Reading
1 damage n.损失；损害，损坏
The storm did a lot of damage to the crops.暴风雨使庄稼受到了很大损失。
（前面与the连用）价钱
What are the damage for the wash job of my car?清洗我的车要多少钱？
(pl) 赔偿费to claim damages索赔
The court awarded ￡500 in damages to the injured.法庭判给受伤者500英镑的赔偿费。
vt. -aged, -aging损害，损坏；使受损失
The earthquake damaged several buildings.地震使一些建筑受到了破坏。
常用短语：Do\ cause damage to损害, 破坏
What's the damage?[口]要付多少钱?
damage destroy ruin都含“破坏”、“毁坏”的意思。
damage 指“价值、用途降低或外表损坏等, 不一定全部破坏, 损坏了还可以修复”, 如:
The heavy rain damaged many houses.大雨毁坏了许多房子。
destroy 指“彻底毁坏以至不能或很难修复”, 如:
That town was destroyed in a big fire.那个城镇在一场大火中被毁了。
ruin现在多用于借喻中, 泛指一般的“弄坏了”, 如:
He knocked over a bottle of ink and ruined the table cloth.他打翻了一瓶墨水把桌布弄脏了。
2 nature cn. 性格；本性；性质；特性
Peter has a happy nature. He is a good-natured boy.彼得生性快乐，他是个性情善良的小伙子。
种类 That is a book of the same nature.那是本同一种类的书。
Un 自然界；世界；宇宙万物
the beauties of nature自然界的美 a struggle against nature与自然界的斗争
by nature 天生地 She is by nature a happy person. 她天生乐观。
3 debate vt., vi debated, debating
讨论，争论The government is debating the education laws.政府正在就教育法进行辩论。
考虑；思考
He was debating whether to go for a walk or to visit a friend.他在考虑去散步或者去访友。
n.讨论，辩论； 讨论会，辩论会
a debate about the punishment for criminals关于如何惩治罪犯的争论
常用短语：beyond debate无疑义, 无可争辩 debate upon讨论(问题)
4 floor发言权议会程序中所授予的在会议上发言的力权
ask for the floor要求发言 give the floor to给予发言权
be on the floor正在发言中; (影片)正在拍摄中 have the floor有[获得]发言权
open举行，推动：open a campaign.举行一场运动
5 voice vt. voiced, voicing发表；讲出
Yet ever since then, people at home and abroad have voiced different opinions about it.
然而,从那时起,国内外的人对这个政策一直发表不同的看法。
常用短语：at the top of one's voice高声地 give voice to说出, 表达, 吐露
raise one's voice提高嗓门；（对某人）大声叫嚷 with one voice异口同声；一致地
Our group rejected the proposal with one voice.我们小组一致反对提议
5 comment n.评语；批评；评注；注释
add comments or explanations加注释或说明
He made a comment about the bad road.他对这条糟糕的路发表评论。
No comment!无可奉告!
vi.（常与on, that连用） 评论；注释；批评
Everyone commented on her new hat.大家都在评论她的新帽子。
He commented on the bad road.他评论这条糟糕的路。
常用短语：ask for comment征求意见 make comments on sth.评论某事
offer comments提意见 No comment .无可奉告。
without comment不必多说
6 in addiction（常与to连用）此外
In addition to gene, intelligence also depends on an adequate diet, a good education and a decent home environment.除了遗传基因外,智力的高低还取决于良好的营养,良好的教育和良好的家庭环境。
in addition=Also; as well as.也；另外，加之
in addition to=Over and above; besides.加于…之上；除…之外又
7 approach vt., vi.
