Part One Teaching Design
第一部分 教学设计
Aims and requirements
Read a speech made by a UN Goodwill Ambassador and the diary entry of a Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) nurse
Listen to a news report about problems in the mountains in northern Thailand
Discuss the work and skills of a UN Goodwill Ambassador and talk about ways in which students could help children in poor areas
Write a proposal suggesting ways to help poor children
Make an action plan of things you could do to help your community
Procedures
● Welcome to the Unit
Step 1: Brainstorming
As we all known, we human beings are often stricken by natural disasters. Can you name some of them?
flood, fire, volcano, earthquake, typhoon, hurricane, tsunami, desertification, sandstorm
tornado, drought…
Do they have anything in common? What’s it?
They share one common feature, that is, they cause a great deal of damage to buildings and hurt lots of people.
Would you ask for help if you were involved in a natural disaster? Which organization or person would you turn to for help?
firemen, policemen, PLA men, doctors, governments, Red Cross, hospitals, first-aid station…
Step 2: Sharing information
1. Let’s watch a series of news first. What can we learn from the news?
The whole world is a large family. We make every effort to help the people in trouble, no matter who they’re.
To help the people in trouble more efficiently, more and more international organizations are set up. They help many people around the world to have better lives, especially when things go wrong. What organizations do you know of that can help with the people in trouble?
For reference
美国慈善国际组织（Mercy Corps）
英国全球伙伴组织（Global Partner）
爱尔兰关怀组织（Ireland’s Concern）
法国“泪水”基金会（French Tear Fund）
亚洲医生联合协会（AMDA）
世界宣明会(World Vision)
…
For reference
Actually, there are many governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations that aim at improving the harsh situations. The International Committee of the Red Cross is dedicated to providing humanitarian aids in different areas around the world. Doctors Without Borders or Medecins Sans Frontieres ( MSF) is an independent international medical relief organization that aids victims of armed conflicts, epidemics and natural and man-made disasters, and others who lack health care due to social or geographical isolation, There are also some other organizations in the world which serve the purpose of offering help to those in need.
2. Look at the six pictures at page 49, these pictures present situations where people need international aid. Let’s have a discussion about them.
Picture 1
Can you guess from the caption what the main tasks of peacekeeping soldiers are?
To keep the peace in the countries or areas where there have been wars or conflicts.
Do you think these soldiers play an important role in maintaining the world peace?
Do you think this kind of job is very demanding, challenging and risky? Why or why not?
When you grow up, would you like to do this kind of job if you had the chance? Why or why not?
Picture 2
What can you see in the picture?
It is a picture of African children living in a poverty-stricken area. They suffer from malnutrition and hunger because of lack of food..
Can you imagine what will happen to these hungry children if nobody helps?
Some of them may die of hunger.
How do you feel when you see this picture?
How can we help them?
Picture 3
What can you see in the picture?
A flooded area.
Suppose your home was struck by a flood, what would your life be like? Would you still live a normal life as before?
No. For example, the roads would be blocked by the broken trees; the means of communication and traffic-roads and railway would be cut off.
Picture 4
What can you see in the picture?
Water is being pumped into the fields.
What factors can ensure a good harvest?
Proper methods of farming, fertile soil, sufficient volume of rainfall, enough sunlight, advanced technology, etc.
What would happen if there was not enough water for farming?
Farmers would be very worried about their crops if there was a drought, as a drought sometimes can cause a famine.
Picture 5
What is the doctor in the picture doing?
Working to help people in poor countries.
Why do you think that doctors and nurses need to go to poor areas or countries to help?
People in poor areas don’t have money to go to hospital if they are ill. In addition, hospitals in these areas cannot provide the doctors and nurses with enough training or equipment.
Picture 6
Apart from the problems listed above, people in poverty are still facing many other difficulties. Can you name some of them?
Do you think children can receive good education and good medical care in poor areas?
Can their daily necessities be guaranteed? If not, what will happen?
For reference
International aid aims to help people, especially those in the poverty-stricken areas in some developing countries, to improve their living standards and better their lives.
Besides, it offers timely and appropriate medical help and provides sufficient educational opportunities for the children. For more information, you can visit the following website: http: //www.gospelcom.net / ia /
Step 3: Discussion
Have you ever helped people in need? What did you do to help them?
Yes, I have. I remember when I was in primary school, the teacher asked us to donate our pocket money to Project Hope. I gave all my pocket money that I saved a long time. Though it was not much, I still wanted to do something to show that I cared. I also had a pen friend from a rural area in northern China when I was in junior high school. Apart from exchanging information about our lives with her, I occasionally mailed her some of my spare books and stationery. During the Spring Festival, I also shared my red packets with her.
Step 4: Homework
1. Collect more information about international organizations helping people in need.
2. Prepare the Reading part.
Reading The UN-bringing everyone closer together
Step 1: Lead-in
Now, we’re studying in the large, bright classroom equipped with advanced facilities. In this environment, most of us believe we can realize our dreams as long as we work hard. But look at these pictures. Do you think they have dreams as well? What do you think they can do to realize their dreams?
So, we know that in other parts of the world, there are lots of children who are still struggling with starvation or war. Have you ever thought about doing something for those children to help them realize their dreams? If you have, what would you do?
For reference
1. Make a donation to help more children in poor areas to attend school.
2. Help to raise the public’s awareness about the plight of the poor.
…
Step 2: Fast reading for general ideas
Go through the passage as quickly as possible and try to find answers to the three questions in part A on Page 50. Just focus on and identify the information needed to answer these questions.
Answers
A 1 A businesswoman and a Goodwill Ambassador.
2 191 countries.
3 Countries in Africa.
Step 3: Detailed reading for important information
1. Let’s read the speech a second time and complete Parts C1 and C2 on page 52
Answers
C1 1 An international group made up of countries that want to increase peace.
