非谓语动词的句法功能:
1. 不定式-主、表、宾、补语(宾补&主补)、定、状、同位语
2. 动名词-主、表、宾、定、同位语
3.分 词-表、补语(宾补&主补)、定、状
知识要点：
一、不定式与动名词做主语：
1、 动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。Collecting information about children’s health is his job.
It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher.
2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：
常用结构：It+be+ adj./n.+ for sb. to do sth.
(常见形容词: difficult , important, necessary, impossible, etc.)
It+be+ adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth.
(常见形容词:clever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etc.)
3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：It’s no good (use, fun) doing sth.
It’s (a) waste of time one’s doing sth. It’s worth while doing sth.
二、不定式、动名词、分词做表语：
1、不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。不定式一般紧跟在系动词如: be, seem, remain, appear等后面, 用来说明主语的内容。这类结构中的主语一般为名词，如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention, wish, dream, etc.
eg.) My purpose is to teach them a lesson.
有时句子主语也可以是不定式或名词性从句。
Eg.) To be strict with students is to be responsible to them.
What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth.
The only thing he could do was ( to) tell the truth.
如果主语中含有do的任何形式, 那么不定式可以省去to.
2、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语位置可互换，动名词常用于口语中。
Its full-time job is laying eggs.
3、分词做表语:
现在分词作表语:一般表示主动或主语的性质和特征, “令人……”的, 主语多数情况是sth.
过去分词作表语: 一般表示被动或说明主语情感心理上的感受, “感到……的”,主语多数是sb.
exciting, excited annoying, annoyed amazing, amazed
boring, bored confusing, confused encouraging, encouraged
embarrassing, embarrassed frightening, frightened; inspiring, inspired
现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征；进行时表示正在进行的动作。
The task of this class is practising the idioms. （现在分词做表语）
With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. （现在进行时）
过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。
The village is surrounded by high mountains.（过去分词做表语）
The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.（被动语态）
He is well educated.（过去分词做表语）
He has been educated in this college for three years.（被动语态）
注意: 过分除修饰sb.以外,还可修饰表示神态、声音等的名词, 说明主语的心理状态。
Eg.) He had a _________ (terrifying, terrified) look in his eyes.
The boy answered in a ________ (frightening, frightened) voice.
三、不定式与动名词做宾语：
1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语：
want, wish, hope, expect, ask, demand, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。
2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语：
常见动词: advise, avoid（避免）, appreciate（感激）, admit（承认）,consider(考虑), complete, delay, deny（否认）, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, miss, mind, mention, permit, practise, risk（冒险）, suggest (建议), understand, etc.
常见短语: be busy, be worth, burst out, feel like, can’t help (忍不住), can’t stand, set about, succeed in, be engaged in, persist in, insist on, be fond of, dream of, prevent…(from), keep…from, stop…(from), protect…from…, set about, spend/waste…(in)
be/get used/accustomed to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, get down to, devote oneself/one’s life ( energy, effort, time) to, make contributions to, admit to, owe to,
【lead to, stick to, listen to, refer to, turn to, thanks to, owing to, due to后接名词,一般不接动名词】
3、某些动词后既可接动名词,也可接不定式.
常见动词: begin/start, continue; love, like, dislike, hate, prefer; need, want, require; forget, remember, regret; mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, can’t help
3. begin/start
三种情况下,一般接不定式做宾语:①主语是sth.;②本身用于进行时;③做宾语的动词表示情感、思想或意念时(如:like, love, understand, realize, understand, know, etc.)
A.) love, like, dislike, hate, prefer, 如表示经常性的动作, 用动名词作宾语;如表示特定或具
体的动作,多接不定式.
Eg.) I like___(play) chess during my spare time.
I like___(play) at chess with the chess master now.
B.) need, want require
eg.) He wants _____(repair) the bike for me.
The bike needs/wants/ requires______(repair).
4. forget, remember, regret
eg.) The light in the office is still on. I forgot ____ (turn) it off.
I’ll never forget ____(see) the musical comedy in New York.
Remember____( meet) me tonight.
I remember ____(take) to Beijing when I was a child.
I regret ____ (inform) you that you are dismissed.
I regret ______( not take ) his advice.
E.) mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, can’t help
Eg.) What do you mean _____ (do ) with it?
____(miss) the train means __(wait) for another two hours.
He’s been trying ____ (get) you on the phone.
Let’s try___ (knock) at the back door.
He paused and went on __ (explain) the text to us.
Go on _____(do) the other exercise after you have finished this one.
Wood is used to ___(make) paper.
He is used to _____(get) up early.
She couldn’t help_____( do ) the housework, for she was busy.
