态的构成：
1．一般现在时：am/is/are done
2．现在进行时：am/is/are being done
3．在完成时：have/has been done
4．一般将来时：will be done
5．将来完成时：will have been done
6．一般过去时：was/were done
7．过去进行时：was/were doing
8．过去完成时：had been done
9．过去将来时：would be done
二、被动语态的用法：
1．没有必要或不知道动作的执行者是谁时。
Teachers are needed everywhere in China.
在中国到处都需要老师。
Smoking is not allowed here.
禁止抽烟。
Such sign can be seen in many places on freeway.
在高速公路上到处都能看到这样的牌子。
2．似下列无主语句子已构成固定句子。
It’s said…据说
It’s reported…据报道
It’s believed that…大家相信
It’s thought that...大家认为
It’s known that…众所周知
It’s must be pointed out that…必须指出
It is taken for granted that…被视为当然
3．汉语中，当主语泛指某些人时，往往用被动语态。
When he was asked to have a rest, he always smiled and said, “Thank you, but I’m not tired.”
当人们请他休息时，他总是笑笑说“谢谢，我不累”。
4．需要突出或强调动作的承受者时，往往用被动语态， 用“为……所，受……”词语来表达。
The delegation was warmly welcomed.
代表团受到热烈欢迎。
三． 注意事项
1． 注意断语动词和含有情态动词的被动语态，切不可丢掉后边的介词或副词。
The old man was often laughed at.
那位老人经常被人嘲笑。
Time must be made good use of.
时间一定要充分利用。
The doctor has been sent for.
已经派人去请大夫了。
The plan will be given up.
那计划要被放弃了。
He must be prevented from going.
必须阻止他去。
2． get+过去分词可表示被动，此用法较口语化。
He got married last week.
他上周结婚了。
The relics get damaged.
文物遭到了破坏。
3． 主动语态不能变为被动语态的情况。
（1）感观动词表状态或结果时，这类动词有：
smile, smell, sound, seem., look, remain, prove, appear, fall, turn
The milk smells slightly sour.
这牛奶有点酸了。
（2）当宾语起状语作用时，表示重量“数量、大小、程度”时，这类词有：
cost, weigh, number, keep, sell, drink, wash
The jade weighs one ton.
The book sells good.
（3）“主语+have/get+宾语+过去分词”这个句型不能变为被动语态，因为它本身即具有被动含义。
I had my tooth pulled yesterday. 不能说成 I had my tooth to be pulled yesterday.
（4）当宾语是不定式或动名词时：
We all want to be teachers.
They enjoy playing cards in the evening.
4． 用主动语态表被动语态的含义：
（1）be worth doing sth.
The novel is well worth reading.
（2）主语+want/need/require/doing（=to be done）此句型主语大多为物
The flowers need/require/want watering (to be watered).
【考点透视 考例精析】
[考点] attempt 用作名词，“努力，尝试，企图”的意思。attempt 也可用作及物动词。
[考例1] A man is being questioned in relation to the ________ murder last night.
A．advised B．attended C．attempted D．admitted
[点拨] 选C。句义是：“一个涉嫌参与昨夜谋杀的人正在接受审讯”。
[考点] which 引导非限定性定语从句，关系代词which 在从句中作介词in 的宾语，介词in可以提前。
[考例2] The English play ________ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
A．for which B．at which C．in which D．on which
[点拨] 选C。in which 表示“在这个英语话剧中”。
[考点] 动词-ing短语作定语。
[考例3] When the first English settlers arrived in the New World, the Indians ________ jewellery made of animal bones greeted them warmly.
A． wearing B． to wear C．worn D．having worn
[点拨] 选A。wearing 现在分词作定语，表示“正穿着”。
【基础演练】
一、根据所给首字母或括号中的汉语意思填写句子空格中所缺的单词。
1．The two friends ________ (分享)all that they had when they were studying abroad.
2．The ______ (气候) here doesn’t agree with me clearly.
3．The ______ (平均) age of the students in our class is fifteen.
4．Bird ______ (流感) can spread quickly if the government didn’t take quick actions.
5．After he finished the ______ (实验), he draw a conclusion.
6．The t_____ of the article is “On Value”.
7．The c_____ needle always points south at any time.
8．At present the doctor can’t c_____ her of her cancer.
9．Our school supplies us with modern office e_______.
10．You’d better f_____ the doctor’s instructions.
二、单项选择
1．Nuclear science should be developed to ______the people rather than harm them.
A．benefit B．contribute C．protect D．affect
2．For more than 20 years, we’ve been supporting educational programs that ______from kindergartens to colleges.