2 Honoured and happy.
3 They come from different countries that belong to the UN.
4 She mainly visits countries where the UN has programmes to help people.
5 Baskets. They sell them at the market.
6 Lack of education, lack of money, lack of food, poverty, disasters and disease.
7 Access to fresh drinking water for everyone and primary education for all children.
C2 1 F 2 F 3 T 4 F 5 T 6 T
2. Listen to the tape and choose the best answers to the following questions:
(1) What occupation does Tang Ning take up in the UN?
A. The Secretary-General.
B. A Goodwill Ambassador.
C. The spoken man.
D. A clerk.
(2) How much money does she earn by doing the job?
A. She earns a lot.
B. She volunteers. She gets no salary for the job.
C. She earns some, though not much.
D. It isn’t mentioned in the article.
(3) What project or projects has she been involved in?
A. She helps develop the world’s education.
B. She helps deal with such problems as poverty and disasters.
C. She visits countries where the UN has programmes to help people.
D. She visits the poorest areas in the world.
Keys BBC
3. Now read the speech a third time and fill in the table with the correct answers.
The United Nations
When it was set up After the Second World War in October 1945
Countries in the UN (originally) 51 countries
(recently) 191 countries
Problems it deals with helps end some of the world’s most horrible conflicts; assists the victims of wars and disasters; protects human rights; improves international laws; helps with other problems such as lack of education, lack of food, poverty, disasters and diseases
Its four main purposes to keep international peace
to develop friendly relationships among nations
to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights
to be a center for organizing the actions or work of different nations
Goals it promises to achieve by 2015 eight goals, one of which is to ensure that fresh drinking water is available to everyone and another is that all children complete primary education
Step 4: Practice
1. Let’s complete Parts D (Refer to the text while completing part D)
Answers
D 1. d 2. f 3. a 4. g 5. I 6.h 7. e 8. c 9. b
2. Now, let’s read an article about Tang Ning’s speech by a newspaper reporter and fill in the blanks with the given words. After that, you’ll be more familiar with the speech. Finish the exercise by yourselves and we’ll check the answers later together.
Answers
(1)honoured (2)international
(3)purposes (4)laws
(5)poverty (6)disasters
(7)encourage (8)drinking water
Step 5: Post-reading activities
1. Pair work:
Now, have a discussion with your partner. Suppose you are a journalist from a local newspaper and have the chance to interview Tang Ning. What other thins do you want to ask her apart from what you already know?
For reference
Ms Tang, I’m very happy to have the chance to interview you today. I know that you do lots of work for the UN but you get no pay. Why do you choose to work without pay? Do you think it’s rewarding? Do you think international organizations like the UN play a significant part in helping those in need and developing society? What if we lived in a world without organizations like the UN?
2. Group work:
Let’s hold a debate: If Tang Ning was not a successful businesswoman, do you think she would still be chosen to be a Goodwill Ambassador?
3. Let’s come to Part F. Work in pairs and share your opinions with each other.
4. Discussion: How do you understand the title The UN-bringing everyone closer together?
Step 6: Language points
Vocabulary Words refer, operate, honour, purpose, touch, conflict, worthy, press, draw, lack, remote
Useful expressions refer to, feel honoured to do, take on, be based on, be involved in, draw one’s attention, add…to…, under the umbrella of, apart from, set out, on behalf of
Sentence patterns 1. I am pleased to have …, as it is more often referred to.
2. As you know, the UN touches the lives of people everywhere.
3. Now let me tell you about the work I have been doing with them.
4. One of the goals is to ensure…. Another is to ensure….
Step 7: Homework
Parts A1 and A2 on page124 in Workbook.
●Word power
Step 1: Brainstorming
1. As we all know, the United Nations plays a very important role in handling world affairs. It touches many parts of our daily lives. The UN works in agriculture, economic growth, education, health, environment, global partnerships and some other fields. The UN is connected to many different organizations that do different projects or programmes.
To know more about the UN organizations, we need to do some research. I suggest you look in newspapers, magazines, books in the library and perhaps on the Internet for more information about how many divisions and organizations are connected to the UN and what they are.
For reference
The UN organizations
Programmes and Funds
1.UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
2. WFP World Food Programme
3. UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
4.UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHSP)
5. UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
6. UNCDF United Nations Capital Development Fund
7. UNV United Nations Volunteers
8. UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women
9. UNDP United Nations Development Programme
10. UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNEP United Nations
Environment Programme
1. UNDCP United Nations Drug Control Programme
2. ITC International Trade Centre (UNCTAD/WTO)
3. UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
Specialized Agencies
1. ILO International Labor Organization
2. FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
3. UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
4. WHO World Health Organization
World Bank Group
1. IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
2. IDA International Development Association
3. IFC International Finance Corporation
4. MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
5. ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
6. IMF International Monetary Fund
7. ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
8. IMO International Maritime Organization
9. ITU International Tele-communication Union
10. UPU Universal Postal Union
11. WMO World Meteorological Organization
12. WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
13. IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
14. UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
15. WTO World Tourism Organization
Step 2: Vocabulary learning
1. First, I’d like to ask you some questions to see whether you’ve got some information about the UN?
Which organizations did you find are connected to the UN?
Please choose one organization and tell us when it was set up. What does the organization mainly focus on?
What do you think of its role in the UN or in the world?
2. Let’s read an article found in the library about the different organizations connected to the UN. Try to know the main functions of these organizations. After that, we’ll have a discussion.
Suppose an island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean has been struck by a terrible hurricane. All the supplies have been cut off, roads have been blocked and lots of people have been blocked and lots of people have been injured. If so, what organizations or programmes could they turn to for help?
Which organizations contribute a lot to the equal education of children and equal treatment of women?
