1 advantage n.优势, 有利条件, 利益.
(1)优势；长处
Mary speaks good English, but she has an advantage because her mother is English.
玛丽英语说得好，因为她有一个有利条件，她妈妈是英国人。
Many women think this is an advantage for men.许多妇女认为这是男人的优越之处。
(2)利益；便利
Is there any advantage in getting there early?早到那里是否值得?
常用短语：take advantage of利用很好地使用；利用：占…的便宜自私地获利；剥削：
take advantage of all educational opportunities.利用一切教育机会
took advantage of the customer.欺骗消费者
to advantage有利产生良好效果；有利于：
The roses were displayed to advantage in a blue vase.玫瑰插在蓝色的花瓶中，产生了良好的效果。
be of advantage to对...有利 to sb.'s advantage(=to the advantage sb.)
gain\have an\the advantage over胜过, 优于
give sb. an advantage over使某人处于更有利的地位
turn out to sb.'s advantage变得对某人有利
turn sth. to advantage使转化为有利, 利用某事物
with advantage有利地, 有效地
2 disadvantage n.不利；不利条件
His inability to speak English puts him at a disadvantage when he attends international conferences.他不会说英语，这使他在参加国际会议时于不利的地位。
His bad health is a great disadvantage for him to get a good paid job.
他体弱多病对他求得一个薪水很高的工作很不利。
(be) at a disadvantage处于不利地位
put sb. at a disadvantage使某人处于不利地位
to sb.'s disadvantage对某人不利, 使某人吃亏
3 conduct n.行为；举止；举动；品行
His conduct disagrees with his words.他言行不一。
vt., vi.行为；举止；为人；表现；处理； 经营；引导；实施
Your children conduct themselves well.你的孩子们表现甚佳。
My aunt conducts her business very successfully.我的婶婶把企业经营得很成功。
conduct an experiment做实验
conduct a survey进行侦察 conduct an opera指挥乐曲
常用短语：under the conduct of在...指导［管理］下
4 chargevt., vi.要价；索价；要人支付；收费
The fruit seller charged me too much money.这个水果商要了我很多的钱。
How much did he charge you for repairing the bicycle?他修理自行车收了你多少钱?
（与to, up to连用）记账；在帐册等上记入…
Don't forget to charge the money of the shoes to my account.别忘了把鞋钱记在我帐上。
（常与with连用）责令；公开指责；控诉
He was charged with stealing a car.他被指控偷了一辆汽车。
命令；使负责
She charged me to look after her daughter.她要我负责看管她的女儿。
（与with连用） 使负责
装满；充满：
charge a furnace with coal.往壁炉里装炭
（常与up连用）使充电Does your car battery charged easily?你那辆汽车的蓄电池容易充电吗?
常用短语：in charge of负责
The chief engineer was in charge of directing the building of the subway.
主任工程师负责指挥地铁的建造工程。
in the charge of sb.由某人负责, 由某人照料[管理]
at one's own charge(s)自费, 用自己的钱
take charge of负责, 看管
under the charge of在...看管[负责]之下
charge with控告(某人)犯(某罪)；[通常用被动态]给(枪、炮等)装上(弹药)；使承担
5 prove
vt.证明,证实prove sth.
prove that Facts have proved that the creative power of the people knows no limits.事实证明人民的创造力是无穷的。
prove oneself (to be) +adj./n.
He proved himself to be a great scientist.
link-v. prove (to be)+adj\n.
He proved a successful manager
The method / drug proved (to be) highly effective.这个方法/这种药证明是非常有效的。
The article has proved most useful.这篇文章证明非常有用。
He proved (to be) a doctor.他原来是个医生。
6 control
7 pick out挑选，选出：分辨从环境中辩认出；分辨出
picked out the best piece of silk.挑出最好的一匹丝绸
picked out their cousins from the crowd.从人群中认出他们的堂兄弟
pick on选择;（作挨骂或受罚对象）挑中（某人）
Why pick on me?为什么偏偏挑中我？
pick up捡起;获得;收听; 承载（客人，货物等）; 学得通过学习或经历获得（知识）：购买：染上（病）：不经意得到随便或偶然地获得：
pick up speed加速
My radio can pick up France.我的收音机可收听法国广播。
The bus picks up commuters at three stops.公共汽车在三个站载送通勤者
picked up French very quickly.很快地学起法语来
8 sense n.