走近；靠近
We approached the museum.我们走近博物馆。
（首次）接洽
Did he approach you about a loan?他与你谈了借款的事了吗？
开始考虑；开始着手
He approached the idea with caution.他开始认真地考虑那个主意。
接近，近似
approaching 5 million接近500万
It is not allowed to approach the forbidden area.这里是禁区不许接近。
The time is approaching when we must be on board.我们上船的时间快到了。
常用短语：be approaching (to)与...差不多, 大致相等
make an approach to对...进行探讨
make approaches to sb.设法接近某人, 想博得某人的好感
approach sb. on sth.向某人接洽[商量、交涉]
approach to接近, 近似, 约等于; (做某事)的方法[途径]
The performance approaches perfection.性能近乎完美
an approach to the bridge.通向桥的路
8 cut back on减低
cut back剪枝；修剪;减少；缩小；削减
to cut back on industrial production缩减工业生产
cut down砍倒；砍伤；砍死;减少；减低
to cut down a tree with an axe用斧头把树砍倒
to cut down on smoking减少抽烟
cut in插嘴
Don't cut in while I'm talking.我说话时别插嘴。
to cut in on a queue加塞儿
cut out剪除；切掉；割掉
to cut out a dress裁剪衣服
cut up切碎
cut off截断截断…的道路或通道;中断，打断中断或打断…的通讯线路：
The infielder cut off the throw to the plate.内野手把球截断并投向本垒板
The telephone operator cut us off.电话接线员把我们的线路切断了
9 turn away=To send away; dismiss:把…打发走；解雇：To repel驱逐: 挡开；使转向
turned away the salesperson.解雇了推销员：
The poor location of the condominium turned away many prospective buyers.
公寓房偏僻的位置赶跑了许多很有希望的买主
turned away all criticism.挡开了所有的批评
turn back折回；赶回去：使停止前进，挡住
stopped on the road and had to turn back.在公路上停了下来，只好往回走
turned back the uninvited comers.把不速之客赶了回去
managed to turn back the advancing army.设法挡住了向前推进的军队
turn down降低，减弱调低速度、音量、强度或流量：拒绝拒绝某人、建议或忠告：
Turn down the radio, please.请把收音机的音量调低
We politely turned down the invitation.我们有礼貌地拒绝了邀请
turn a collar down; a collar that turns down.翻下衣领；能翻下的衣领
turn in交还；上交：
turned in the final exam.上交期末考试试卷
turn off关闭，停止终止运转、行为或流动；关掉：
turned off the television.关掉电视
turn on打开，开启使开始运作、活动或流动：开始展示，显露出，流露出
Turn on the light bulb.打开电灯turn on the charm.显露出魅力
turn out=To shut off:关上，关掉：生产产出，如通过制作过程；制造：证实发觉是：（常与to, that连用）结果
Things turned out to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.事情正如教授所预见的那样。
The plan turned out a failure.这项计划结果归于失败。
turned out the lights.关掉了灯
an assembly line turning out cars.生产小汽车的流水线
The rookie turned out to be the best hitter on the team.新手证明是队里最出色的击球员
The cake turned out beautifully.蛋糕最后做出来很漂亮
turn over翻转；考虑；思考：移交；交出：
The engine turned over but wouldn't start.发动机转了一圈，但是没有起动
She turned over the problem in her mind.她仔细考虑了这个问题
turned over the illegal funds.交出了非法资金
My stomach turned over.我的胃在翻动
turn up开大，调高增加速度、音量，强度或流量：发现，找到：出现；到达：
turn up the public-address system.调高播音系统的音量
She turned up the missing papers under her blotter.她在记事本下找到了丢失的文件
The papers will turn up sooner or later.文件迟早会找到的
Several old friends turned up at the reunion.好几个老朋友出现在聚会上
by turns=One after another; alternately:轮流地，交替地：
“From the . . . testimony emerges a man by turns devious and honest, vulgar and gallant, scatterbrained and shrewd”(Life)
“从指证来看，一个人交替地表现为狡猾和诚实，粗鄙和豪侠，浮躁和精明”(生活)
in turn依次地，轮流地
out of turn未按照正当的次序或顺序地；不合时宜地，轻率地：
I may be speaking out of turn, but you might like to know that your attire does not conform to the dress code here.或许我说话有些不合时宜，但是你可能愿意知道你的衣着与这里的服装规则不相符
turn to向…求助；求教；翻到, 查阅, 转到指向, 转向；变成;着手; 开始工作
We often turn to this handbook for information on transistors.
我们常从这本手册查阅有关晶体管的资料。
Please turn to page twelve.请翻到十二页。
The conversation inevitably turned to the changes that had taken place in the village.