What do the letters E, S and C in UNESCO stand for? In your opinion, what is UNESCO responsible for?
3. Now we’ve had a better understanding of the organizations of the UN. Let’s try to complete the chart on Part B.
Answers
B (2) Food and Agricultural Organization
(3) UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(4) World Health Organization
(5) International Civil Aviation Organization
(6) Universal Postal Union
(7) World Bank group
(8) International Monetary Fund
(10) UN Environment Progamme
(11) UN Drugs Control Programme
(12) UN Development Programme
(13) UN Development Fund for Women
Step3: Vocabulary extension
1. Now let’s come to part C on page 27. Read the passage and fill in the blanks correctly.
Answers
C (1) International Monetary Fund
(2) International Civil Aviation Organization
(3) Universal Postal Union
(4) UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(5) Food and Agricultural Organization
(6) International Labour organization
(7) World Health Organization
2. Do you know what UN and NGOs stand for? Can you give the full name of them?
This shortened version of the name of something is called an acronym. It consists of the first letter of each word of the name. As for the pronunciation of an acronym, it is sometimes read as individual letters and sometimes read as a new word.
Now, please work out the acronyms on P55.
Answers
D
IMF International Monetary fund
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization
ILO International Labour Organization
UNESCO United nations Educational, scientific and cultural organization
WHO World Health Organization
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
3. Now, I’ll give you more acronyms of international organizations. Do you know their full name?
WTO World Trade Organization
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
ADB Asian Development bank
ICRC International Committee of the red Cross
ITU International Telecommunication Union
4. Reading:
words: 127 time: 2’10’’
Origin of World Refugee Day
For years, many countries and regions have been holding their own Refugee Days and even Weeks. One of the most widespread is Africa Refugee Day, which is celebrated on 20 June in several countries.
As an expression of solidarity with Africa, which hosts the most refugees, and which traditionally has shown them great generosity, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 55/76 on 4 December 2000. In this resolution, the General Assembly noted that 2001 marked the 50th anniversary of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, and that the Organization of African Unity (OAU) had agreed to have International Refugee Day coincide with Africa Refugee Day on 20 June. The Assembly therefore decided that, from 2001, 20 June would be celebrated as World Refugee Day.
Step 4: Homework
Read the transcript in Part B on page 129 in Workbook.
● Grammar and Usage
Step 1: General introduction
This section teaches four other cases that need to use unreal conditionals. You’ll learn the forms of mixed unreal conditionals, words that can replace if-clauses in implied conditionals and the usage of wish or would rather in unreal conditionals.
Step 2: Revision
As we learned in the last unit, when a sentence is talking about something that is not real or currently impossible, the verb will be used in a special form that expresses a wish, possibility, condition, etc.
Here’re some exercises for you. Choose the best answers:
1. Had you listened to the doctor, you _____ all right now.
A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been
2. _____ any change about the date, please tell me immediately.
A. Will there be B. Should there be C. There will be D. There should be
3. _____ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave D. If he leave
4. Should it rain, the crops _____ .
A. would be saved B. would have been saved
C. will be saved D. had been saved
5. You _____ come earlier. The bus left a moment ago.
A. would B. should have C. may D. have
6. What should we do if it _____ tomorrow?
A. should snow B. would snow C. snow D. will snow
7. You _____ such a serious mistake if you had followed his advice.
A. may not make B. might not make
C. shouldn’t have made D. might not have made
8. If it were not for the fact that you _____ ill, I would ask you to do this right now.
A. were B. had been C. are D. should be
Keys 1-5 CBCAB 6-8 ADC
Step 3: Explanation and practice
1. We should first pay attention to the forms of the predicate verbs in different tenses when we use sentences in unreal conditional. Let’s remember how to form unreal conditionals of the present, past or future time.
tense If-- clause main clause
present did(were) would/ should/ could/ might do
past had done would/ should/ could/ might have done
future did，should do，were to do would/ should/ could/ might do
2. We use mixed conditionals when the main clause and the if-clause are about different tenses.
e.g. 1) If you had come and attended the meeting yesterday, you would know what we are doing now.
2) If you had followed my advice, you would not be in trouble now.
Now, complete Part A. Pay attention to the different tenses in the if-clause and the main clause.
Answers
A (1) had not studied (2) would not be
(3) had studied (4) would have
(5) knew (6) would be
(7) could help (8) would not be
3. Read Point 2. Sometimes we can use otherwise, or and phrases beginning with with, without and but for to replaces a if-clause in implied conditionals. Pay attention to the verb form in the main clauses.
4. In adverbial clauses introduced by even if, as if, as though and if only we can use unreal conditionals.
In object clauses after wish or would rather the subjunctive verb forms are often used because the speaker thinks what is said in the clause is currently not true or possible, or will not happen. You should know different subjunctive verb forms are used in the object clause according to the time that the event happened or will happen.
e.g. 1) I wish you had met him yesterday.
2) Without your help , we couldn’t have made such progress in my study in the past few years .
3) If only you hadn’t told him what I said! Everything would have been all right.
4) Without electronic computers, much of today's advanced technology couldn’t have been achieved.
5. Read the dialogue in Part B and fill in each blank with a proper word or phrase according to the meaning of the sentence.
Answers
B
(1) Without (2) otherwise/or (3) otherwise/or (4) wish (5)With
(6) Without (7) even if (8)without (9) If only (10) as if
For reference
动词的语气--虚拟语气
一、语气的定义和种类
l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2、语气的种类：
(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!