官能, 感觉, 判断力, 见识, ...感, 意义, 理性
vt.感到, 理解, 认识
He has a good sense of smell.他的嗅觉很灵敏。
A sense of humour is a great asset for a person. (喻)幽默感是一个人的宝贵资产。
He sensed that his proposals were unwelcome.他觉得他的建议不受欢迎。
常用短语：in a sense在某一方面；就某种意义来说
in no sense决不是, 决非
make sense有 意义；意思清楚；有道理
make sense of理解；懂；明白
bring to one's senses使头脑正常[清醒过来], 开导某人, 使醒悟
there is no [some] sense in doing...做...是没有[有一些]道理的[意义的]
9 doubt n.怀疑；疑虑；未确定 [常用复]疑虑, 疑惧
There is no doubt that he is guilty.毫无疑问，他是有罪的。
I have (my) doubts about whether he is the best man for the job.
我怀疑他是否做这项工作的最好人选。
Please dismiss all doubts about it.请打消对此事的一切顾虑。
不信任；不相信We have no doubt of his ability.我们相信他的能力。
vt., vi.不确定；疑惑;不信任；怀疑看来…不会；不相信
I doubt that he'll come.我不相信他会来。
常用短语：beyond doubt[常作插入语]毫无疑问
throw doubt on对...产生怀疑, 使人对...产生怀疑
make no doubt(of) (对...)毫不怀疑;that)一定要设法确定
no doubt无疑地; [口]很可能
without (a) doubt无疑地
Unit 17
1 inspire 鼓励；激励
inspire sb. with hope激起某人的希望
I was inspired to work harder than ever before
.我受激励比以往任何时候都更加努力地工作。
inspire sth. in sb.使某人产生某种感情; 激发某人的某种感情
inspire sb. with sth.使某人产生某种感情; 激发某人的某种感情
inspire sth. into sb.把某种思想灌输给某人
2 mean adj.低劣的, 卑鄙的, 普通的, 吝啬的, 简陋的,不舒服的
vt.意谓, 想要, 预定 vi.用意, 有意义
I meant to give you this book today, but I forgot.
我本来打算今天给你这本书的，可是我忘了。
Peter's father was very mean; he never gave Peter any new clothes.
彼得的父亲很小气，他从不给彼得添新衣服。
He means this house for his daughter.他预定把这栋房子给女儿。
He was meant for [to be] a doctor.本来是准备把他培养成为医生的。
习惯用语：（1）be meant to do照道理[照规矩]应该必须；得要；
（2）Do you mean to say ...?你的意思是说...吗? 难道...吗?
（3）What do you mean by ...?你这是什么意思?
(=What on earth do you mean by ...?) 你怎么胆敢...? 你怎么竟然...?
（4）mean much [a great deal] to sb.对某人很重要; 对某人很可贵
（5）mean sb. for准备让某人干某工作
3 just in the corner
4 threaten vt., vi.恫吓；威胁
His father threatened to beat the boy if he stole again.
