Welcome to the unit & reading
精讲典析
1. Read a debate on the environment and a report about the Yangtze River.（page 21）阅读一份有关环境的辩论稿和一篇有关长江的报道。
debate的用法
① debate在句中是名词，意为“讨论”或“辩论”。例如：
Our class will hold debates. 我们班将举行辩论。
Television actually encourages public debate about such issues.
事实上电视促进了关于这类问题的公众讨论。
(2) 辨析：debate, argue, quarrel, discuss的用法比较
这一组词虽然区别较大，但仍有共同点，都侧重于动作。
① debate vt. & vi. “辩论；争论”,侧重双方各自申诉理由，“交锋”意味较强。例如：
We debated the proposal for three days. 那个建议我们辩论了三天。
They debated until ten o’clock. 他们一直辩论到10点钟。
② argue vt. & vi. 也有“辩论, 争论”的意思，为支持某一想法、行动或理论而提出理由或证据，侧重于摆事实，试图说服对方，也可能是激烈的交换意见，以致争吵。例如：
She was too tired to argue the point. 她太累了，不想再就这一点争论了。
She argued that she should not go. 她争辩说她不该去。
He argued with Mary about the best place for a holiday. 他和玛丽争论度假的最好地方。
③ quarrel vi.“吵架，争吵”，因生气失态以至于会伤害到对方。例如：
Those children are always quarrelling over little things. 那些孩子们总是为小事而争吵。
We quarreled with them about the plan, in fact we supported them.
我们就有关这项计划与他们发生争吵，实际上我们是支持他们的。
④ discuss vt. “谈论, 讨论”，重在交换意见。例如：
We will discuss what to teach during the next term. 我们将讨论下学期要教什么。
They discussed selling the house. 他们商讨卖房子一事。
We discussed when we should go. 我们商量什么时候动身。
2. By how many times has the world’s population increased since 1800?（page 22）自1800年以来，世界人口增加了多少倍?
① population n. 人口；全体居民
population是不可数名词，但常和不定冠词连用。表“多少人口”要用what或how large。
population表示“人口”并做主语时，其谓语动词习惯用单数形式。例如：
The United States has a population of more than 200 million. 美国有两亿多人口。
The population of this city is in the neighborhood of three million. 本市人口接近300万。
What / How large is the population of Hong Kong? 香港有多少人口？
② 当population做主语指一特定人群时，谓语动词单复数都可以。例如：
Most of the population in our village factory are women workers.
我们村办工厂大部分职工是女性。
The population in these villages still uses well water. 住在这些乡村里的人依然饮用井水。
There 50 percent or more of the population is illiterate. 那里50%或更多的群众是文盲。
One third of the world’s population consumes / consume two thirds of the world’s resources.
三分之一的世界人口消耗了三分之二的地球资源。
3. With me is Mr Lin Shuuiqing, from the Society for Environmental Preservation, and Mr Qian Liwei, an economist.（page 22, lines 5-6）与我一起的是来自环境保护协会的林水清先生和经济学家钱利伟先生。
这是一个完全倒装句。这个句子由于主语较长，为避免句子头重脚轻，往往把介词短语或其他成分提到句首。这种句子的谓语多为连系动词以及lie, stand, sit, fly, come, go, run, rush等动词。例如：
After the banquet came a firework display in the square. 宴会后在广场上燃放了烟花。
Seated on the ground were a group of young men playing guitar.
场地上坐着一群年轻人在弹吉他。
At the top of the hill stands a weather station. 山顶上有一个气象站。
4. Then we will open the floor for discussion.（page 22, line 8）之后我们将展开讨论。
open the floor for discussion意为“展开自由讨论”，其中the floor意思是“（大会）发言权；发言机会”，可构成“open/take/have/get/obtain the floor for＋名词或to do something” 等短语。例如：
The TV presenter will take the floor for his own opening speech at 3:00 pm.
