I. Word Study
1. cattle n. 牛(总称)，cow(母牛; 奶牛)，ox(公牛)，buffalo(水牛；野牛)
集体名词，如：people, police, cattle, crew（全体工作人员）,goods, personnel（职员）,youth等作主语时，谓语用复数。如： The cattle are grazing in the field.
The police have caught the thief. People are enjoying themselves over there.
All the goods have arrived. twenty head of cattle
2. severity n. 严重性 severe adj. 严重的，剧烈的 severely adv.
severe injuries / pain a severe cold winter
They are suffering from a severe shortage of water.
My father was very severe with/on me when I made mistakes. 严厉的，严格的
3. catastrophe: a terrible event in which there is a lot of destruction or many people are injured and die 毁灭性的大灾难（可数名词）
a catastrophe in which many people died
disaster: a sudden event such as a flood, storm, or accident which causes great damage or suffering 灾难，惨事，不幸
a flood disaster suffer a disaster
The hurricane brought __________ to the coastal town. 不可数名词
4. put/bring pressure on/upon sb. (to do sth.) 给…施加压力; 催逼某人
The birth of twins put pressure on them to find a bigger flat.
I don’t want to put pressure on you to make a decision, but we haven’t much time left.
He works well under pressure. The roof gave way under the pressure of the snow.
at high/low pressure紧张地/悠闲地 blood pressure 血压
5. politics n. 政治 political adj. 政治的 political unrest
politician n. 政治家，政客 musician / physician / mathematician / electrician
6. yearly adv. 每年
We meet twice yearly. The festival is held yearly in most of the western countries.
adj. 每年的，年年的
We pay a yearly visit to my uncle. (every year or once a year)
a yearly season ticket 年度季票（concerning or lasting for a period of one year）
a monthly magazine / season ticket
a quarterly journal 季刊杂志 a weekly test 周练
7. on top of （in addition to sth. / besides sth.） 另外，此外
On top of borrowing $100, he asked me to lend him my car.
Put this record on top of the others. (在…的上面、上边)
at the top of the agenda / be high on the agenda
On hearing the good news, the students were on top of the world. 极其高兴的
shout at the top of one’s voice
from top to bottom / from head to toe
8. claim vt. 夺走（生命）；声称；自称；索取；索赔
The disease claimed millions of lives. 此病使成千上万的人丧生。
There is a man at the game claiming to be a journalist. 自称是
He claimed to have seen the ghost. 声称
The terrorists claimed that they were responsible for the bombing. 声称
The case has been here for days but nobody has claimed it yet. 索取，认领
n. make a claim for /to sth. 要求认领 / 获得某物
make a claim for damages / a pay rise 提出损坏赔偿 / 增薪要求
9. target sth. (at / on sth. / sb.) vt. 将…作为目标；瞄准某物 aim at
a sales campaign ______________ the youth market 面向青年人市场的大推销
n. 目标，目的
The company has failed to meet its production targets.
meet/ achieve tagets 达成指标 an easy taget容易击中的目标；容易受攻击的人
10. at risk ＝ in danger 处于危险状态
His decision put our lives at risk. You really are at risk if you do not wear a seatbelt.
risk n. 危险，风险 at the risk of doing sth. 冒着…的危险
run/ take a risk / risks run/take the risk of (doing) sth. 冒险（做某事）
He managed to save the drowning boy at the risk of being drowned himself.
You can’t get rich without taking risks.
do sth. at the risk of one’s life / risk one’s life to do sth. 冒生命危险去做某事
vt. 冒…的危险, 冒险做… risk doing sth.
We can’t risk your catching the measles.
11. elderly adj. 年迈的，上了年纪的 (比old更礼貌的说法)
the elderly/ the old / the elders 老年人 an elderly gentleman
elder adj. (家庭中的两个人) 年龄较大的 n. 长者，老者，前辈
My elder daughter is married.
12. unemployed: out of work/ out of a job 失业的 the unemployed 失业者
She has been unemployed / out of work / out of a job for a year.
unemployment n. 失业人数；失业状态
employ vt. employment n. employer 雇主 employee 雇员
interview vt. interviewer interviewee
train vt. trainer trainee
13. without doubt / beyond(out) of doubt 毫无疑问；无疑地；确实地 in doubt不确定
That was without doubt the worst movie I’ve ever seen!
There is no doubt about / as to … 对于…没有怀疑 / 疑虑
There is no doubt about / as to their honesty.
I don’t doubt that… / I doubt whether…
I don’t doubt ___________ he will come.
I doubt ___________ he will come.
---Do you doubt that the team will win the game.你认为该队会取胜吗？
---I doubt it.不一定
adj. be doubtful about sth. be doubtful whether/if
14. crossroads n. 十字路口
We came to a crossroads.
at a/ the crossroads 处在抉择的关键时刻, (人生，经历)处于关键时期
Our business is at the crossroads: if this deal succeeds, our future is assured; if not, we shall be bankrupt.