话题不可避免地转到谈村子里发生的变化。
10 beneficial adj.有利[益]的(to);
beneficial birds [insects]益鸟[虫]
be beneficial to有益于 Sunshine is beneficial to plants.阳光对植物有益。
Benefit n.利益；好处
It is said Yogo is of great benefit to human health.据说瑜咖功对人体健康有极大好处。
I did it for his benefit.我做这个是为了帮助他。
（常与from, by连用）获益；得益于
The plants benefited from the rain.植物得益于这场雨。
We benefit from daily exercises.我们得益于每天做操。
11 concern vt.关于；对…有关系Attend to what concerns you.注意与你有关的事物。
影响；关系This concerns us deeply.这事对我们关系极大。
This concerns the healthy growth of the children deeply.这事对孩子们的健康成长关系极大。
担心；担忧；挂念（常与with, about, in连用）
We're rather concerned about father's health.我们相当担心父亲的健康。
We're rather concerned about father's health.我们相当担心父亲的健康。
I am not concerned with the matter any longer. 我不再与此事有关了。
A good doctor should always concern himself with your health. 好医生应经常关心他人的健康。
They are very seriously concerned about the problems involved. 他们非常关心相关困难。
Everybody was deeply concerned at the news. 每个人都非常关心这条消息。
常用短语：have no concern with和...毫无关系
of much concern很重要， 很有关系 of no concern无关紧要， 没有意义
concern oneself about\ in\ with sth.忙于； 从事； 关心， 关切
12 cause n.原因；导致某事发生的人、事等
The heavy rain was the cause of the flood.大雨是导致洪水产生的原因。
动机；理由；根据(有理由)
There is no cause for concern, for the windstorm was not too serious.
那场风暴不太厉害,没必要担心。
vt.使发生, 引起;致使, 促使
What caused his failure?什么使得他失败了?
His absence caused me much trouble.他的缺席给我带来了许多麻烦。
Necessity caused me to come.我不得不来。
13 preserve vt.-served, -serving保护；防护；维护
The Town Council spent a lot of money to preserve the old castle and other places of historic interest.市政委员会花了不少钱来维修那座古城堡和其它古迹。
保存；保藏You can preserve meat or fish in salt.你可以用盐保存肉或鱼。
保持；维持preserve peace维持和平
It is one of the duties of the police to preserve public order.警察的职责之一是维持公共秩序。
13 directly adv.正好；直接地directly opposite the church正好在教堂对面
立刻；即刻；马上You must go to bed directly after tea.你喝完茶后必须立刻就上床。
The leaders will be there directly.领导人马上就到。
conj. 一…就；刚…就We came directly we got your telephone.我们一接到你的电话就赶来了。
14 wipe out 消灭，摧毁
The whole village was wiped out by the tsunami. 整个村子被海啸吞噬了。
The earthquake wiped out the town. 小镇毁于地震。
wipe out 擦掉，把……擦干净
Don’t forget to wipe out the sink when you’ve finished the dishes.
洗完碗碟后，不要忘记把洗碗池擦干净。
wipe off 擦掉，把……从……上面擦干净
Wipe the drawing off the blackboard before the teacher sees it.
在老师看到之前，先把黑板上的图画擦干净。
15 But I do agree that recycling may be the key to helping both sides.
但有一点我非常赞同：循环利用或许是对两者都有利的解决办法。
⑴ key“答案，解决办法”,to (prep.) + n. / prop. / doing
In my opinion, the key to solving the problem is to cooperate rather than argue.
依我的观点，解决这个问题的办法就是合作，而不是争吵。
Her very unhappy childhood is the key to the way she behaves now.
她的不幸的童年是目前表现不端的症结所在。
⑵ 下列词组中to为介词
listen to, refer to, pay attention to, look forward to, belong to, turn to, devote / give …to…\lead to\ get down to\get used to \the answer to
16 keep / carry … in mind 记住
I have tried to keep this advice in mind when writing this book.