电视节目主持人将在下午3点致开幕词。
He has the floor to express his own view / point at the meeting.
他有权在会上表明自己的观点。
Next, the chairman asked Ms. Jones to take the floor. 随后，主席请琼斯女士发言。
5. If you have any questions or comments, you can use this time to voice them.（page 22, lines 8-9）如果大家有任何问题或评论，可以利用这个时间说出来。
辨析： voice, express
① voice在句中用作及物动词，指(用言语)“表达……”, 用名词做宾语时，可以与express替换。例如：
A spokesman voiced / expressed the worker’s dissatisfaction.
发言人说出了工人的不满情绪。
Get teachers to voice / express their opinions on important subjects.
让教师们表达他们对重要问题的看法。
He voiced / expressed the feelings of the crowd. 他表达出群众的情绪。
② express也有 “表达”（思想，情感）的意思，除名词外，还可以用反身代词做宾语。例如：
Perhaps I have not expressed myself very well. 也许我没能把我的意思表达清楚。
She expresses herself most fully in her paintings.
她在绘画中将自己的情感表达得最为淋漓尽致。
He can express himself in good clear English now after four years’ hard learning.
经过四年的艰苦学习,现在他能用清楚流畅的英语表达自己的意思了。
6. Pollution is so bad that many rivers are full of chemicals which flow into the sea and kill sea creatures.（page 22, lines 14-15）污染情形如此严重，致使许多河流饱含化学物质，河水流入海洋，杀死海洋生物。
(1) full of在句中作表语，意为“充满”。full of还常做后置定语。例如：
It is bad manners to talk with a mouth full of food. 嘴里塞满了东西说话是不礼貌的。
A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds.
光说空话不做事，犹如花园光长刺。
(2) 辨析：so…that, such…that
1）so…that与such…that都表示“如此……以致……”。它们用法的区别在于搭配不同：so是副词，所以后接形容词或副词，而such是形容词，所以后接名词。例如：
They were so busy that they forgot their meal.
They were such busy men that they forgot their meal.
他们忙得连吃饭都忘了。
2）但如名词前有表数量的many，few，much，little修饰时，则要求用so。即：so＋many (few, much, little)＋名词＋that从句
Bill Gates was so interested in software programming that he quit school in his first year at college.比尔盖茨对于软件编程是如此的感兴趣，以致于他在大学一年级时就退学了。
3）当单数可数名词前又有形容词修饰时，既可用so,也可 用such，但冠词的位置有所不同。若是复数可数名词，即使有形容词修饰，也只能用such，而不能用so。例如：
It is such a good dictionary that all of us have bought it.
It is so good a dictionary that all of us have bought it.
=The dictionary is so good that all of us have bought it.
这是一本好词典，我们都买了。
7. In addition, many sea creatures are being wiped out by fishing boats.（page 22, line 16）此外，捕捞船正将大量海洋生物赶尽杀绝。
(1) in addition副词短语，“此外；而且”的意思，可以和 besides互换，做状语时在句中的位置比较灵活, 但应注意in addition to是短语介词。例如：
In addition / besides, they do not match very much. 除此之外，他们两人并不十分般配。
They eat a great deal of fruit in addition / besides. 他们还吃大量的水果。
Peter is our youngest child, and we have three others besides / in addition.
彼得是我们最小的孩子, 我们另外还有三个孩子.
In addition to these arrangements, extra ambulances will be on duty until midnight.
除了这些安排以外，还增派救护车值班到午夜。
(2) wipe out在句中意为 “消灭；摧毁”；wipe out还可以表示“(用抹布把器皿)擦净”、“擦掉(符号)”。例如：
The earthquake wiped out the whole town. 那次地震毁掉了整个城镇。
The plague once could wipe out a village. 鼠疫曾一度可以夺走整个村庄村民的生命。
Wipe out the bath before you use it. 使用浴盆前先把里面擦洗干净。
These cups have been thoroughly wiped out. 这些杯子已经擦干净了。
She got angry and wiped out her name on the blackboard.
