Unit 12 Teachers’ Paper
Background knowledge:
Distance learning
A type of education, typically college-level, where students work on their own at home or at the office and communicate with faculty and other students via e-mail, electronic forums, videoconferencing, chat rooms, bulletin boards, instant messaging and other forms of computer-based communication.
Most distance learning programs include a computer-based training (CBT) system and communications tools to produce a virtual classroom. Because the Internet and World Wide Web are accessible from virtually all computer platforms, they serve as the foundation for many distance learning systems.
The Hope Project
Education plays an important part in modern life. However, in some poor areas, many children can't afford the expenses of schooling and are forced to leave school. At the same time, our country is not able to invest too much in it. Under this condition, the Hope Project if carried out.
The Hope Project if of great necessity to our country. In the first place, it will create conditions for the children to go back to school. Secondly, it can make more people educated. Thus, is may indirectly lead to the improvement of people's standards of life.
In my opinion, the Hope Project is of great importance to our country, I hope that with this help more and more children can get the opportunity to be educated.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESC0) is one of 18 specialized agencies within the United Nations System. It was established on November 16, 1945, as much of the world was emerging from the devastation of the Second World War. Canada was one of the 20 founding members. UNESCO was formed to create an organization that would embody a genuine culture of peace by promoting collaboration among nations through education, the sciences, culture, and communication and information.
UNESCO works to create the conditions for dialogue and cooperation between the peoples of the world, based upon commonly shared values and respect for individual civilizations and cultures. The Organization also serves as a clearinghouse to share knowledge and ideas with its 190 Member States and six Associate Members. Through diverse and extensive strategies and projects, UNESCO is is actively pursuing the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, placing particular emphasis on initiatives which focus on eradicating poverty; achieving universal primary education and eliminating gender disparity in education; helping countries to implement national strategies for sustainable development; and halting the loss of environmental resources.
Since its inception , UNESCO has worked to inspire, encourage and sustain the principles of democracy, cooperation, non-violence, respect for human rights and cultural diversity. As the developing countries of the world struggle to find their place, as globalization continues to grow and the world moves rapidly towards knowledge based societies, the work of UNESCO becomes ever more vital. Through its efforts in the sectors of education, science, culture, information and communication, UNESCO is committed to attaining an ambitious goal: to build peace in the minds of men.
Period 1: Words and Expressions
New words:
1. load n.
（1.）（车、船、人、畜等的）负荷；负担；载重
The truck was carrying a load of bananas. 这辆卡车装着一车香蕉。
We have to make three loads of the cargo. 我们得把货物分装三车。
（2.）（车辆等的）载重量
I’ve ordered two lorry-loads of sand. 我已定购了两卡车沙子。
（3.）（一个成员、一台机器等的）工作量，负荷
I have a fairly light teaching load this term. 这个学期我的教学负担相当轻。
（4.） （常与of连用）大量，许多 (a load of/loads of )
To the reader's disappointment, the leading article in this issue of the magazine is a load of rubbish. 这期杂志上的主要文章废话连篇,使读者大失所望。
v.
（1.）（常与up, with连用）装，装满，载满
We loaded the truck with bananas. 我们把香蕉装上卡车。
（2.） 装上（弹匣、胶卷）
Don’t move! The gun is loaded. 别动！这支枪是上了膛的。
workload n. 1. 工作量, 工作负担
She has a very heavy workload. 她的工作负担很重。
2. strict adj.
（1.） 严格的，严厉的 （规则或行为）(+with)
Our teacher is strict; we have to do what she says.
我们的老师很严格，我们不得不按她说的去做。
（2.） 精确的；完整的
He made a strict analysis of the experiment.
他对这个实验做了个精确的分析。
strict → n. strictness
1) 严格说来 strictly speaking
2) be strict with somebody
Our teacher is strict with us. 我们老师对我们很严格。
3) be strict in something
Mr. Li is strict in his own work. 李先生对自己的工作很严格。
We should be strict with ourselves in everything.(我们应该事事都严格要求自己)
3. compulsory adj. 义务的；强制的；强迫的
Education is compulsory for all children in Britain between the age of 5 and 16. 在英国5岁到16岁的儿童都要接受义务教育。
4. commitment n.
（1.） 承诺；
The general has repeated his commitment to holding elections as soon as possible.
将军重申了尽快进行选举的承诺。
（2．）责任；承担义务
I've taken on too many commitments.
我承担的义务太多了。
（3．）忠诚，信奉，支持
The company’s success this year would not have been possible without the commitment and dedication of the staff.
如果没有员工的奉献精神，公司今年的成功是不可能的。
make a commitment
中国承诺竭尽全力帮助受海啸袭击的亚洲地区.
China has made a commitment to do all it can to help the tsunami-hit regions of Asia.