男孩的父亲威胁说如果他再偷东西的话，就要揍他。
预示…的恶兆；使有…的危险
The river of liquid rock threatened to surround him completely, but Tazieff managed to escape just in time.这股岩浆威胁着要将他团团围住,但泰哲夫还是设法及时躲开了。
5 die down渐弱，消退没劲了；平静了：
The winds died down.风渐渐平息了
die off相继死亡种群突然急剧的衰减：
Rabbits were dying off in that county.在那个地区的兔子相继死亡了，直至灭绝
die out灭绝完全的灭亡；灭绝：
tribes and tribal customs that died out centuries ago.部落和部落文化在几个世纪前就消灭了
6 regret n.遗憾, 悔恨, 抱歉, 歉意 vt.为...感到遗憾, 后悔, 惋惜, 哀悼, 懊悔 vi.感到抱歉
I regret spending so much money on a car.我后悔在一辆小汽车上花这么多钱。
I regret to say I cannot come.很抱歉，我不能来了。
He told me with regret that he could not come to the party.他很抱歉地对我说他不能来参加这个聚会了。
Much to my regret , I'm unable to accept your kind invitation.我不能接受你盛情的邀请, 非常遗憾。
express regret at [for, over]对...表示可惜[遗憾], 为...表示抱歉
7 value n 价值, 估价, 评价, 价格, [数]值, 确切涵义
vt.估价, 评价, 重视;尊重；珍视
What is the value of your house?你的房子值多少钱？
Your help has been of great value.你的帮助很有价值。
He valued the ring at $80.他估计这枚戒指值80美元。
I value your advice.我尊重你的劝告。
of no value没有价值的
value at估(某物的)价为
8 term n.学期, 期限, 期间, 条款, 条件, 术语
a term of office任期
to get a term of seven years in prison被判7年徒刑
He was made captain of the football team for a term of one year.
他被推选为足球队队长，任期一年。
(pl) 合同或协议书的条件、条款、细则
come to terms with与…达成协议
If you agree to my terms -- free meals and good wages - I will work for you.
如果你同意我的条件，免费用餐并给高薪，我就为你工作。
习惯用语：come to terms屈服; 妥协; 达成协议; 接受条件, 对...采取将就态度
during one's term of office在任职期间
in terms of依..., 据...; 从...方面; 从...角度来讲; 关于, 在...方面, 就...来说
in the long term从长远观点来看
in the short term就眼前来说
keep terms with sb.和...继续谈判, 与某人保持友好关系
9 promise
break [go back] one's [a] promise违背诺言, 违约
give [show] promise有希望, 有前途
keep one's [a] promise遵守诺言, 守约
make [give] a promise答应, 许诺
of great [high] promise大有希望的, 前程远大的
promise well很有希望, 前景很好
10 bear vt., vi.bore, borne, bearing
载运；带走负荷；负重;生（孩子）生产（农作物或水果）;忍受
Different trees bear different fruits.什么样的树结什么样的果。
He bears a grudge against me because I took his place in the office.
他对我怀恨在心,因为我取代了他在办公室里的位置。
to bear pain忍痛
bear with容忍；忍耐
We have to bear with his bad temper because he is a bit frustrated these days.
我们不得不容忍他的坏脾气因为这些日子他有点灰心丧气。
11 hang vt., vi.hung; hanging悬挂
to hang a picture on the wall把画挂在墙上
I hung my coat (up) on a hook.我把外套挂在挂钩上。
吊死hanged
12 fame n.名声, 名望 vt.(常用被动语态)使闻名, 使有名望, 盛传
ill fame丑名, 恶名
The city is famed for its scenic spots.该市以风景优美著称。
Famed adj.闻名的, 有名的, 出名的; 负有盛名的
be famed for以...出名
come to fame成名
Unit 18
1 settle vt., vi定居；使定居
My son has settled happily in America.我儿子已在美国愉快地定居了。
安置；安顿We are settled in our new home.我们住入新居。
落下；栖息The insect settled on a leaf.一只昆虫落在一片树叶上。
使平静，使安静，使镇静
Wait until the excitement has settled down.等到兴奋的情绪镇静下来再说。
决定，确定；解决
We have settled who will pay for the meal.我们已经定了由谁来付饭钱。
They settled the dispute among themselves.他们自己把这个争论解决了。
〈法〉和解
偿清，付还Please settle your account immediately.请立刻结清你的欠帐。
常用短语：settle one's affairs最后一次安排好自己的事
settle down安顿下来过稳定有序的生活：
He settled down as a farmer with a family.他与一家人安顿下来务农
平静变得不紧张或安静
settle for勉强接受尽管不完全满意也能接受：
had to settle for a lower wage than the one requested.不得不接受一个比所需低的工资
2 voyage n.航程, 航空, 航海记, 旅行记 vi.航海, 航行 vt.渡过, 飞过
journey trip tour voyage expedition都含“旅行”的意思。
journey 应用范围很广, 指“有预定地点的陆上、水上或空中的单程长、短途旅行”, 一般来说, 它着重指“长距离的陆上的旅行”, 如:
He decided to make a journey to New York by air.他决定乘飞机去纽约。
trip 为一般用语, 指“任何方式的, 从事业务或游览的旅行”, 往往着重于“短途旅行”, 在口语中, 可与journey 互换, 如:
He made a trip to the Great Wall yesterday.昨天他游览了长城。
tour 指“以游览、视察、购物等为目的的旅行”, 常含有“最后回到原出发点”的意思, 如:
He is going to make a round-the-world tour.他要周游全球。
voyage 主要指“乘船作水上旅行”, 也可指”空中旅行”, 如:
He got seasick during the voyage.在航行中他晕船。
excursion 指“娱乐性的短途旅行”, 如:
She went on excursion to the West Lake.她到西湖去游玩了。
expedition指“有特定目的的远征或探险”, 如:
They're going to make an expedition to the South Pole.他们要去南极探险。
3 possession
Un.有, 所有, 拥有; 占有
[pl. ]所有物; 财产, 财富;
a man of great possessions富人
personal possessions个人财产
How did you get possession of it?你是怎样得到它的?