她生气了, 于是就把黑板上她的名字擦掉了。
8. While we damage our environment, we keep producing more and more people who need more land to live on and more food to eat.（page 22, lines 19-20）毁坏环境的同时，我们仍在生育越来越多的人口，他们需要更多的土地来居住，需要更多的粮食来食用。
(1) keep producing 不停生产
keep doing sth.的意思和用法与keep on doing sth.相同，但后者更多地强调重复性和决心。
例如：
Our line can get very busy but please keep trying and you will eventually get through. (page 13) 热线有时候可能会很忙，但请继续拨打，最终你会拨通的。
He caught such a bad cold that he kept coughing all morning.
他患了重感冒，整个上午都不停地咳嗽。
He kept on phoning me, and I really didn’t want to talk to him.
他不断地给我打电话，可我实在不想和他说话。
(2) more land to live on短语中不定式作后置定语，more land是不定式的逻辑宾语，与to live on之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，而live为不及物动词，后面必须有介词才可带逻辑宾语，live on后的on不能掉。
After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand on. 她考虑这个问题后，拿出个大盒子，站在上面。
9. My suggestion is that we should try to cut back on production and reduce the amount of things we make and buy.（page 22, lines 22-23）我的建议是我们应当尽量削减生产，减少制造和购买的物品数量。
(1) suggestion /suggest虚拟语气用法
① My suggestion is that…后的表语从句中should + 动词原形是虚拟语气。主语是suggestion, idea, proposal, request等表建议、要求和看法的名词时, 作表语从句的谓语动词为原形动词或should + 原形动词，should可以省略。例如：
My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him. 我的建议是我们应该去帮助他。
Our only request is that this problem should be settled as soon as possible.
我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。
② suggestion后同位语从句的谓语动词为原形动词或should + 原形动词，should可以省略。例如：
He made the suggestion that the political prisoners (should) be set free. 他提议释放政治犯。
He made the suggestion that we (should) go by train. 他建议我们坐火车去。
He agreed with my suggestion that we should change the date.
③ 动词suggest表“建议”时其后的宾语从句谓语动词为原形动词或should + 原形动词，should可以省略。例如：
Mr Lin suggested we (should) cut back on the amount of things we produce in order to save the environment. (page 23) 林先生建议削减生产来保护环境.
I suggest you（should）set about your work without delay. 我建议你马上开始工作。
④ suggestion除“建议”意义之外，还有“暗示; 迹象; 说法”的意思，动词suggest也有 “暗示；使人想到；意味着” 的意思，其后接同位语从句或宾语从句时不应用虚拟而应是陈述结构，例如：
There is no suggestion that he was involved in any wrongdoing.
没有迹象表明他曾参与过任何坏事。
They dismissed the suggestion that they hadn’t worked hard.
他们不接受他们没有努力工作的说法。
His attitude suggests that he isn't really interested. 他的态度表明他并不真的感兴趣。
Her face suggests that she’s bored. 从她的面部表情可知她生厌了。
(2) cut back (on) “削减；减少; 减低”,
We shall have to cut back on our spending. 我们将不得不削减我们的经费。
If we don’t sell more, we’ll have to cut back (on) production.
我们若不能增加货物的销售量, 就必须大幅度降低产量。
We must cut back on expenditure in order to save more money.
我们应减少开支, 以节省更多资金。
类似短语：
cut back 缩减（生产，开支）； cut down 砍倒，减少；
cut in 插入，插嘴；cut off 切断（电力、煤气等）； cut out 删掉，裁减
10. It would be beneficial to expand our recycling industry, and teach people about environmentally friendly ways of living.（page 22, lines 24-25）发展循环再造业，教会人们有益环境的生活方式，会很有益处。
（1）It would be beneficial to…是形式主语的句型，“it”是形式主语，真正的主语是不
定式to expand our recycling industry。又如：
It requires courage to do this kind of work. 干这种工作是需要勇气的。
（2）beneficial adj. 有益的；有利的
I hope your holiday will be beneficial to you. 我希望你的假期会对你有益。
常用句型：be beneficial to 对……有益处
同义短语：be of benefit to sb. 对某人有益处；do good to 对……有好处
［表示推测或希望］也许，大概
I would imagine that they’ll want to keep it.