(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。
(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！
二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:
从 句 主 句
与现在事实相反 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were） would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词
与将来事实相反 动词过去式，should + 动词原形，were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。
l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。
2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。
3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。
4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)
5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:
(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。
(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。 I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)
6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。
(1)省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)
(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)
三、虚拟语气的其他用法
l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：
(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had十过去分词"。如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would十动词原形"。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。
(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。
3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
(1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone t his office. 即使生了病，他俩去办公室。
(2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had十过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。
注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"It is time (that) …"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了。
5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。
(2)在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。
(3)用“may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。
相关高考试题
1. Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it ____________ yesterday. (2006全国)
A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened
2. ---Don’t you think it necessary that he ________ to Miami but to New York?
---I agree, but the problem is ________he has refused to. (2005江苏)
A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what
3. If I ________plan to do anything I wanted to, I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. (2005湖北)
A. would B. could C. had to D. ought to
Keys 1-3 DBB
Step 4: Consolidation
I. Multiple choice
1. We demanded that we __________ of any change in the plan.
A. informed B. would be informed C. be informed D. had been informed
2. It’s necessary that he _________ a recognized qualification.
A. has B. have C. had D. having
3. It's high time we ____________ our attention to this problem.
A. turned B. turn C. had turned D. would turn
4. If only you __________ him what I said! Everything would have been all right.
A. didn't told B. hadn't told C. would not tell D. would have not told
5. He must have had an accident, or he____________ here then.
A. would have been B. had been C. should have been D. could be
6. Much labour would have been saved if the electronic computers_____________ before.
A. had invented B. were invented
C. should have been invented D. had been invented
7. _____________ cease advertising, prices would be significantly reduced.
A. Were they to B. Could they C. If they D. Would they
8. Five minutes earlier, and we ____________ the last bus.
A. had caught B. should have caught C. could have caught D. caught
9. You ____________ the clothes! We have a washerwoman to do that sort of thing.
A. shouldn't have washed B. mustn't have washed
C. can not have washed D. needn't have washed
10. Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she _________ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.
A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got
11. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____________ himself.
A. injure B. had injured C. injured D. would injure
12. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios __________ after 11 o'clock at night.
A. were not played B. not to play C. not be played D. did not play
13. You don't have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you _________ on business first.
A. would go B. will go C. went D. have gone
14. It is important that enough money ___________ to fund the project.
A. be collected B. must be collected C. was collected D. can be collected
15. If only the committee __________ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
A. approve B. will approve C. can approve D. would approve
16. I don't think it advisable that Tom ________ to the job since he has no experience.
A. is assigned B. will be assigned C. be assigned D. has been assigned
17. You _________ her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.
A. needn't have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. can't have seen
18. We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _________ him.
A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned
C. would telephone D. had telephoned
19. It is recommended that the project _________ until all the preparations have been made.
A. is not started B. will not be started
C. not be started D. is not to be started
20. I wish I ________ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept
21. I ________ her to the party but I didn't know her well.
A. ought have invited B. would have invited
C. should invite D. may have invited
22. You ________ to town to see the film last week. It will be on TV tomorrow.
A. needn't go B. should not go C. had better not go D. needn't have gone
23. --- Would you have called her up had it been possible?
---- Yes, but I ________ busy doing my homework..
A. was B. were C. had been D. would be
24. It was essential that the application forms ___________ back before the deadline
A. must be sent B. would be sent C. be sent D. were sent
25. It is important that we ________.
A. shall close the window before we leave B. will close the window before we leave
C. must close the window before we leave D. close the window before we leave
II. Translation
1. 我不知道他的电话号码，否则我就打电话给他了。
2. 他本可以给你更多的帮助，即使他很忙。
3. ---如果可能的话你会不会打电话给他？
---会的，不过我当时在忙着做家庭作业呢。
4．如果你昨晚没有看电影到那么晚的话，你现在就不会这么困了。
5. 没有电，今天人类的生活就完全不同了。
Keys
I. 1-5: CBABC 6-10: DACDB 11-15: ACCAD 16-20: CDACA 21-25: BDACD
II.
1. I didn't know his telephone number, otherwise I would have telephoned him.
2. He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.
3．---- Would you have called her up had it been possible?
---- Yes, but I were busy doing my homework.
4．If you hadn’t seen that film late last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy.
5．Without electricity, human life would be quite different today.
●Task Helping poor children
Skills building 1: listening for specifics
In this part, you will learn how to listen for problems and the causes of the problems. We always have something specific to listen for when we listen to something. We should try to seize the key phrases or sentences that are relevant.
First let’s have a discussion about the following questions:
If we want to know what the problem is when we are listening to a news report, what phrases or sentences should we pay special attention to?
(The problem is that…/As you can see…/The result is …/This means …)
If we want to know what has caused the problem when we are listening to a news report, what should we pay special attention to?
(This is because…/This problem has been caused by…/Unfortunately, …/…as…)
Step 1: finding out about problems
1. Now read the guidelines in Part A on page 58 to find out what you’ll listen for and what you are asked to do in this part. Go over the table in Part A. Then listen to the tape, trying to complete the table.
Tapescript
Reporter: Here I am in northern Thailand. As you can see, the families living here are living in very poor conditions. There is no running water and no electricity in this village. Water has to be collected from the river 10 minutes’ walk away. This may seem near but when you need water for many things, walking 10 minutes is a long time. The water then needs to be boiled before it can be used. The result of not boiling the water is illness. As you can see, the villagers’ houses are built of wood and are not very strong. This is because they have no money and cannot get hold of any materials. The people have very few things like clothes or furniture because they have no money and they are a long way from the nearest town. There is a bus but you have to walk six kilometers to get to the nearest road.
As I said earlier, there is no electricity in this village, so when it is dark, the only light comes from the small fires that the family cooks over. Unfortunately, much of the forest around the village has been cut down for firewood and so the villagers have to walk further and further away from the village to get wood. This also means that water may not be boiled for long enough as there is very little wood. This is going to be a big problem in the future.