A． spread B．move C．shift D． range
3．When I opened the door, I found my father sitting in his chair, completely ______a magazine.
A．absorbing in B．absorbed in C．absorbing to D．absorbed to
4. The teacher asked a difficult question, but Ted, finally, managed to ______a good answer.
A． put up with B．keep up with C．come up with D．go through with
5．We regret to inform you that there are no tickets ______for Friday’s performance.
A．available B． spare C．convenient D．affordable
6．He was thrown into prison for being ______the march the day before.
A．by B．for C．on D．at
7．Smoking is bad for health. It is ______in many public places.
A． refused B． rejected C．forbidden D． prevented
8．Before the operation, the doctor ______the nurse to be careful.
A．kept B．demanded C．required D．hoped
9．In 1965, a new Voting Rights Bill became law, ______all black people had the right to vote from then on.
A． that B．by which C． by what D． which
10． –What do you think of this piece of wood?
--I’m sure it ______a very good shelf.
A． will make B． is making C．is made D． can be made
【能力拓展】
Misery and setbacks are not always as terrible as one imagines. Hard times can offer new ways of looking at life that would otherwise never be known. And, if you are a writer, this can be the source of much of your success.
Popular British author, Charles Dickens' (1812-1870) family could hardly make ends meet (入不敷出). They could only afford to send one of their six children to school.
Dickens was not that child.
His parents chose to send a daughter, who had a talent for music, to an academy. Then at the age of 12, Dickens' life took another turn for the worse.
His father, a clerk, was placed in prison for unpaid debts. And, being the oldest male left at home, Dickens took up work at a factory. His horrible experience there became the fuel for his future writing.
His father was freed three months later and inherited (继承) a small amount of money. Dickens was then sent to school.
From 1836 to 1837, he wrote a monthly series of stories. Thus the "Pickwick Papers" (《匹克威克外传》), came into being, which brought fame to the 23-year-old man.
Throughout his career, Dickens covers various situations in his novels. He wrote about the miserable lives of the poor in "Oliver Twist" (《雾都孤儿》), the French Revolution in "Tale of Two Cities", and social reform in "Hard Times" (《艰难时世》). He also wrote "David Copperfield" (《大卫科波菲尔》), a book thought to be based on his own life.
"I do not write bitterly or angrily: for I know all these things have worked together to make me what I am," he once said.
His difficult childhood did indeed shape the person he became, as well as his writing career. There are shades of young Dickens in many of his most beloved characters, including David Copperfield and Oliver Twist.
Like the author, all these characters come from poor beginnings and are able to rise above their setbacks and achieve success.
"Minds, like bodies, will often fall into an ill-conditioned state from too much comfort," he once wrote.
On June 9th, 1870, aged 58, Dickens died, leaving one unfinished work. The words on his tombstone read: "He was a sympathizer (同情者) to the poor, the suffering and the oppressed (受压迫者), and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world."
1．The book that called public attention to Dickens was ______.
A．the Pickwick Papers B．Oliver Twist
C． Tale of Two Cities D． David Copperfield
2．The phrase “shades of” in bold means “_____”.
A．various shapes of B．situations of
C． different experiences D．reminders of
3．How did Dickens see his childhood?
A．He felt grateful for it.
B．He felt it a pity that things weren’t in his favour.
C．He loved writing about it.
D．He chose to forget the bitterness about it.
4．From the story, we can see Dickens’ attitude towards an easy life is ______.
A．to enjoy it B．to hate it
C．not to indulge in (沉湎于) it D．to work hard for it
参考答案
高二部分
Units 13-14 (B2)
基础演练
一、1． shared 2．climate 3．average 4．flu 5．experiment 6．title
7．campus 8．cure 9．equipments 10．follow
二、1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．A 6．C 7．C 8．C 9．B 10．A
能力拓展
1-4 ADAC
1． A 细节题。文中 From 1836 to 1837, he wrote a monthly series of stories. Thus the “Pickwick Papers”, came into being, which brought fame to the 23-year-old man.一段说明让23岁的狄更斯出名的作品是: the “Pickwick Papers”。
2． D 猜词义。得出答案。
3． A 推断题。从文章第一段, 及引用DICKENS 的几句话,我们可以推断出: DICKENS对自己童年经历的态度和看法。 容易误选C。 C项只提供了一个事实, 并不能反映态度。
4． C 推断题。文中"Minds, like bodies, will often fall into an ill-conditioned state from too much comfort," he once wrote. 一段明显流露出他的观点。