我猜他们也许想保留它。
I guess some people would consider it brutal.
我想有些人大概会认为这很野蛮。
表示不确定之意
It would seem to be getting warmer. 天气似乎变得更暖和了
11. It is obvious that you are very concerned about the present situation of our environment.（page 23, lines 29-30）显然，你对我们的环境现状很担忧。
(1) It is obvious that…是形式主语句型，it作形式上的主语，that引导的主语从句是真正的主语。形容词obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, quite clear, unusual, etc.常用于此句型中。例如：
It is certain (that) he will come to the discussion. 他肯定会来参加讨论。
It is probable that she might change her mind at the last minute.
她大概会在最后时刻改变主意。
It was surprising that he finished writing a novel in only twenty days.
他在二十天内写完了一本小说, 真令人吃惊。
It is strange that nobody knows where he has gone. 说也奇怪，无人知道他去哪儿了。
(2) 辨析：be concerned about, be concerned for, be concerned with
be concerned可以和不同的介词搭配，构成系表结构的惯用语，也都有基本相同的意义“关心；关注”，但在着重点上还是有微细的区别。例如：
① be concerned about着重于“非常重要的位置或分量”。
They appeared completely unconcerned about what they had done.
看来他们完全不在乎自己的所作所为。
You should not be too much concerned about saving appearances. 你不该过于计较面子。
Everybody is concerned about the future of his country. 每个人都关心自己国家的前途。
② be concerned for着重于“为……担心；担忧”。
We’re all concerned for her safety. 我们都很担心她的安全。
Naturally we were concerned for him when we heard of the accident.
当我们听到那意外事件时, 自然地为他担忧。
Some people don't show much concern for our environment.
有些人不太关心我们的环境。
③ be concerned with着重于“对……感兴趣”。
What parts of this issue would they care about or be concerned with?
他们会关心或参与这个问题的哪些部分？
It is reported that the pop singer is concerned with selling drugs.
报道那个流行歌手涉嫌贩毒。
(3) concern n. “关心; 关注”
You need feel no concern about the matter. 你不必担心那件事。
China expresses its profound concern over such a development.
中国对此发展表示严重关切。
12. When people think of factories, they think of clouds of dirty smoke or a pipe pouring chemical waste into a river.（page 23, lines 31-32）每当人们想起工厂，就会想到滚滚烟尘，或向河流倾泄化学废物的管道。
(1) pouring chemical waste into a river是现在分词短语做后置定语。
(2) 辨析：pour into…， pour…into…
两个短语在意义上略有不同。
① pour into（不断地、大量地〕“流进；涌入”。例如：
The river pours into the sea. 河水奔腾流进大海。
The crowd suddenly poured into the store. 人群突然涌进商店。
② pour…into“把……倒入、投入”。例如：
She poured a little whisky into a glass. 她往杯里倒了点威士忌。
The government poured a large sum of money into the project.