5. sceptical adj. 怀疑的
Everyone says our team will win, but I’m skeptical of/about it.
人人都说我们队会赢，但我对此表示怀疑。
6. tendency n.
（1.） 倾向；趋势
① (+to, towards) There is an increasing tendency towards the use of firearms by criminals. 罪犯使用枪械的趋势在上升。
② （＋to v. ） There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices. 人们在家里而不是在办公室工作的趋势日益增长。
（2．） 癖好，秉性
①（+to, towards） He’s always had a tendency to /towards frivolity.
他向来表现出轻浮的倾向。
②（＋to v. ）The teacher criticized his tendency to view world affairs purely in terms of the East-West conflicts.
老师批评了他那种单纯从东西方冲突的角度去观察国际事务的倾向。
7. expand vi.& vt.
（1） 扩大，膨胀，增强，使扩大 expand reproduction 扩大再生产
eg.
1) The bird expanded his wings into the blue sky.
2) This factory has expanded to the river.
3) Metals expand when (it is) heated.
4) The flowers expand in the sunshine.
The business has expanded from having one office to having twelve.
这个公司已从一个分公司发展到拥有12个分公司了。
（2.） 详述（故事，论证等）,引申
I don’t quite follow your reasoning. Can you expand (on it)?
我不大理解你的论断，你能详细地加以说明吗？
You’ll have to expand your argument if you want to convince me.
你如果想使我信服， 就必须详述你的论点。
（3．） Vi. （人）变得更友善更健谈
He expanded a little when he had had a drink, and started to talk more freely.
他喝了一杯酒，变得更友善，并开始畅谈起来。
8. distribute vt.
（1.） 分发，分配某事物 (+sth. to/among sb./sth.)
The demonstrators distributed leaflets to passers-by. 示威者向行人分发传单。
（2．） 使（某事物）散开，散布
Baggage loaded onto an aircraft must be evenly distributed.
飞机载运的行李应均匀放置在各个部位。
拓展：
distribution n.
（1.） 分发，分配（多作不可数名词）
The boys complained that the distribution of prizes was unfair.
男孩们抱怨奖品分配不均。
（2．） 分布，散布（多作不可数名词）
The pine-tree has a very wide distribution.
松树的分布很广。
9. corporation n.
（1.） 公司；企业 John works for a large American chemical corporation.
约翰为一家美国大化学公司工作。
（2.） 市政府
The corporation has decided that no heavy-duty trucks are permitted to pass through the centre of the city during rush hours.
市政当局决定高峰期间不允许载重卡车通过市中心。
拓展：
corporate adj.
（1.） 社团的；团体的
corporate responsibility, action, etc 共同的责任，行动等
（2．） 市政府的；公司的
Corporate executives usually have high salaries. 公司里的管理人员一般享有高薪。
10. donate vt. 捐赠；赠送
The businessman donated a lot of money to the hospital. 这个商人捐给医院很多钱。
Many more warm-hearted people donated blood to the poor girl.
(给这个可怜的女孩献血)
In his will, he volunteered to donated his body to medicine.
在他的遗嘱里，他自愿将遗体捐给医疗事业。
拓展：
donation n. 捐赠；捐赠品；捐款
She made a donation of $ 1,000 to the Children’s Hospital.
她捐了1,000 美元给儿童医院。
11. curriculum n. 课程
Is German on your school’s curriculum? 你们学校有德语课吗？
12. ministry n
[C]
（1.） （政府的）部
My brother works in the Ministry of National Defense.
我弟弟在国防部工作。
（2.） the ministry [GP] 神职界；（全体）牧师
His parents intended him for the ministry. 他的父母有意让他当牧师。
13. aspect n.
（1.） 方面
He mentioned only one aspect of the problem. 他只提到问题的一个方面。
（2.） 容貌，表情
He was serious of aspect but wholly undistinguished.
他面色严峻，却不过一庸人而已.
（3.） （房屋、门窗等的）朝向
She prefers a house with a southern aspect.
她喜欢朝南的房子。
14. profession n.
（1.） 专业，职业（尤指受过专门训练的，如法律、教学等）
He is a lawyer by profession.
他是职业律师。
（2）信仰或信念的表白
His profession of concern did not seem sincere.
他所表示的关心看来并非出自内心。
拓展：professional adj.
（1.）从事专门职业的 A lawyer is a professional man. 律师是从事专门职业的人。
（2.） 职业的，专业的
For professional footballers, injuries are an occupational hazard.
对于职业足球运动员来说,受伤是职业本身带来的危险。
15. alongside
（1.） prep 在…旁边；与…并排
The car drew up alongside the kerb. 小汽车在路边停下来。
（2.） adv. 横靠着；沿着；傍着
We brought our boat alongside. 我们把船靠边。
16. advocate
vt. 拥护；提倡； 主张
He advocates building more schools. 他主张多建几所学校。
n.（常与of连用）拥护者；提倡者
I am not a strong advocate of “English only” in the reading class.
