Participles 分词
1. 分词的构成
分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词构成为V+ing, 过去分词构成为V+ed。分词也有一般式、过去式、完成式及主动和被动等各种形式。
2. 现在分词和过去分词的区别
1) 在时态上，现在分词表示正在进行，而过去分词表示已经完成。
Developing countries 发展中国家
The developed countries 发达国家
Boiling water 沸腾的水
Boiled water 开水
2) 在语态上，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动。
The oppressing class 压迫阶级
The oppressed class 被压迫阶级
Burning fire 燃烧的火焰
Burned skin 烧伤的皮肤
3. 分词的时态与语态
1) 一般式（主动、被动）
分词的一般式的主动式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。其被动式表示这个动作正在发生或与谓语动作同时发生，主要充当定语、状语或宾补。
E.g. I found him reading when I entered the room.
当我进入房间时我发现他在读书。
I found the flowers watered. 我发现花已浇过了。
He found the matter being talked everywhere. 他发现到处都在谈论这件事。
The building being repaired is a hospital. 正在修建的建筑物是一家医院。
Being surrounded, the enemies were forced to put down their guns. 敌人被包围，不得不缴械投降。
2) 完成式（主动、被动）
分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。完成时态的分词在句中常作状语，一般不作定语。
E.g. Not having made adequate preparation, we postponed the sports meet.
由于没做好充分的准备，我们推迟了运动会。
Having been given such a good chance, how could he give it up?
给了这样好的机会，他怎能放弃呢？
3) 现在分词的被动式与过去分词的区别
过去分词表示动作已完成，不强调时间概念，而现在分词的被动式强调某一动作正在进行中。
E.g. The building repaired is library. 修建过的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。
The building being repaired is our library. 正在修建的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。
4) 延续性动词和终止性动词的现在分词在时间含义上的区别
延续性动词的现在分词结构相当于一个过去进行时时态的句子，
而终止性动词的现在分词结构相当于一个一般过去时的从句。
E.g. Walking in the street the other day (=While I was walking in the street the other day), I came across an old friend of mine. 那天我在马路上走时，突然碰到了我的一个老朋友。
Arriving at the airport (=When I arrived at the airport), I found my light had taken off. 到达机场时，我发现我的班机已经起飞了。
4. 分词的独立结构
分词（短语）作状语时，尽管在形式上它没有主语，但其逻辑上的主语必须和谓语动词的主语保持一致。
E.g. Studying in the college (=When I studied in the college), I learned a lot from my teachers.在大学学习时，我从老师那里学到了很多东西。
但是，分词有时也有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为分词的独立结构。它可以表示时间，原因，条件，伴随的动作，有时还可用介词with, without 来引导。
E.g. His mother being ill, he is absent today. 他的母亲病了，他今天没来。（原因）
Time permitting, they will start to do a new job. 如果时间允许，他们会开始做一项新工作。（条件）
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他满脸是汗地冲进了房间。（伴随）
They traveled a whole day, without any food eaten. 他们饿着肚子旅行了一整天。（伴随）
注意：分词用于独立结构时，如果分词是没有实际意义的being或 having been done形式时， being或having been可以省略。
E.g. The old man was in a bad condition, his temperature (being) over 40℃ and his pulse (being) weak and rapid. 那位老人处于不好的状况，他的体温超过40℃，脉搏既弱又快。
The report (having been) read, a discussion began. 读完报告，开始讨论。
The experiment (having been) finished, we left the lab and went home. 实验结束后，我们离开了实验室回家了。
Practice 检测一下吧!
I. Fill in the blanks:
1.She caught the student___________(cheat) in exams.
2.When I got there, I found him______________(repair) farm tools.
3.When I got there, I found the farm tools_________________. (repair)
4.Just then he heard someone___________________(call) for help.
5.He worked so hard that he got his pay___________________. (raise)
6.The missing boys were last seen____________(play) near the river.
7.___________(compare) with the old one, the new building looks more beautiful.
8.The workers had the machines ___________(run) all night long to finish the work on time.
9.People in the south have their houses _______________(make of ) bamboo.
10.____________(lose) in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
II. Multiple choices:
1. All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A. considered B. be considered
C. considering D. having considered
2. This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, ____both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.
A. being B. been C. to be D. having been
3. ____in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A. To look B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at
4. You will see this product ____ wherever you go.
A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising
5. ____in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarship totaling 21,000 dollars.
A. To be judged the best B. having judged the best
C. Judged the best D. Judging the best
6. From the date____ on the plates, we decided that they were made in Song Dynasty.
A. marking B. having been marked C. marked D. to be marked
7. She stood by the window, _____________.
A. thinking B. think C. thought D. thinks
8. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ____ to the outside world.
A. being lost B. losing C. having lost D. lost
9. ____ to meet anybody, he went in from the back door.
A. Not wishing B. Wishing C. Not wished D. No wishing
10. _________ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
A. When compared B. While comparing C. Compare D. Comparing
11. _________ three times in a row, the boxer decide to give up fighting.
A. having defeated B. To have defeated
C. having been defeated D. To have been defeated
12. ____ in Beijing for quite a few years, Mr. Park had little difficulty understanding Chinese.
A. having lived B. Lived C. Living D. To live
13. ____ mainly for the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell devoted his life to helping the deaf.
A. He is remembered B. While being remembered
C. To be remembered D. Though remembered
14. ____ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.
A. If walking B. While walking
C. Walking D. When one is walking
15. Any packet ____ properly will not be accepted by the post office.
A. not to be wrapped B. not being wrapped
C. not wrapped D. not having been wrapped
16. It ____ now pretty late, we took our things and retired to our room.
A. is B. being C. turned D. got
17. All the exam papers ____, the teacher sent the class home.
A. having been handed in B. having handed in
C. handing in D. being handed in
18. There _________ no fresh drinking water and no good farm land, it was not a comfortable place in which to live.
A. be B. was C. were D. being
19. The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand ____ a stick for support.
A. held B. holding C. being holding D. was holding
20. Peter is a good student, ____ his best subject.
A. as English B. English as
C. being English D. English being
Key
I. cheating; repairing; repaired; calling; raised;
playing; compared; running; made; lost
II. AACBC CADAA CADDC BADBD
Key
I. cheating; repairing; repaired; calling; raised;
playing; compared; running; made; lost
II. AACBC CADAA CADDC BADBD
Key
I. cheating; repairing; repaired; calling; raised;
playing; compared; running; made; lost
II. AACBC CADAA CADDC BADBD
Key
I. cheating; repairing; repaired; calling; raised;
playing; compared; running; made; lost
II. AACBC CADAA CADDC BADBD
Key
I. cheating; repairing; repaired; calling; raised;
playing; compared; running; made; lost
II. AACBC CADAA CADDC BADBD
Key
I. cheating; repairing; repaired; calling; raised;
playing; compared; running; made; lost
II. AACBC CADAA CADDC BADBD