政府把大笔资金投入了这项工程。
13. What I’m here to say is that having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and a stable economy should be possible at the same time. （page 23, lines 36-38）在这里我想说的是，与很多环保人士共同努力过后，我知道健康的环境和稳定的经济并存是可能的。
(1) 这是一个比较复杂的长句；what I’m here to say是主语从句, 系动词is后的that引导一表语从句；在整个表语从句中having worked side by side with many environmentalists现在分词的完成式做状语表时间，谓语动词know后面是that引导的宾语从句。
(2) side by side意为“并肩地”，其中by表示以连续的单位、批量或程度计。类似重叠短语有：
day by day 一天天地 little by little逐渐地
one by one一个一个地 step by step 逐步地
14. But I do agree that recycling may be the key to helping both sides.（page 23, line 45）我的确赞同循环利用是助益两者的关键。
the key to sth./doing sth.意为“是……的关键”。此外，key还有“钥匙”、“答案”等意思。to 是介词，其后接名词、代词或V-ing形式。例如：
a key to the grammar exercises 语法练习答案
the answer to the question 问题的答案
the key to the door 房门的钥匙
secretary to the managing director 总经理的秘书
notes to the text 课文的注释
the key to the success 成功的秘诀
the solution to the problem 对于这个问题的解决办法
a monument to the martyrs 烈士纪念碑
15. This might make wood and seafood more expensive, but paying a higher price for some things is not always bad for the economy. (page 23, lines 49-51)
这或许会让木材和海产品价格上涨，但为某些东西付出高一些代价并不总意味着对经济不利。
(1) 这是一并列句，but后第二分句中paying a higher price for some things是动名词短语做主语。
(2) is not always bad for…是一部分否定句结构，部分否定句型结构归纳如下：
部分否定是将否定对象以各种不同的程度给以一部分，或大部分否定。这在英语学习中特别值得注意。常见结构有：
① 否定词not与表频率的副词always连用时（not always = sometimes），可理解为“并非总是”。例如：
He isn’t always late for school. 他也不是上课老迟到。
I don’t always begin work at nine in the morning. 我并不总是上午9点开始工作。
② 定词not与all, both, every及其复合词（everything、everybody、everywhere）等词连用,表示不完全否定。例如：
All the boys don’t like football. =Not all the boys like football.（Some boys like football but some of them don’t.）不是所有的男孩都喜欢足球。
Every horse can not run fast. = Not every horse can run fast. (Some horses can’t run fast.)
不是每匹马都跑得快。
Both of the answers are not right. (One of the two answers is wrong.) 并非两个答案都错。
This kind of thing is not found everywhere.（You can find this kind of thing somewhere.）
这种事不是处处皆有。
③ 含有seldom、hardly、little、few等准否定词的句子也应属于部分否定范围。例如：
You have done little for us. 你几乎没为我们干什么。
Very few people understood what he said. 几乎没人懂他的话。
Hardly anyone believes that. 怕没几个人相信。
16. Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.（page 23, lines 51-52）我征询周围很多人的看法，许多人愿意花稍高的价格来买环保产品。
(1) ask around “到处打听”, around是副词。
I do not know , but ask around-somebody will know.
我不知道，但你不妨打听一下，总会有人知道。
Well, I guess one thing I can do is to ask around. 我想我能为你做的事是去四处询问一下。
类似短语：
look around四下观望 get around随意走走
move around走来走去 run around 到处跑
drive around 到处驾驶 walk around 到处走动
show sb. around带领某人参观
(2) willing是形容词。它意为“愿意的”或“情愿的”时多作表语。常用句型有：
① 系动词 + willing to do sth. “乐于、愿意做……”.例如：
What dose Qian Liwei say many people are willing to do? (page 24)
钱利伟说许多人愿意干什么？
We are quite willing for you to have dinner with us. 我们很乐意你和我们一起吃饭。
They appear /seem willing to talk to us. 他们看起来愿意跟我们交谈。
② willing其后可以接从句。从句中的谓语动词习惯用虚拟语气should加原形动词。例如：
He is willing that she (should) marry him. 他愿意她和他结婚。
Are you willing that he (should) be allowed to join in? 你愿意让他加入吗?