He gave up possession of the house.他放弃了这房子的所有权。
常用短语：in possession of sth.占有某物
in one's [sb.'s] possession (=in the possession of sb.)(某物)为某人所占有[持有]
take possession of获得, 占有; 购得；占据, 占领
3 make up弥补, 虚构, 缝制, 整理, 包装, 和解,化妆；补足；组成
She made up her face to look prettier.她把脸化了妆以便看上去漂亮些。
The boy made up a story; it was not true.男孩编了个故事，这故事不是真的。
make up a bed整理床铺
make up for补偿
How can we make up to you for what you have suffered?我们如何补偿你所遭受的损害？
make up for lost time补回失去的时间
make over更改；修改〈法〉转让财产
Can you make over this old shirt?你能修改这件旧衬衫吗？
His wealth was made over to his children.他的财产已移交他的孩子们了。
make out勉强了解；开出，写（支票、账目等）成功；有（友好）关系；理解, 懂得
辨认出；声称；伪装；把…说成
He immediately sat down and made out a check.他立刻坐下来开了一张支票。
How did you make out with your classmates?你和同班同学关系如何？
He makes out he's younger than me.他声称比我年轻。
make of懂得；了解；解释
I can't make of what he wants.
make it及时到达；成功
make one's way前去；去
make into制成, 做成; 使转变为
make from [make up from]用...制成, 用...做成
4 relation n.关系, 联系, 叙述, 故事, 亲戚
Some of my relations, my mother's aunt and uncle, live in America.我有些亲戚，如我母亲的姑姑和叔叔，住在美国。
关系；联系the relation between wages and prices工资和物价的关系
in [with] relation to关于...,就...而论
have relations with和...有(某种)关系
make relation to提及..., 读到...
relationship n.亲戚关系
‘Do you know her relationship to that girl?’ ‘She's her sister.’
“你知道她和那个女孩有什么亲戚关系吗？”“她是她的妹妹。”
关系；联系The teacher has a very good relationship with her students.
