命题的特点
高考英语强调语言功能的语境设计，即把语言的结构考查放在具体的语境中。充分体现语言的应用性交际性。“单项填空题的绝大部分都有明确的语境设置。几乎没有单靠记忆语法规则或词汇知识就能够做出正确选项的试题。
语境设计分析：
一 、注意时间空间因素
例1．(1999 - 24)
-Hey, look where you are going!
-Oh, I’m terribly sorry. ___________.
A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing.
C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice.
注解：你提醒我（失误）时，我才意识到那时没注意到你。用过去进行时。答案：A。
例2.(2000 - 20)
-How are you today?
-Oh, I ______ as ill as I do now for a very long time.
A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling
C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt
注解：很长时间我都没有感到病得像现在这样厉害。用现在完成时。答案：D。
例3. (2000 –13)
-You’ve left the light on.
-Oh, so I have. _____ and turn it off.
A. I’ll go B. I’ve gone C. I go D. I’m going
注解：灯现在还亮着， 我马上就去关灯。用将来时。答案：A。
例4．(2001 – 24)
Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology ___ so rapidly.
A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change
注解：挑选买一部移动电话真不易，以为科技发展正飞速发展。用现在进行时。答案：A。
例5． (2002 - 23)
-You haven’t said a word about my new coat, Brends. Do you like it?
-I’m sorry I _____ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty on you.
A.wasn’t saying B. don’t say C. won’t say D. didn’t say
注解：关键词是sooner：“提早，抢先”的意思。我很抱歉刚才还没有来得及说。用过去时。答案：D。
二、注意联系对比因素
例1．(2000 - 11)
It’s always difficult being in a foreign country, ______ if you don’t speak the language.
A. extremely B. naturally C. basically D. especially
注解：“尤其” 是不会说外语，生活在国外是很难的。
例2．(2000 - 17)
Dorothy was always speak highly of her role in the play, _____, of course, made the others unhappy.
A. who B. which C. this D. what.
注解：依结构和意义， 此处要用非限定性定语从句。而of course 的插入可能成为干扰项。答案为：B。
例3. (2001 - 25)
The Parkers bought a new house but _____ will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
注解：要判明上下文的逻辑关系进行对比分析： 即a new house 指的是it;而不是The Parkers(they)；若没有but， 可选择which构成定语从句。答案为：B。
例4. (2001 - 33)
I was really anxious about you . You _____ home without a word.
A.mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
注解：我过去真的很为你担心，你那时本不应该一句话不说就离开家。答案为：B。（shouldn’t have done 表示“过去不该做”）
例5． (2002 - 25)
-Is John coming by train?
-He should, but he ______not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can C. need D. may
注解：在特定的情景中，使用情态动词；-是否坐火车来？-应该是，但他喜欢开车，也许就不坐火车了。因此答案为：D。
例6． (2002 - 35)
Meeting my uncle after these years was an unforgettable moment, _____I will always treasure.
A. that B. one C. it D. what
译文：“这么多年后见到叔叔是一个很难忘的时刻，我非常珍惜这一时刻。”
注解：在结构认知上，考生，若填which，可构成非限定定语从句。多用句点或and连接起来， 让that 或it做treasure的宾语。该题的正确选项为one，one作为an unforgettable moment 的同位语；I will always treasure则作定语从句修饰one；关系代词that省去。
三、交际口语因素
例1． (2000 - 6)
-What about having a drink?
- _______.
A. Good idea B. Help yourself C. Go ahead, please D. Me, too
注解：作为征求对方意见的口气：喝一杯好吗？回答应该是“好主意”。
例２． (2001 - 21)
-Good morning, Grand Hotel.
-Hello, I’d like to book a room for the nights of the18th and 19th.
- ___________________.
A.What an I do for you B. Just a minute , please
C.What’s the matter D. At your service
注解：对话情景是要向宾馆预定18,19两晚的房间；回答应该是请稍后，而不可能是其他情景下的答语。干扰项是D。At your service.意思是随时为您服务。
干扰因素的命题设计
一 、 结构上的干扰
例1． (2002 - 24)
The mother didn’t know ____ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.
A. who B. when C. how D. what
注解： as it happened 给考生造成干扰。译文： 玻璃杯打碎时母亲不在家，所以她不知道谴责谁。主要看空缺词后面的 “to blame”，从句意中理解所指的是谴责的对象，而不是指时间、如何、内容。答案为：A。
例2． (2002 - 34)
The research is so designed that once ____ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
译文：这项研究就这样定下了，一旦开始就无法改变。
注解：从结构看，该句有从句、被动、省略，增加了理解的难度。实际上可以将once begun 视为一固定表达，该句展开就是：Once it has begun, nothing can be done to change it. Once begun 是“一旦开始”的意思。又如：
Once done, we won’t regret doing so.
Once elected, he will move forward swiftly to set a new club.