(3) pay a / the price for “为……付出代价”。例如：
They will have to pay a high price for it. 为此他们得付很高的代价。
17. People should take responsibility for not buying certain kinds of fish, because there are not many left in the ocean.（page 25）人们应该负起责任来，拒绝购买某些种类的鱼，因为这些鱼类在海洋中所剩无几了。
(1) 辨析：take responsibility for, be responsible for
这一组短语在意义上有点相似, 都有“对……负责”的意思，但不应忽视他们的微细区别。
① take responsibility for “对……负起责任”, 侧重于动作的过程；与不同的动词搭配，产生不同的意义。例如：
If anything goes wrong, I’ll take responsibility for it. 出了问题我兜着。
Will you take responsibility for arranging the food? 你能负责安排食物的事宜吗？
He has no responsibility for that accident. 他对那个事故没有责任。
The bank refuses to accept responsibility for the mistake.
银行拒绝对这一错误承担责任。
② be responsible for “对……负责任”，这是一个系表结构，侧重于动作后的结果，例如：
You are supposed to be responsible for them. 你是应当对他们负责的。
He must be responsible to me for this matter. 这件事他必须对我负责。
They’re responsible for cleaning the engine. 他们是负责清洗发动机。
Who was responsible for the mistake? 谁应对这一错误负责？
(2) 辨析：certain, some
都可以做形容词来修饰名词，在意义上也比较接近，有时候可以互换，但在结构上应注意变化。
① certain意为“某, 某些”，即可修饰单数也可以是复数名词。例如：
To a certain degree, he has failed. 从某种程度上说，他已经失败了。
A certain person called on me yesterday. 某个人昨天拜会了我。
Certain plants don’t grow well in this country. 有些植物在这个国家生长不好。
② some做 “某个, 某一”理解 , 其本身已涵盖“一”的概念，因而仅用于修饰单数可数名词。修饰可数名词复数，其意思是“一些”。例如：
There must be some / a certain mistake. 这肯定有某种错误。
He is working at some / a certain place in the north. 他在北方某地工作。
He has gone to some / a certain place in Asia. 他到亚洲某地去了。
18. What if we run out of space? （page 25）
用完了空地，会出现什么结果呢？
(1) What if…? =What would happen if…?“要是/如果……又会怎样?”，和“what about…?”一样已成为一约定俗成的句型。
What if you should fail? 假如你失败了, 该怎么办呢?
What if we move the picture over here? 倘若我们把这幅画移到这儿来，怎么样呢？
What if you go instead of me? 你替我去会怎么样？
(2) run out (of)在本单元是 “用完、耗尽”的意思，强调动作的结果。例如：
Our food soon ran out. = Soon we ran out of food. 我们的粮食很快就吃完了。
You have run out of money. What if he comes back? 你已经把钱花完了，他回来怎么办？
19. My dad says he doesn’t mind a little bit of pollution, as long as it means people have jobs.（page 25）我爸说并不介意少量的污染，只要这意味着人们有就业的机会。
① as long as =so long as“只要”，是一从属连词词组，可引导条件状语从句。例如：
So long as we live, we must serve the people heart and soul.
只要我们还活着，就要全心全意为人民服务。
You may borrow this book as long as you promise to give it back.
只要你答应归还，你就可以把这书借走。
I’m sure we are safe as long as (we are) in his care.
我深信只要在他的保护下,我们就会平安无事。
② as long as=since / now that，也有“既然、因为”的意思, 引导原因状语从句。例如：
As long as we’ve driven this far, we might as well go on. 我们既然已经驶得这么远了,就不妨继续前进.
As long as you’ve offered, I accept. 既然你已给我，我就接受
课堂作业
Ⅰ. 根据首字母或汉语提示完成句子,注意词形变化。
1. As winter approached, the days became shorter.
2. We’re just debating the question of environment protection.
3. It was obvious to everyone that the child had been badly treated.
4. The agreements will be effective from November.
5. The figure of an angel appears on the coin.
6. I’m quite willing (自愿的) for you to go with them.
7. You can’t appreciate (赞赏) English poetry unless you understand its rhythm.
8. People who refuse to pay tax (税)can be put in prison.
9. The father of a family