这位老师和学生们关系很好。
5 beyond prep.在(到)...较远的一边, 超过, 那一边 adv.在远处
prep.在（到）…较远的一边
What lies beyond the mountains?山的那一边有什么？
晚于；超过This work is beyond my grasp.这件工作非我力所能及。
Don't stay there beyond midnight.不要过了午夜还留在那儿。
为…所不能及；多于；超出
Understanding this article is beyond my capacity.我看不懂这篇文章。
The fruit is beyond my reach.那个果子我够不着
It is beyond me.[口]我能力所不及; 我不能理解。
beyond sb.为某人所不能理解
6 off adv.离开, 在远方, 离去, 分离, 中断, 完成
prep.从...离开, 脱离
to drive off开走 cut off the gas关上煤气 Turn the light off.把灯关掉。
相距，隔着12 nautical miles off12海里以外 several years off隔好几年
不工作，休息 have Sunday off星期日休息
Keep off the grass.勿践踏草坪。
The ship was blown off course.船被吹离了航道。
We are going off the subject.我们离题了。
在离…海的附近an island off the coast of southeast东南沿海的一个岛屿
7 sign n.标记, 符号, 记号, 征兆, 迹象, 征候
v.签名(于), 署名(于)～, 签署
身势，姿势；信号He made a sign for me to follow him.他向我示意跟着他（走）。
告示；标语； 牌示，牌子The sign by the road said ‘No Parking'.路边的牌子上写着“禁止停车”。
迹象；征兆；征候There are no signs of life about the house.这房子没有有人住的迹象。
Sign mark都含"标记"、"征兆"的意思。
sign 系常用词, 指"具有一定含义的任何有形或无形的符号或标志, 它的表示可以是实物、表情、动作、文字、语言及任何痕迹或征兆", 如:
There is a stop sign at an intersection .在交叉路口处有停车标志。
mark 指"为某一目的有意作的标记", 也指"无意留下或自然形成的痕迹", 如:
Suffering left its mark on his face.苦难的经历在 他脸上留下了痕迹。
补充
Unit 16-
10 recognize：用作动词，有以下义项：认出；承认；分辨出。
Eg. Though she changed so much, I recognized her at first sight.
They recognized him to be a great leader.
Do you recognize (=make out) his handwriting?
注意：recognize, realize和know的区别：recognize=know again; make out“认出；分辨出”；realize=come to know“意识到”；know“认识”
11 comfort：表示“舒适；安慰”时为抽象名词，表示“令人感到安慰的人或事”时为可数名词。Eg. He lives in great comfort. 他生活极为舒适。
It is a comfort to know that she is safe.得知她平安无事，是一个安慰。
comfortable adj. 舒服的。Eg. The chair is comfortable to sit in.
12 pick out：精心挑选；辨别出；
Eg. She picked out the shoes that match the dress.
Can you pick out your brother in the crowd? I managed to pick out the passage.
相关归纳：（1）pick at申诉；指责；吃一点点
Eg. His mother picked at him for being lazy.
The sick woman just picked at the food he brought.
（2）pick on选择某人
Eg. The teacher always picked on me to answer a hard question.
（3）pick up拾起；让乘客上车；驾车接某人；恢复；偶然得到；接收广播
Eg. I picked up the book on the ground.
I’ll pick you up at your home.
After staying in hospital for long, the patient was advised to go to the seaside to pick up his health.
It’s easy for my radio to pick up VOA English.
He picked up some French while he was away on a business trip in Paris.
（4）pick over慎重地调查；仔细地检查
Eg. He picked over a basket of apples.
13 bring out：使显示, 出版, 生产, 说出
Eg. Difficulties can bring out a person’s best qualities.困难可以显现一个人的最佳品质。
She has brought out two new books at the same time.
The company is bringing out a new kind of soap.
相关归纳：（1）bring up抚养；提出；呕吐
Eg. He has brought up five children.
He was ill and brought up his dinner.
（2）bring down使价格降低
Eg. I don’t know what brought down the price of clothing.
（3）bring about引起；导致=cause to happen
Eg. What brought about the forest fire?
（4）bring in引进；赚取
Eg. The new policy brings in a lot of new fashion.
The sale brought us in over $1000.那笔买卖使我们赚了一千多美元。
We have brought in a good grain harvest for three years on end.我们已经连续三年获得了粮食丰收。
(5）bring forward提出；提议;把…提前(= put forward)
We'll bring the party forward.我们要把晚会提前
Eg. Now I’d like to bring forward the question of funds.我现在提出资金的问题。
（6）bring back带回；使忆起
Eg. The landscape brought back my hometown which I had left five years before.
注意：bring out在表示“出版”的意思时，相当于publish，
为及物动词短语。而短语come out表示“出版”的意思时，为不及物动词，不能用于被动语态。Eg. When does John’s new book come out.
bring out生产；制造to bring out a new kind of soap生产一种新肥皂
使显露to bring out the worst in sb.使（某人）显露其最丑恶的一面
(7) bring off办成功
Though it was a very difficult job, Helen was able to bring it off successfully ahead of schedule.
