1. wish: vt.但愿,要是…多好; 希望,想要; 祝愿
*我但愿自己能年轻三十岁。I wish I were 30 years younger.
*How I wish you had attended (attend) the party last night! We had great fun.
*He wished her good night.
*He wished (her) to come.
Cf: hope
I hope I can help you.
I hope to come.
I had hoped to come, but I was ill. (I hoped to have come, but I was ill.)
2. adventure: an unusual , exciting or dangerous experience 冒险(经历),奇遇
1） 可数名词，意思是 冒险经历
所有孩子都在专心听他在非洲的冒险经历。
All the children were attentively listening to his adventures in Africa.
2）作不可数名词，意思是冒险
Our life is full of adventure.
这个男孩具有冒险精神
The boy has a love /spirit/sense of adventure.
3）也可作定语
惊险故事/电影adventure stories /films
4）还作动词 意思是拿…冒险，使…冒风险
Don’t adventure your life.
The boy adventured his opinion.
She likes adventuring in a remote place.
adventurous adj 喜欢冒险的 充满冒险的
adventurer 冒险家
3. explore: vt. to investigate systematically; to search into or travel in for the purpose of discovery探测/索/险;研究,勘探,
*Scientists must explore every possibility（研究每个可能） before the launch of a space shuttle.
*explorer exploration
4. challenge: vt.向…挑战,邀请…进行比赛,对…质疑
他向我挑战要我跟他再打一场网球。
他们学校向我们学校挑战，要进行足球比赛。
Great as Newton was, his ideas have been challenged today and are being modified.
challenge: n.
*Destruction of the environment is one of the most serious challenges we face.
*He didn’t do as his mother told him to, which was a direct challenge to her authority权威.
challenging adj.
5. trek: vi.艰难地行走To make a slow or arduous journey; To journey on foot, especially to hike through mountainous areas.
*go trekking
6. 表示”量”:
many/(a) few/a great many/a number of
much/(a) little/a great deal/a large amount of
lots of/a lot of/plenty of/a large quantity of
5. ______ of apples______ rotted away because of the bad weather.
A. large quantities; has B. large amounts; have
C. A large quantity; has D. A large amount; has
7.so many exciting places
e.g. I feel shamed that I’ve made so many mistakes.
Tips
so many + n. (countable)
so much + n. (uncountable)
so few + n. (countable)
so little + n. (uncountable)
adj/adv
so
adj+a(n)+单数可数名词
[练习]
1.It was ___ that a hundred people looked lost in it.
A so large a room B so a large room C such large a room D a such large room
2.They arrived home late and were astonished to find the house______ but nothing______.
A. turned upside down; stolen B. turning upside down; stealing
C. to be turned upside down; had been stolen D. to have been turned upside down; to be stolen
8. astonish: vt. amaze, surprise
astonishment astonishing astonished
be astonished at /by sth / to do/ that
in astonishment=in surprise
to one’s astonishment=to one’s surprise
这消息使大家感到很惊讶。
你似乎对此结果很惊讶。
. [练习] I didn’t notice the ______ look _______her face.
A. astonished; on B. astonishing; on
C. astonished; in D. astonishing; in
9. on camels
e.g. Watch out for dangers while traveling on camels.
Tips:
by camel / on the camel(s) / on camels
by bike / on the bike(s) / on bikes
by car / in the car(s) / in cars
We’ll be travelling by camel, with local guides, camping in tents and sleeping on the ground in our big, thick sleeping bags. 我们要和当地的导游一直坐骆驼旅行,在帐篷中野营,睡在我们又大又厚的睡袋里.
(1) by camel
by 此处表方法,手段, 原因, “以……” “借助于………”
by + 不带冠词的工具名词
by train/ air/ plane/ bus
I go to school by bus and by train, but my father goes to the office by car.
我乘公共汽车和火车上学,但我爸爸开车上班.
by doing
You can make the cake by mixing eggs and flour.
把鸡蛋和面粉混合, 你就可以做出那种蛋糕.
He caught a cold by playing football in the rain.
他因在雨中踢足球而感冒了.
(2) camping in tents and sleeping on the ground 是动词的现在分词在句中作伴随状语,
travel 过程中的一些伴随动作.
The boy sat in front of the farm-house, cutting the branch.
那男孩坐在农舍削树枝.
They went to the cinema, jumping and singing.
他们又跳又唱着去看电影.
11.expect
Tips:
expect + clause／n. (sb. / sth.)
expect to do
expect sb. to do
expect so
expect not = don’t expect so
be expected to=be supposed to
You are expected to hand in your homework tomorrow morning.
第一条信息预计在今晚7点到达。
The first message is expected to arrive at 7 this evening.
翻译：Some of the parents expect too much of their children.
一些家长对孩子期望太高。
正如所预计的那样，他再次失败。
As expected, he failed again.
12. on clear nights
e.g. The newly-wedded couple often takes a heart-to-heart talk in the moonlight on clear nights.
Tips:
at night / in the night
on Saturday night
on the night of…
在一个寒冷的夜晚 on a cold night
在星期六晚上on Saturday night
在6月13日晚上on the night of 13th of June
12. rough: adj.