例3． （2000 - 22）
The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see _____ the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
注解：过去分词在句中做see的宾语补足语，the plan 在句中是定语从句的先行词,在定语从句that they would like to see中做宾语。此句还原为：they would like to see the plan carried out 答案为：C。
二、意义理解上的干扰
例1．（2000 - 23）
-Why don’t we take a little break?
-Didn’t we just have______?
A. it B. that C. one D. this
注解：
理解语意：“我们为什么不休息一会儿？” “我们刚才不是休息过了吗？”
考查one 作为代词，代替 a little break。
例2. (2001 - 26)
We didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but it ______very well.
A.worked out B. tried out C. went on D. carried out
注解：work out 表示预期的结果。
I hope that the plan works out satisfactorily.
我希望那计划有令人满意的预期结果。
tried out :‘彻底实验’ ‘试出’；
went on: ‘继续’；
carried on:‘经营’、‘继续’ ;
work out 一般与plan 搭配。
要根据语篇中的不同情景，不断积累，进行词汇扩展， 熟记延伸常用解释；例如：
（1）Do you know how to work out the maths problem ? (算出)
（2）We have worked out a plan. (设计)
（3）That coal-miner will be worked out in two years. (开采完、耗尽)
三、思维定式上的干扰
例1. (2001 - 27)
The home improvements have taken what little there is ____ my spare time.
A. from B. in C. of D. at
译文：装修家室用去了我仅有的时间。
注解：定势干扰项：in my spare time
干扰结构是：what little / there is
去掉文中的 what , there is 的干扰，可看出原句there is a little of my spare time；
have taken 后的受词what引导的是宾语从句， what little 取代a little 。
what little 表示仅有的一点(时间)
例2. (2002 - 22)
Excuse me for breaking in, ____I have some news for you.
A. so B. and C. but D. yet
译文：对不起我闯进来是有你的消息告诉你。
注解：定势干扰项可能为and，受汉语“和”、“而”的意思干扰。此题所设情景：after apologizing for what you’re about to say (用在致歉语后），要用but。
练 习
① Man seems to be reaching a point he has always dreamed of, _____ he will be the master of the world around him.
A. when B. which C. that D. what
②Andrew had a warm desire _____ the conversation might continue.
A. when B. which C. that D. what................(keys: ①A ②C)
③The accident is _____ fresh in my memory than when it happened.
A. little B. more C. no less D. without
这件事故我记忆忧新。
④It is a fact ____ different foods release their energy at different speed.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
事实是不同的事物以不同的速度释放能量。..............(keys: ③C ④B)
⑤There is a difference ____ only 10 o C between winter and summer.
A. in B. at C. of D. with
冬天和夏天只差10度。
⑥The internet brings people closer ___ around the world.
A. with B. from C. on D. through ..............(keys: ⑤C ⑥B)
⑦Niagara Falls is _____ the border between New York and Canada.
A. at B. in C. to D. on
尼亚加拉瀑布位于纽约和加拿大之间。
⑧Enough has been said ___ the matter.
A. through B. on C. in D. with
关于此事说得已经够多了。..........................(keys: ⑦D ⑧B)
⑨I am curious to know what there is _____those hills.
A. over B. on C. beyond D. at
我极想知道山外的情况。
⑩ ____ you give it an inch, it will take a mile.
A. If B. Although C. In case D. As long as
得寸进尺。.....................................（keys: ⑨C ⑩A)
⑾Courage is doing what you have to do _____ you are afraid.
A. In case B. even though C. as long as D. if
勇气和胆量就是你必须去做即使你认为做不到的事使之成为可能。
⑿Many, many times I thought about my last conversation with my father,____he was dying of cancer.
A. when B. how C. why D. since ..............(keys: ⑾B ⑿A)
⒀ Citizenship is the chance to ____ a difference to the place where you belong.
A. take B.make C. get D. tell
公民身份是你在异地所取得的居住资格。
⒁ What happens in the world makes us happy and sad ____.
A. by turns B. in deed C. in luck D. at once
世界的事情喜悲交替。............................(keys: ⒀B ⒁A)
⒂Wages are low ____ the cost of living.
A.because of B. as a result of C. in relation to D.according to
⒃I love the challenge of doing things people say _____.
A. must do B. needn’t be done C. should do D. cannot be done
我喜欢挑战人们说不能做的事情。...................(keys: ⒂C ⒃D)
⒄The holder of ____ title is still ____ mystery.
A. the; the B. a; a C. a; the D. the; a
谁是犯案还是个谜。
⒅–What’s the matter?Why do you look so sad?
-I ____about all the mistakes I’ve made in my life.
A. was just thinking B. thought C. have been thinking D. am thinking
................................................(keys: ⒄D ⒅A)
⒆ ____ all the possibilities, I really believe that I’d prefer to make any change now.
A. Considering B. Considered C. To consider D. Consider
⒇ ____, both sides politely exchanged the telephone numbers and cards rather than quarrelling with each other.
A. Fortunately B. Immediately C. Probably D. Unexpectedly .....(keys: ⒆A ⒇D)