Answers
A (1) no running water (3) no money (4) few clothes or furniture
(5) no electricity (6) forest has been cut down
2. Listen to the second part of the report and finish the table in Part B on P59.
Now listen to the lecture for a second time, and finish Part A & Part B on P33.
Tapescript
Reporter: Over there you can see the school. As the village is poor, the school has no roof. There are no chairs either, so the children have to sit on the floor. When it rains, school is stopped. Many children, especially the girls, do not go to school because they have to stay at home and help their parents or grandparents with the farming of their small pieces of land. All the farming is done by hand as the villagers have no money for equipment. It is difficult to raise animals because of the small amount of land and water available. Because of this and the lack of fresh water, many of the children have poor diets. A common problem is that they de not eat enough meat to get the amount of protein that they need. As a result, they do not grow properly and cannot concentrate on learning. Another problem is that many of the children’s parents have died because of AIDS. This means that the grandparents have to bring up the children. That is very difficult because they are already old and poor.
Answers
B
(1) poverty
(2) many children, especially girls, do not go to school
(4) all farming is done by hand
(5) small amount of land and water available
(6) children have poor diets
(7) children do not grow properly
(8) many of the children’s parents have died of AIDS
(9) grandparents have to bring up children
(10) grandparents are old and poor
3. Read the report in Part C. Try to get more information needed to finish the two tables.
Answers
A (2) repairing of pumps takes several days
B (3) not enough money
Skills building 2: discussing in groups
In this unit, you will review the sentence structures used to make suggestions, ask for opinions, express agreement or disagreement and make conclusions.
1. In a discussion, people usually give suggestions. There are some sentences or sentence structures used particularly for this purpose. What sentences do you know are often used to make suggestions? Remember you should be polite or not too blunt when giving suggestions. Please make some sentences using the structures given on P60.
For reference
I think it would be a good idea to post our proposal on the Internet.
We could help by giving out leaflets to ask people to donate money.
I would like to suggest that we organize a charity show.
It would be a good idea if we sell old books to raise money
2. In a discussion, we also need to know opinions from others, and we often use questions to ask for other people’s opinions. Now please make some sentences to ask others for their opinions.
3. Now, use the skills we have learned in part A to skim and scan for specific information from the newspaper article in Part B and answer the four questions.
4. There are many ways to express personal opinions about a suggestion. Let’s learn how to express disagreement in a polite way. Please make some sentences to express agreement or disagreement using the sentence structures given in point 3 on P60.
For reference
I agree to organize a charity show because more people will come and help.
That’s a great idea, but who will star in the show, who will be the host, and where we will hold the show are all problems we must think about.
I’m sorry but I don’t think that will work because we will need lots of money for the show.
5. At the end of the discussion, the group members should make conclusions and work out a solution. Please make some sentences to give conclusion or solution using the sentence structures given in point 4 on P60.
For reference
So to summarize, our group has decided to organize a charity show.
In conclusion, we have decided to organize a charity show.
Step 2: making suggestions
Now, let’s use the speaking skills we just learned. Let’s have a discussion: What can we do to help the poor children in northern Thailand?
Sample answers
S1: All of us have listened to the news report and read the article about the poor children in northern Thailand. I feel really sorry for them. What do you think we can do to help them?
Does anyone have any suggestions? I’ll write down your ideas.
S2: I think we could help by raising some money for them. I’d like to donate my pocket money.
S3: That’s a good idea. I suggest that we make a poster telling the students in our school about what kind of life these children have. We can ask all the students to donate some of their pocket money.
S4: OK, that sounds like a good idea. I would like to donate some books.
S2: I’m sorry but I don’t think that would work. They won’t be able to read the books because they don’t understand Chinese. Maybe we can give them some English books. Does anyone have any other ideas?
S3: I think we can sell the old Chinese books to get some more money.
S4: Good idea. I would like to suggest giving them some clothes. I have many old clothes that I no longer wear. I think I could give them to the children there.
S2: I agree, but how can we send these books and clothes to them?
S3: We can go to a shipping company and ask if they can help to ship these things there.
S1: OK, so we’ve decided to raise as much money as we can and donate English books and clothes to children. We can also write a letter to them and tell them we want to help them.
Skills building 3: writing a proposal
When we want to give some suggestion, we sometimes need to write a proposal. In this unit, we’ll learn the structure of a proposal and what should be included in a proposal.
Read the six points in this part and try to find out which is the most important point in a proposal.
Step 3: composing a proposal
In this part, you’re required to write a proposal to UNICEF about how to help the hill tribe children in northern Thailand with information that you have learnt in Steps 1and 2.
1. Work in pairs and have a discussion: What should you write on the proposal to UNICEF? What title will you give to your proposal?
2. Now, work in groups of four to write the proposal.
3. Now, let’s share you proposals.
Possible example
Title: Helping the hill tribe children in northern Thailand
Group members: (Students’ own names)
Introduction: We have been researching the problems faced by the children in northern Thailand. There are many villages in northern Thailand where children do not have books. Their classrooms have no roofs. Many girls cannot go to school. Our group would like to help them.
Proposal:
We would like to help the children by:
donating the money collected from the students and teachers in our school
donating English books collected from the students in our school
donating clothes collected from the students in our school
writing a letter to them to tell them that we want to do what we can to help them
Benefits:
Helping the hill tribe children in northern Thailand to go to school and live a better life
Helping us recognize that there are many people in the world that need help
We would be pleased if you would approve our proposal. If you require any further information, please contact us.
Our contact details are:
(Students’ school address)
●Project Making an action plan
Reading
1.At the beginning of this class, let’s watch a video. From it, we know that when a nation is in trouble, the people all over the world will give a hand. And we also know that when a destructive disaster happens, medical aid is especially important to the injured people.