尽管那项工作很艰巨,海伦还是成功地提前完成了任务。
(8) bring up教育；养育;提出；引出;呕吐
to bring up the question提出问题
(9) bring on引起；导致
Working out in the rain for a long time may bring on a fever.
在雨中工作很长时间可能使人发高烧。
The use of natural fertilizer can bring the crops on nicer than the use of chemical fertilizer.
使用天然肥料比使用化肥使庄稼长得更好。
14 “花费”的句型还有：sb. +spend +money/time +on sth./(in) doing sth.; sb. +pay money +for sth.; It takes sb. some time to do sth.; pay money for sth.; buy sth. for money
15 go on doing, go on to do, go on with, continue
go on doing sth.指继续做同一件事。
go on to do sth.指接着做另外一件事。
go on with sth.指继续同一件事，此时with后能接名词、代词，不能跟v.-ing形式。
continue继续同一件事，也可以是另一件事。该词有以下用法：a. continue +n; b. continue doing/to do; c. continue (to be) +adj.
Unit 17--18
13 admire：用作及物动词，主要义项有：赞赏；佩服；称赞等。
Eg. I admire him for his sincerity. 我钦佩他的诚实。
Don’t forget to admire the baby.不要忘了夸奖那婴儿。
其名词为admirer赞美者； admiration感叹；钦佩；赞美
注意：admire和envy的区别：envy的侧重点在于强调“羡慕和嫉妒”
14 turn to：转向, 变成, 求助于
Eg. He turned to me and said hello to me.
If you are in trouble, please turn to me.
相关归纳：（1）turn on/off开/关（电器、煤气等）
（2）turn up开大；调高（音量、煤气等）；露面
Eg. He hasn’t turned up yet. Will you turn up the radio?
（3）turn down关小；调低（音量、煤气等）；拒绝
Eg. Our request for a pay rise was turned down again.
（4）turn out关掉；熄灭；结果是；证明；生产
Eg. The day turned out fine.
It turned out that he had never been there.
The factory can turn out 1,000 cars a day.
（5）turn over翻地；翻身；翻倒；仔细考虑
Eg. The farmers turned over the soil with a fork to destroy the weeds.
He turned over in the bed and couldn’t fall asleep.
He turned it over in his mind.
（6）turn against背叛；反抗
Eg. For this many of his former friends turned against him.
注意：turn to短语中的to为介词，后面不能使用动词原形。相似的还有：devote…to…；pay attention to；refer to等。但是，He turned to go out.的意思为“他转身走了出去。
15 so far, as far as, so far as
so far“到目前为止”，常跟现在完成时连用。可置于句首，句中或句末。
as far as=so far as“直到；同样运的距离”，as far as既可用于肯定句，亦可用于不定句，而so far as仅用于肯定句，也可表示“就……而言，至于”，两者可互换。
Exercises:
(1). _____ we have learned English for six years.
(2). Your work has been good _____ this year.
(3). We didn’t go _____ the others.
(4). _____ I know he will be away for three months.
(5). He will help you _____ he can.
16 deal with, do with, do without
do with为及物动词短语。用于特殊疑问句时一般用what引导。含有“处理；处置”“对待（不用被动语态）”“以……将就（不用被动语态）”“放置（常用过去时或完成时态，不用被动语态）”“忍受（与cannot连用，不用被动语态）”等意思。
do without的意思为“没有……也行；将就”“用不着”。
deal with为及物动词短语。用于特殊疑问句时一般用how引导。主要义项有：对付；处理；论及……（和do with同义，主要区别在于特殊疑问词）；相处；与……交易（不用于被动语态）
Exercises:
(1). Your clothes are worn out. What did you _____ them?
(2). He didn’t know what to _____ the property his father had left.
(3). The new teacher didn’t know what to _____ the class.
(4). Butter was so expensive that we had to _____ margarine(人造奶油) in those days.
(5). What have you _____ papers for the meeting?
(6). I cannot _____ the loud noise.
(7). We cannot _____ a telephone in our business.
(8). There wasn’t any coffee left, so we had to _____.
(9). He knows well how to _____ children.
(10). I think the problem should be _____ quickly.
(11). This book _____ ancient history of China.