在写这本书的时候，我尽量将这条建议记住。
There is one thing you must always carry in mind. 有一件事你必须一直记住。
与mind相关词组
make up one’s mind下决心 keep one’s mind on / upon专心注意，聚精会神
speak one’s mind说真心话
17 ask around 四处打听
I will ask around and see if anyone can help. 我要四处打听一下，看有没有人能够帮忙。
18 as long as(= so long as)只要
You may borrow this book as long as you promise to give it back.
只要你答应归还，你就可以把这书借走。
As /So long as you’re happy, it doesn’t matter what you do.只要你快乐，做什么并不重要。
19 run out（常与of连用）用光；耗尽
"Though they are running out of food and drink, the men are cheerful and confident that they will get out soon.""他们虽然已经水尽粮绝,但情绪都很好,并且深信他们很快就会出来的。"
run across偶然遇到
run after追逐，追踪
run away（常与from连用）逃走，逃脱;逃避，躲开
Word power
1 shame n.羞愧，羞耻； 惭愧
It's a shame. I should be at work instead of lying here in bed.
"真丢人,我应当在工作岗位上,而不是在这儿躺在床上。"
耻辱，不名誉He put her to shame.他使她感到羞耻。
惋惜的事；可耻的事
What a shame that it rained today.今天下雨了，真可惜。
vt. shamed, shaming使感到羞愧，可耻（常与into, out of连用）迫使某人因羞愧而做某事
常用短语：put sb./ sth. to shame使蒙耻 辱，使羞愧；使相形见绌
shame sb. into使某人感到羞愧而(不得不做某事)
shame sb. out of使某人感到羞愧而(不敢做某事
bring shame on [upon]给(某人或自己)带来耻辱
2 arrest vt.逮捕, 拘留, 吸引 n.逮捕, 拘留
be under arrest 被拘留
arrest sb. for因某事而逮捕某人
3 closely adv.紧密地,严密地
The two things are closely interconnected.这两个事物是相互紧密地联系在一起的。
close； closely
close, closely这两个词都可以用作副词，close表示“靠近”，closely则表示“紧密地”、“严密地”、“密切地”。如：
I went closer, and saw clearly a tall man in the moonlight．
Come close, I want to tell you something important．
The policeman followed the strange man closely．
The scientists got closely in touch with the astronauts．
Task
1 suspect n.嫌疑犯
adj.令人怀疑的, 不可信的, 可疑的
v.怀疑, 猜想, 对...有所觉察 suspect sb. of sth.疑心某人干某事
He seems poor, but I suspect that he has quite a lot of money.
他看上去很穷，可是我怀疑他很有钱。
The police have taken the suspect to the police station.警察把这个嫌疑犯送到了警察局。
suspect him to be ill猜想他病了
suspect sb. of giving false information怀疑某人提供假情报
2 combat n.战斗, 格斗
v.战斗, 搏斗, 抗击搏斗，斗争（with， against）; 为...奋斗（for）
combat diseases与疾病作斗争
combat with one's opponents与对手斗争
3 step n.步；迈步
He took a step towards the door.他向门口迈了一步。
一步的距离； 短距离
The school is only a step away.学校就在附近。
台阶；踏级， 阶梯的一级
There are two steps up onto the bus.上公共汽车有两级踏板。
步骤；措施
The first step in changing a car tire is to loosen the wheel.换轮胎的第一步是卸下车轮。
in step步伐一致；和谐
take steps (to do sth.)采取行动
step by step一步步地, 逐步地, 循序渐进地
step into进入;轻易地得到;开始做; 从事
4 decrease vi., vt.decreased, decreasing减少；变少；降低
The number of children in the school has decreased this year.今年在校的儿童人数减少了。
常用短语：decrease… to…减少到
decrease in size by...(尺寸)减少...
5 stock adj.常备的（货物）stock vt.储存，储备n.贮存，储存；存货
We have a large stock of tinned fruit.我们有大批水果罐头的存货。
They do not stock flowers, only fruit.他们不储存鲜花，只储存水果。
stock sizes常备的尺码
stock up for the winter贮存起来以备冬季使用
His head is well stocked with ideas.他的头脑里主意很多。
6 take measures采取措施
take [get] sb.'s measure (=take the measure of sb.)
量某人的尺寸, 估量某人的能力; 衡量某人; 判断某人的为人
made to measure量尺寸定做的(衣服等)
Mother measured me to see what size of dress I should have.