Today we’ll read a diary entry of a nurse who works for an international organization that provides medical service around the world. After that, I’m sure you’ll have a better understanding about what can be done to help poor people in poor areas.
2. Pair work: Have a discussion about the following questions:
Have you ever heard of an organization called MSF?
What does MSF stand for?
What does it mean in English?
Who do you think the members of MSF are?
What do you think the members of MSF do?
For reference
About MSF:
The MSF role in emergency medical aid
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is an international humanitarian aid organization that provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger in more than 70 countries.
In countries where health structures are insufficient or even non-existent, MSF collaborates with authorities such as the Ministry of Health to provide assistance. MSF works in rehabilitation of hospitals and dispensaries, vaccination programmes and water and sanitation projects. MSF also works in remote health care centres, slum areas and provides training of local personnel. All this is done with the objective of rebuilding health structures to acceptable levels.
Raising Awareness
In carrying out humanitarian assistance, MSF seeks also to raise awareness of crisis situations; MSF acts as a witness and will speak out, either in private or in public about the plight of populations in danger for whom MSF works. In doing so, MSF sets out to alleviate human suffering, to protect life and health and to restore and ensure respect for the human beings and their fundamental human rights.
Only a small percentage of the populations that find themselves in a situation of danger gain the attention of the media. MSF teams travel to places that many people have never heard of, to assist those who have fallen victim to natural or man-made disasters. MSF volunteers have a story to tell when they return from their missions, and they use their experiences to speak of what they have seen. For MSF, raising awareness for these populations and the situations they are in is an important task. Whenever possible, MSF volunteers give interviews and make presentations. MSF offices worldwide facilitate the organization of gatherings, for individuals and groups who want to speak in their home communities. MSF also mounts exhibitions and, from time to time, releases publications, with the aim of raising awareness.
It is part of MSF's work to address any violations of basic human rights encountered by field teams, violations perpetrated or sustained by political actors. It does so by confronting the responsible actors themselves, by putting pressure on them through mobilization of the international community and by issuing information publicly. In order to prevent compromise or manipulation of MSF's relief activities, MSF maintains neutrality and independence from individual governments. The organization also tries to ensure that the majority of funds raised for its work comes directly from contributions from the general public. In this way, MSF guarantees equal access to its humanitarian assistance.
MSF has been setting up emergency medical aid missions around the world since 1971.
3. Read the passage “Changing the world---my commitment” Try to answer the first questions on P63.
Answers
1. The nurse and the other members of the medical team set up feeding centers to make sure that people get food, check the health of babies to make sure that they put on weight, give vaccinations to stop children dying from measles, and set up a clinic to take care of injuries. They also have to bury the dead bodies as quickly as possible to stop disease spreading. In addition, they listen to and comfort people.
2. Sometimes there is lots of fighting. There is not enough clean water.
3. She feels she is very lucky to be able to help others and do something worthwhile. She likes her job and she is happy and proud to make a difference to people’s lives on an individual level.
4. Read the passage again and try to judge whether the following statements are true or false.
1) Although there is too much work to do, she can still afford to write her diary every day.
2) The town is in ruins, but fortunately the hospital remains in good condition and usable.
3) Before working in this island, she has never worked in poor areas.
4) There are altogether five people on the medical team ,two doctors , one nurse and two assistants.
5) She worried that malnutrition will be a problem in the future because the fields and harvest have been destroyed.
6) Several MSF staff were attacked as people tried to get the food in Sudan.
Answers
1) F 2) F 3)F 4)T 5) T 6)T
5. Discussion: What does the writer mean by the title “Changing the world-my commitment”?
Making an action plan
Planning
Now let’s work in groups of four and discuss the questions on P63.
Preparing
Write a plan about what you are going to do and how to put your plan into action.
Presenting
At length, each group should present your plan to the whole class. Other groups can give your comments.
6. Homework:
Parts D1 and D2 on P127 in Workbook.
●Self-assessment
This section aims to help you assess the progress you have made, how much you have achieved, and also what else you can do to improve your understanding. The colour bar with five levels rates how confident you feel about what you have learnt in this unit.
In part A, some items are presented to you and you are asked to check how well you think you have developed these skills. Each item corresponds to one or more parts in this unit. For example, after finishing Part B on page 57, you will know whether you are able to use certain words or phrases to introduce unreal conditionals correctly. You have the opportunity to evaluate your own skills and abilities in English. If you feel very confident about another item, you get a score of 2. After going over all the items in this part, you need to add all the scores up and divide the total amount by the total sum. Thus, you will get a percentage, which shows your level.
In this unit, 15 items are listed with each one scoring 5. The total score is 75 points. These items cover the main study targets in this unit, including listening, speaking, reading and writing skills, the usage of vocabulary and grammar items, as well as doing activities in English. Through assessing themselves as learners, you will realize whether you have achieved the goals for this unit.
If you feel there are some areas in which you are not confident or just slightly confident about, you can think about how to improve on them. In Part B, you are asked to make an action plan, so you will know what to do and take some effective measures. You can also have a better understanding of your students, enabling yourself to guide them and help them study English more effectively.
Part Two Teaching Resources
第二部分 教学资源
Section 1 A text structure analysis of The UN-bringing everyone closer together
I. Summary of The UN-bringing everyone closer together
Main idea of the passage brief introduction of the UN
Main idea of paragraph 1 time of founding and its purpose
Main idea of paragraph 2 peacekeeping operations of the UN
Main idea of paragraph 3 what the author does with the UN
Main idea of paragraph 4 how the organizations work
Main idea of paragraph 5 the UN helps countries with some problems
II. A tree diagram of the text :
III. A retold version of the text The UN-bringing everyone closer together
The United Nation was founded in Oct. 1954 by 51 countries. Today there are about 191 countries in the word that have the memberships of the UN. It plays a leading role in many ways. For example, it borrows soldiers from different countries to keep international peace. Led by the organizations of the UN, 191 different countries work together to solve international problems and to keep peace to develop friendly relationships among nations. Through these actions, the UN brings everyone in different countries close together.