单、复数同形的名词如：means（方法，手段）, works（工厂），sheep, deer, series, species,etc.
Not every means __________ useful. Not all means __________ useful.
There is a chemical works near the river. (化工厂)
15. switch vt. / vi. 转变，转换
He suggested switching their talk to a more interesting topic.
switch on / off 打开 / 关掉
He switched the light on immediately he entered the lab.
Don’t forget to switch the cell phone off before going to bed.
16. import (进口) …from / export（出口）…to
immigrate （移入）/ emigrate (移居国外)
17. depend on / upon 依靠，依赖；相信，信赖；依…而定(count on , rely on)
depend on sb to do sth. / depend on sb(sb’s) doing sth
He is a man to be depended on.
That depends on how you solve the problem.
That (all) depends. ＝ It all depends. 要看情况而定。
dependent adj. dependence n. independent adj. independence n
be dependent on = depend on / upon 依赖的，依靠的；随…而定的
be dependent on one’s parents
Success depends on / is dependent on how hard you work.. 成败取决于努力的程度。
be independent of 不依赖，独立于
Children in the west are independent of their parents earlier than us.
18. artificial adj. 虚假的，假装的； 人造的，人工的
She welcomed me with a rather artificial smile. artificial flowers
This drink contains no artificial colours(人造色素).
19. nutritional adj. 营养的 malnutritional营养不良的
nutrition n. 营养 malnutrition n. 营养不良 nutrient n. nutrious adj.
20. be in debt / in the red be in heavy debt/ heavily in debt
get/ run/ fall into debt be / get out of debt pay off one’s debt(s)
21. repay v. 偿还 ，报答 n. repayment
repay sb. for his hospitality 报答某人的款待 repay sb. by/with money用钱报答
repay a visit 回访 repay sth. to sb. / repay sb. sth. 还钱给某人
22. bare adj. walk in bare foot 光着脚走 a bare hill 无草木的山
a bare possibility 一点点的可能性
adv. barely / hardly / scarcely / rarely 等放在句首要倒装
23. alternative n. 替换物 alternative adj. 选择的
the alternative of going or staying
have no alternative (choice)but to do sth.
II. Language points in welcome to the unit
1. Many countries around the world are developing at a very fast rate.(P1) 世界上的许多国家以飞快的速度发展着。
at a …rate 以…的速度 at an alarming rate
The taxi was going at a tremendous rate.
at the rate/speed of 以...速度
at any rate 无论如何,不管怎样
Well, I'm not going home on foot, at any rate.反正,我会步行回家的.
2. Do you think that development may be bad for a country in some ways?(P1) 你认为发展过速对一个国家在某些方面是有害的吗？
in some way(s) / in a way / in one way 在某些方面, 在某种意义上,在某种程度上
In some ways it would be better if we met on Monday rather than Wednesday.
III. Language points in reading
1. Geldof intended the concert to raise money for and public awareness of the famine.
intend vt. 意欲；打算
intend to do sth. 打算做某事 intend sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事
be intended/ meant for sb. / sth. 为某人 / 某物而计划或设计
I hear they intend to marry. I didn’t intend you to act like that.
This book _______________ children.
raise money for…为……筹集资金 raise one’s awareness of sth.提高……的意识
2. In the end, $100 million was raised, which was sent as food aid and famine relief funding.
relief n. 减轻，免除；救济，援救；宽慰 to one’s relief
Will this medicine give immediate relief from the pain?
Relief was quickly sent to the people who suffered in the earthquake.
He breathed a sigh of relief. 他宽心地叹了一口气。
v. relieve sb. of sth. 解除……的负担
3. For example, the disease malaria, which is spread by mosquitoes.
spread 传播，流传，蔓延，展开，铺开
Flies spread disease.
The disease is spreading fast.
He spread the news around the town.
Fear spread quickly through the village.
4. They need help, but the sad truth is that food aid alone is not enough to help these countries.
“主语＋介词短语”结构，即
主语＋with / along with / together with / as well as / besides / like / without / except / but / including + 谓语，谓语动词的人称和数由主语决定。
The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees in the street.
Mary, like many girls, loves dancing.
All the students, including Tom, are leaving.
No one except / but me knows about it.
5. Another important thing to remember is that the future of developing countries lies in the hands of children.
Lie here means “to exist”
A new life lies ahead of us.
Lie also means “to be located in”
The village lie in a valley.
The castle lay in ruins.
6. There is a saying goes “Give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime”
go 意为表达是，强调说或指故事中发生情况如何
How does that song go?
read 意为写着，写成是，强调的是告示，信或段落等书写的东西
The sign read “No admittance”
His tomb reads, “By his death, one of England’s greatest writers is lost to the world.
say 意为写道,说,指示,强调书面材料或可见的东西所提供的信息，在很多情况下能与read换用The notice said “Keep out”. The clock says 3 o’clock.
write 意为写道，强调书面陈述，以文字说
In his latest book he writes that the theory has since been disproved
tell 意为证明
Time will tell who is right.