People couldn’t help____(laugh) at the foolish emperor in the procession.
4、动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。
The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）
The point wants referring to.
This English novel is well worth reading.
The situation in Russian required studying.
下列句子惯用不定式主动语态.
Eg.) The house is to let/to be let. 这房子待出租。
He is not to blame for everything.
四、不定式与分词在句中做宾语补足语：
1、以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语：
动词/动词词组+宾语+to不定式:
常见动词: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, allow, permit, help, advise, persuade, cause, force, warn, invite, urge, encourage, prepare, call on, would like, wait for, etc.
eg.)I got them to join us in the discussion.
They are waiting for the school bus to come.
The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. （注suggest后不跟不定式做宾补。）
We wish him to remain and accept the post.（注hope后不跟不定式做宾补。）
动词+宾语+不带to的不定式:
常用动词: feel (一感) ; hear, listen to(二听); make, let, have(三让); see, watch, observe, notice, look at(五看) ;help (半帮助,可带to或不带to)etc. 但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to.
Eg.) I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road.
比较: I saw him crossing the road. He was seen _____the road.
I saw him carried downstairs. He was seen ____ downstairs.
2、下列动词后的复合宾语用分词做宾补：see, watch, notice, observe, find, hear, feel, make, get, set, send, start, catch, have, leave, keep,等。用现在分词还是用过去分词做宾补，要看分词与宾语的关系。
We heard him ____ (sing) the song when we came in.
We have heard the song _____ (sing) in Japanese.
He watched the bed _____ (carry) out of the door.
He felt a great weight _____ (take ) off his mind. 他感到心头如释重负。
How would you like your hair ___ (cut)?
五、非谓语动词做定语：
1、不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示在谓语动词之后发生的动作或过去的某一特定动作。
He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do.
Our monitor is the first to arrive.
2、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别：
动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词进行的动作。
a walking stick 拐杖（动名词， a stick for walking）
a sleeping car 卧铺车厢（动名词， a car for sleeping）
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳（现在分词）
the changing world 变化中的世界（现在分词）
3、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别：过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。
a piece of disappointing news =a piece of news which disappointed us）
in the following years =in the years that followed）
a well dressed woman =a woman who is dressed well）
a car parked at the gate =a car which was parked at the gate）
六、不定式与分词做状语：
1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：
He hurried home only to find his money stolen.（结果状语）
To make himself heard, he raised his voice.（目的状语）
All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. (原因状语)
2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式、结果：
Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful.（条件状语）
Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. (原因状语)
He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased.（伴随状语）
动名词的复合结构:
① 物主代词或名词所有格+ 动名词(作主语、宾语、表语)
② 代词宾格或名词普通格+ 动名词(作宾语、表语)
Eg.) My father’s being ill worried us greatly.=That my father was ill worried us greatly.
His not being present at the party annoyed the hostess.
It’s no use your pretending that you didn’t know the truth.
What angered me most was the students failing to fulfill their duties.
I think the problem is their/them not having enough time.
注意: 若动名词的逻辑主语为无生命的东西,只用普通格:
eg.) The experiment can’t be carried out because of the equipment being out of order.
The news of the new hotel catching fire shocked everyone.= The news that the new hotel caught fire shocked everyone.
The noises of the boxes being opened and closed could be heard.
存在句的非限定形式
存在句的非限定形式是there to和there being结构。这两种结构在用法上有相同点。为便于比较，我们把它们放在一起介绍。
1） 作介词补足成分
两种结构都可作介词补足成分。如果介词是for，便只能用there to be结构。
Eg.) It is too early for there to be anyone around here.
It is important for there to be a fire escape.
也能用在不及物动词+for之后:
They planned for there to be another meeting.
如果介词不是for, 则要用 there being结构。
Eg.) John was relying on there being another opportunity.
2） 作宾语
作宾语时, 通常用there to be结构。
Eg.) Members like there to be plenty of choice.
能这样用的及物动词为数有限,常见的有expect, mean, intend, want, like, prefer, hate等。
3） 作主语和状语
there being结构还能用作主语和状语。
Eg.) There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.
There having been no rain, the ground was dry.
存在句的限定形式与非限定形式之间可以相互转换。
For there to be so few people in the streets was unusual.
(=It was unusual for there to be so few people in the streets.)
有时限定形式与非限定形式还可以结合使用。
Eg.) It is said that there are troops on the frontier. =There are said to be troops on the frontier.
关系代词的省略:
1. This is the fastest train there is to Beijing.
2. He asks for the latest book there is on the shelf.
3. ---- What did the football player you were talking to want?
---- He would like to read or listen to an account of everything there is going on in the world.