IV. Translation of reading and project
Reading
联合国--让每个人靠得更近
我很高兴今天有机会跟大家谈谈联合国，也叫UN------这个名称在英语里更为常用。联合国是一个国际组织，由所有愿意促进和平的国家组成，我很高兴入选联合国的-名亲善大使。作为一名亲 善大使意味着我要前往联合国实施扶助项目的国家。能够担当这一角色，我感到非常荣幸。我会在后面跟大家谈谈我所做的一些工作，但首先我想跟大家简单介绍一下联合国的情况。那么联合国是什么时候成立的呢?联合国实际上是第二次世界大战之后于1945年10月由51个国家联合组建的。今 天，世界上几乎每一个国家都是联合国的成员------共有191个国家。联合国建立在《联合国宪案》基础之上。该宪章确立了联合国的四大宗旨，即：维护国际和平；发展各国之间的友好关系；进行国际合作，以解决国际间的各种问题，增进对于全体人类之人权的尊重；构成一个协调各国行动或工 作的中心。
如你所知，联合国触及世界各地每个人的生活。该组织参与维和行动，协助终止世界上一些最恐怖的冲突。观看对战争地区的任何电视报道，你就会看到头戴蓝色贝雷帽的士兵。联合国并不拥有自己的军队，而是向不同的成员国借用土兵。在这些军队和其他可敬的组织的协助下，联合国为战争及灾难的受害者提供援助。此外，联合国还协助保护人权，致力改进各种国际法律，如有关童工的法律等。
以上是对联合国的简单介绍。现在我要跟大家谈谈我所做的跟联合国有关的工作。我参与联合国的工作是无偿的，是志愿工作。正如我刚才所说的，我主要访问联合国实施扶助项目的国家。那么，我如何通过访问这些国家来达到帮助的目的呢?是这样的，如果我访问这些国家，电视和报刊等媒体就跟随我，并记录我的行程。这会提升人们对联合国工作的意识。此外，我的访问还会鼓励那些致力于联合国各种项目的人，吸引当地人民对相关情形的注意力。
到目前为止我访问了非洲的许多国家。最近，我非常幸运，去了一次南非，在那里我会见了一些结组自救的妇女。她们每天从每个小组成员那里收取1兰特(大约相当于人民币1．35元)，将这些钱和政府资助给她们的一笔钱加在一起。这样，妇女们就凑够了钱去购买做篮子的编织材料。之后，她们就将编织好的篮子拿到市场上销售。运气好的话，她们的小组还能够进一步扩大，或许还能开-个店铺。这个自救小组是由联合国妇女发展基金成立的，在联合国的管理体系中还有很多此类的项目和基金，它们已经为全世界数以百万计的人们提供了帮助。
除了由于战争和冲突所引起的各种紧急问题外，联合国还帮助解决其成员国的其他问题，如教育匮乏、食品不足、贫穷、灾难和疾病等。在2000年召开的--次联合国会议上，所有的191个成员国 都同意，到2015年争取实现八个发展目标。这八个目标其中之-就是保证每个人都能够享受到新鲜 的饮用水。另外-个发展目标就是保证所有的孩子都能够完成小学教育。如果大家想知道这方面更多的信息，可以浏览联合国的相关网页。现在，你们已了解到，由于联合国的工作，全世界的人靠得更近了。
Project
改变世界--我的义务
10月20日
到达这里后发现一切都是乱糟糟的。已经整整一周时间抽不出空闲写日记了。整个岛屿都遭遇 了洪水的侵袭，许多人为躲避洪水都逃到山上。医院严重被毁，已是一片狼籍，完全无法使用了。这-切对我来说是一个全然不同的体验。通常情况下，我都是在那些缺水的地区工作，如肯尼亚和苏丹，那些地方的主要问题是饥荒。在苏丹，我们设立馈给站，确保人们能够得到食物；我们还检查婴儿的健康状况，确保婴儿的体重在增加。我们还做一个接种宣传活动，不再让儿童死干麻疹。遗憾的是，这个活动是在远离城市的乡村进行的，那儿战乱频繁。躲避枪林弹雨、展转奔波已经成了家常便饭。因此，这里的情形就完全不一样了，所存在的问题也不一样。我们非常担心，诸如疟疾和伤寒等由水传播的疾病会爆发。这里没有沙尘飞扬，我们看到的是一片汪洋。到处都是泥浆和水，让此地到彼地的行程变得很困难。
昨天，医疗队里我的同事和我(两名医生，作为护土的我，还有两名助手)在城市的北面发现了一个空旷的医疗中心。我们准备在那里设立一个临时诊所，来自海外的医疗设备和药品正在运输途中。我们已经开始清理这个医疗中心。影响到健康的问题之-是，那些需要定期服药的病人遇到这样的洪灾后很难得到药品，比如，那些患有心脏病或者糖尿病的人就是这样。轻微伤口也需要予 以处治，特别是在这样潮湿的情况下。大多数病人的伤口是由于墙壁和屋顶坍塌所导致的。洪水使得伤口难以愈合，细菌容易扩散。同时，在这座城市的其他地区，住所以及食物和干净水的供给都成了大问题。土地和庄稼都毁了，所以，营养不良会成为未来的一个问题。
食品已经开始陆续到达，但有一个问题，因为人们开始担心自己是否能够得到足够的食品。今天上午，人们由于争抢食品发生了好几次打斗。这使我想起了自己在苏丹所呆的那段时间，当时有好几名“无国界医生组织”的工作人员由于人们哄抢食品而受到了攻击。
在这里有一个优势，很多人都会说英语或法语。这让彼此之间的交流变得容易多了，也易于了解他们的各种问题。当你和当地人不能说同一种语言时，你就很难弄清对方的问题。不过，我有很好的表演技巧，所以，即使在有语言障碍的情况下我还是能够同当地人进行交流。在这里，很多人似乎就是要和你交谈，所以，我发现我的工作不仅仅是做护士了，我还是一个聆听别人倾诉和安慰别人的人。
想象失去一切，甚至包括一些你的家人，是非常可怕的事情。我们到这里做的第-件事就是为那些被杀害的人建一个墓地。我们需要尽快掩埋那些尸体，以阻止疾病的蔓延和传播。这真是一件非常可怕的工作，我为那些死者的亲属感到非常难过。
回想起我参加“无国界医生组织”以来在全世界范围的所有经历，我觉得自己能够帮助别人，做一些值得的事情，这是非常幸运的。现在，我得考虑明天的事了。诊所有望明天开门，到那时我就没有时间记日记了。这里的经历让我珍惜我所拥有的一切，给了我-个从另外一个角度看事物的机会。我知道，作为个人我不能彻底改变世界，但我很自豪，因为我能到处给人多多少少提供一些帮助，在个人的层面上去改变人们的生活。
● Section 2 Background information about the UN
I. History of the United Nations
The name "United Nations", coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used in the "Declaration by United Nations" of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers.