母亲给我量尺寸，好知道我该穿多大号的衣服。
They took strong measures against dangerous drivers.
他们对危害公众的司机采取强硬的措施。
Project
1 raise抬高；举起
He raised his arms above his head.他把手臂举过头顶。
提高；增加to raise salaries提高工资 to raise the rent提高租金
养育；栽培 to raise a family供养一家人
（常与up连用）提出
I wanted to raise a question to the chairman but in a moment I lost my nerve.
"我想向会议主席提一个问题,但立刻我又没有了勇气。"
引起；造成
His absence raised fears about his safety.他的不在引起人们对他安全的担心。
The use of animals in scientific tests raises some difficult ethical questions.用动物做科学试验引起了一些棘手的道德问题。
2 rely vi.relied, relying（与on, upon连用）依靠；依赖
rely on one's own efforts依靠自己的努力
信任；信赖,指望
You may rely on me.你可以信赖我。
relied on them to tell him the truth.他指望他们来告诉他真相
rely upon it that…放心
3 result n.结果, 成效, 计算结果 vi.起因, 由于, 以...为结果, 导致
to obtain good results获得良好效果
"As a result, there is often trouble in American families."
"因此,美国家庭中常常会出现麻烦事。"
The result of the game was five-nil / five-nothing.比赛结果是五比零。
vi.（常与from连用）由...而造成, 起于, 由于
（常与in连用）导致, 终于造成 ...结果
The accident resulted in three people being killed.这次事故造成三人死亡。
4 advise sb. of把...报告[通知]某人
advise with sb. on sth.同某人商量某事, 就某事请教某人
advise sb. against sth. 劝告
通知；告知
We are to advise you that the matter is under consideration.此事已在讨论中,特此通知。
We wish to advise you that you now owe the bank $500.你现欠银行五百美元,特此通知。
劝告；忠告
The doctor advised me to take more exercise.医生嘱咐我多加锻炼。
5 endanger vt.危及，危害
The polluted air in the city is badly endangering the health of the residents.
城里被污染的空气正严重地危及居民的健康。
Endangered adj.（生命等）有危险的,有灭绝危险的,将要绝种的
5 不满；少于 under $5五美元以下
在…之中；在…期间
under discussion在讨论中
There is a new music hall near here under construction.附近正在建造一座新的音乐大厅。
Your proposal is under consideration.你的提议正在考虑中。
under way进行中, 在行进
6 focusvt., vi.使集中于焦点；集中
to focus one's mind on work集中精力于工作
You must try to focus your mind on work and study.
(喻)你应该努力把思想集中在工作的学习上。
All eyes were focused on the speaker. (喻)大家的目光都集中在发言人身上。
focus out散焦
7 work out算出（总数）;设计出, 制作出;,解决
to work out a sum算出总数
带来好结果；有预期的结果
Things will work themselves out.事情会有好结果的。
运动；锻炼
to work out daily with sparring partner每天和拳击陪练员练习
work on对...起作用, 对...有影响;从事于, 致力于
8 range
射程What is the range of your gun?你的枪的射程有多远？
变动范围a wide rage of temperature气温变化很大
一套同类的不同物件
a range of gardening tools一套园艺工具
vt., vi.在…范围内变化
ranging between 5 and 15在5和15之间变化
排列；整理to range the goods neatly in the shop window把货物整齐地排列在商店橱窗里
in the range of在... 范围内; 在射程内
out of [beyond] range在射程外
9 prohibit vt.常与from连用）
prohibit sb. from doing sth. (=prohibit sb.'s doing sth.)禁止某人做某事
禁止；不准
Smoking is strictly prohibited in the process of handling explosive materials.
"在处理易爆物时,严格禁止吸烟。"
妨碍；阻止；使不可能
His small size prohibits his becoming a policeman.他的个子太小使他无法当警察。
10 appreciate感激；感谢
We appreciate your efforts for the development of the company.
我们感激你对公司发展所作的努力。
We greatly appreciate your timely help.我们非常感谢你们的及时帮助。
We shall appreciate hearing from you again.我们恭候佳音。