翻译：
*a rough road
*rough waters
*a rough winter
*rough diamonds
*a rough drawing
*to have a very rough time
13.clothing/ clothes /cloth
1）clothing 是衣服，服装的总称，是集合名词，只有单数形式。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
food and clothing 衣食
a piece of clothing 一件衣服
2）clothes 统指各种衣服，包括外套，西装，衬衣，裤子，裙，鞋，帽等，不指单件衣服。它既不能用作单数，也不能和表示具体数目的数词连用。做主语时，谓语用复数形式。
He had to buy many clothes.他只好买很多衣服。
These clothes are new.这些衣服都是新的。
3)cloth 指做衣服用的材料（布料，毛料，丝绸等）是物质名词，不可数，没有复数形式。
a piece of cloth 一块布料（不能说a cloth）
How much cloth does it take to make a coat for the child?
给这个孩子做件上衣要多少布？
[提示]
cloth 指“具体用途的布”时，是可数名词。
a table cloth 一块桌布
[练习]
1..Food here is cheaper than in Britain;_______ , on the other hand, is dearer.
A. cloth B. clothes C. clothing D. dress
2.As Children’s Day is drawing near, there are always many new kinds of _______, shoes and so on in the shops for children’s _______.
A. clothing; cloth B. clothes; cloth
C. clothes; clothing D. cloth; clothing
14. in case:
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
When in London, he took an umbrella every day just in case.
Cf: in case of如果发生…
Call 110 in case of emergency.
in any case无论如何
*We shall get the spread of bird flu under control in any case.
in that case如果是那样的话
in no case决不
*In no case shall we give up hope.
[练习]When you go to climb the mountain, you’d better take more clothes with you ______ you feel cold at the top of it.
A. in case B. even though
C. in case of D. even if
15. your raft gets turned upside down or sinks.橡皮筏倾翻或者沉入水中。
Don’t hold the box upside down..
不要把那盒子倒着拿。
You have hung that picture upside down.
你把那幅画挂颠倒了。
[知识拓展]
1)turn…upside down 把…弄得乱七八遭；给（某人生活）造成大的变化（混乱）
His sudden death turned her world upside down.
他的去世使她的生活完全乱套了。
小偷把整座房子翻得乱七八糟。
The thief turned the whole house upside down.
16. we will live with the local people in their villages, and eat and drink whatever they do,
including cow’s blood.我们会与当地居民一起生活，住在他们的村庄，和他们吃一样的饮
食，包括饮牛血。
whatever 表示“任何的事物 无论什么，无论什么样的”
1)引导主语从句和宾语从句时，相当于 anything that
You can take whatever you like.
你可以带走任何你喜欢的东西。
I can’t believe whatever you say.
无论你说什么，我都不相信。
whatever he said wasn’t true.
无论他说的什么，都不是真的。
2)引导状语从句，whatever相当于 no matter what.
Whatever problem you have, you can always come to me for help.
无论你有什么样的困难，都可以向我来求助。
Whatever reason you have, you should keep your promise.
无论你有什么理由，你都应当遵守诺言。
Don’t change your plans, whatever happens.
无论怎样，别改变计划。
Whatever weather it is , we will go.
不管天气怎么样，我们还是要去。
[联想]whenever, whichever, whoever 都有类似的用法。
[注意] no matter +疑问词只能引导让步状语从句， 意为“不管 无论……..”而疑问词+ever 既可以引导让步状语从句，也可用来引导主语从句或宾语从句。
whatever v.s. no matter what
*Whatever/No matter what we said to her, she just wouldn’t listen.
*She wouldn’t listen to whatever we said to her.
1.* You can eat ___whatever you want.
2. whatever he is reading doesn’t matter much. (whatever, no matter what)
3. --How did you learn to speak English so well?
--- By practicing speaking _______ I had a chance.
A. whatever B. however C. whenever D. whoever
4. ___________ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.
A. No matter what B. No matter which C. Whatever D. Whichever
5. ___________ she did was right.
A. No matter what B. Whatever C. No matter D. What ever
17.supplies of food（常用复）供应品，补给品
e.g. The drought-hit areas are more dependent upon supplies of food.
Tips:
1) n. supplies of food
food supplies
2) vt. supply A to B
supply B with A
.[练习] It is said that more food _____ to the poor countries by the developed countries soon.
A. will be supplied B. will supply
C. will give D. has given
18.I really want to see an elephant up close.我真的想近距离的看看大象。
close 和closely 的区别
close 即可以作形容词，又可作副词，作副词用时常与to 连用，表示实际距离近。
I live close to the shops.
我住的离商店很近。
He came close to the house to see it clearly.
为了看得清楚，他走近了房子。
closely 用作副词表示抽象意义的“严密地 仔细地 密切地 紧密地”
He watched the birds closely.
他密切地注视着这些鸟。
The two things are closely connected.
这两件事是紧密地联系在一起的。
[练习]
1. Betty stood _______ on her teacher and watched ________ what he was doing.
A. close closely B. close close C. closely close D. closely closely
2.Most travelers don’t dare to ______ wild animals, even if they dream of seeing them _______.
A. get closely to; up close B. get close to; close
C. get closely to; closely D. get close to; up close
19.scare the animals away
e.g. The sight of the snake scared the boy away.
Tips:
1) scare…away (off, to death…)
2) scared / scary (区别)
3) scare = frighten
be scared of sth/sb be scared of doing sth
be scared to do
[练习]All of a sudden, the birds in the trees around were ______ away by the sound of the gun coming from a distance.
A. scared B. surprised
C. supported D. suggested