In 1899, the first International Peace Conference was held in The Hague to elaborate instruments for settling crises peacefully, preventing wars and codifying rules of warfare. It adopted the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes and established the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which began work in 1902.
The forerunner of the United Nations was the League of Nations, an organization conceived in similar circumstances during the First World War, and established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles "to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security."
In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter. Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States, in August-October 1944. The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 member states.
The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and a majority of other signatories. United Nations Day is celebrated on 24 October each year.distressed area
“联合国”这一名称是由美国总统富兰克林D罗斯福设想出来的。该名称于1942年1月1日发布《联合国宣言》时首次使用。时值第二次世界大战进行期间，当时26个国家派出的代表承诺其政府将继续共同对轴心国作战。
1899年，第一次国际和平会议在荷兰海牙召开。此次会议的目的是制订旨在和平解决危机和防止战争的文件及编撰战争规则。会上通过了《和平解决国际争端公约》，并依据该公约成立了常设仲裁法院。常设仲裁法院于1902年开始工作。
联合国的前身是“国际联盟”。该组织是在与第二次世界大战情况类似的第一次世界大战的背景下构想出来的。“国际联盟”是根据《凡尔赛和约》于1919年成立的，其宗旨是“促进国际合作和实现世界和平和安全”。
1945年4月25日-6月26日，来自50国家的代表参加了在美国旧金山举行的联合国国际组织会议，会议的目的是起草《联合国宪章》。代表们在中国、苏联、联合王国和美国四国代表于1944年8月-10月在美国顿巴顿橡树园会议上提出的提案基础上进行了讨论。1945年6月26日，50国家的代表签署了《联合国宪章》。当时波兰没有派代表参加此次会议，但后来签署了《联合国宪章》，因而成为联合国51个创始会员国之一。
在中国、法国、苏联、联合王国和美国以及大多数其他签字国批准《联合国宪章》之后，联合国组织与1945年10月24日正式成立。从此，10月24日成为每年都要庆祝的联合国日。
II．UN EMBLEM AND FLAG
EMBLEM
Description:
The current United Nations emblem was approved on 7 December 1946. The design is "a map of the world representing an azimuthal equidistant projection centred on the North Pole, inscribed in a wreath consisting of crossed conventionalized branches of the olive tree, in gold on a field of smoke-blue with all water areas in white. The projection of the map extends to 60 degrees south latitude, and includes five concentric circles".
Symbolism:
Olive branches symbolize peace. The world map depicts the area of concern to the United Nations in achieving its main purpose, peace and security.
Use:
The use of the emblem is restricted, based on General Assembly resolution 92(I),1946.
FLAG
Date:
20 October 1947
Description:
The official emblem of the United Nations in white, centered on a light blue ground.(PMS 279)
Proportions:
Hoist (width) : Fly (length) 2:3 or 3:5 or the same proportions as the national flag of any country in which the UN flag is flown; the emblem is one half of the hoist and is entirely centered.
Use:
The use of the flag is regulated by the United Nations flag code and regulations.
III. 联合国总部一览
通讯地址 美国，NY 10017，纽约市，联合国。
四大主体建筑物 秘书处大厦、大会大厦、会议楼区域（包括各理事会会议厅）和图书馆。
设计师 沃里斯哈里森（美国人，总建筑师）；成员：尼古拉巴索夫（苏联）、盖斯顿 Brunfaut（比利时）、厄内斯特柯米尔（加拿大）、查尔斯柯布西埃（法国）、梁思成（中国）、斯文马克利乌斯（瑞典）、奥斯卡尼迈耶（巴西）、霍华德罗伯逊（英国）、G. A. Soilleux（澳大利亚）、Julio Vilamajo（乌拉圭）。
开工日期 1949年10月24日
造价 6500万美元
耸立在曼哈顿岛东岸、横跨纽约市东河两岸的联合国总部是和平的象征和希望的灯塔。地球上60亿人民的代表经常聚集在这个占地18英亩的地方，就和平、公正及经济和社会福利等问题进行商讨、作出决定。
也正是在这里，联合国秘书处的男女工作人员努力工作着，将这些决定付诸行动。有着高耸的玻璃幕墙的秘书处大厦、有着优美的圆弧外形的低矮的大会堂，加上蓝白相间的联合国旗，这些都已成为联合国这个国际组织的鲜明标志。
IV. The Biography of Kofi Annan
Kofi Annan of Ghana is the