对于阅读课上只用英语，我不是个强烈的拥护者。
17. restriction
n. 限制；约束
There is a restriction against smoking in schools.
禁止在学校吸烟。
拓展：restrict
vt. 限制；限定
He restricts himself to two cigarettes a day.
他限制自己每天吸两支香烟。
18. schedule
n. 时间表；进度表；程序表
The next thing on our schedule is to telephone our friends.
我们的日程安排中要做的下一件事是给我们的朋友打电话。
19.presentation
n.
（1.） [U] 赠送，引见，提出，出席，演出
They are preparing for the presentation of a new musical.
他们正准备上演新的歌舞喜剧。
（2.） [U] 赠送，引见，提出，出席，演出等的方式
She needs to improve her presentation of the arguments.
她需要改进阐述其论点的方式。
（3.） [C] 所赠送，引见，提出，出席，演出的事物，赠品，礼物,（尤指经仪式）授予之物
The queen will make the presentation herself. 女王将亲自授予礼品。
拓展：present
adj.
（1）出席的；到场的
How many people were present at the meeting? 会议有多少人出席？
（2） 现在的；现存的
What is your present job? 你现在的工作是什么？
vt.
（1.） 赠予；颁予
They presented flowers to their teacher. 他们献花给老师。
The mayor presented a silver cup to the winner. 市长把银杯授予了获胜者。
（2.）提出；呈递
The committee is presenting its investigation report next week.
委员会将于下星期提出调查报告。
The baker presented his bill. 面包师呈上帐单。
（3.） 表示；呈现
He presented his apologies. 他表示道歉。
（4.） 演出；公演
The theatre company is presenting 'Romeo and Julia' by Shakespeare next week.
剧团下星期将演出莎剧'罗密欧和朱丽叶'。
（5.） 介绍；引见；举荐
May I present Mr Robinson to you? 可否让我向你介绍罗宾逊先生?
The new ambassador was presented to the president. 新大使被引见给总统。
（6.） 展现
He always presents a calm smiling face. 他总是展现出平和的微笑。
（7.） 表现；造成
Money presents no difficulty to them. 资金对他们来说不成问题。
Reading
Reading comprehension：
1. Pre-reading:
Look around our school and decide what are needed to run a school.
2. Skimming:
Choose the best heading for each paragraph in the text.
3. Fast reading.(True or False)
1) By the year 2000 every Chinese child had had nine years of compulsory education.
2) There are 113 million children not in school today.
3) The UNESCO made a goal called “ Education for All ”.
4) It is important to create a positive attitude in agriculture areas, because it is not easy to change traditional ideas there.
5) How people are distributed can not affect the education system.
6) Children from countryside usually can continue their study. Boys and girls have equal chances of education.
7) To equip schools, some developing countries rely almost completely on aid from other countries and international organizations.
8) China doesn’t receive help from some organisations.
9) Distance learning is only used in Australia.
10) In the least developed nations of Africa, “ Education for All ” will be a huge task.
(FFTTF;FTFFT)
4. Careful reading(Answer the following questions.)
1. Why did the Chinese government introduce a law stating that by the year 2000 every Chinese child would have nine years of compulsory education?
(Because the Chinese government realises that the future welfare of its citizens is closely linked to education.)
2. Do all girls and boys in China share the same opportunity to accept education? Why (not)?
(No. In some cultures parents are particularly unwilling to send their daughters to school because the custom is to educate boys rather than girls.)
3. What’s your understanding of the title “Education for all”?
(Complete, free and compulsory primary education of good quality for all children by 2015.)
4. The success of a country in bringing education to all depends on the economy . Does this mean rich nations in the world don’t face education problems?
(No, it doesn’t. Even the richest nation in the world faces problems. e.g. the USA found that it is not easy to make sure that every student receives the same quality of teaching.)
5. Close test:
__________, it is important to _____a positive attitude. In areas where agriculture _______ ___________, people do not ______________ education, and parents _____________ anything that _____ children _________ their work on the farm. China and other countries found that even when children from the countryside ____ start school, they _________________ to be ______ and often _______ later. In some cultures parents ____ particularly __________ send their daughters to school because the custom is to educate boys __________ girls.
（To begin with; reate; plays an important role; attach importance to; are sceptical of; takes away from; do; have a tendency to; absent; drop out; are unwilling to; rather than）
Language study in reading
知识点:
1. It is reported that 99% of school-age children in China attended primary school by 2004.
It is reported (said, thought, hoped and etc) that … 句型结构，通常表达“据报道（据说，人们认为，人们希望等）”，其中句首的it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句内容。
e.g. It is hoped that the children will carry on our family traditions.
我们期待孩子们能继承我们家族的传统。
2. In China, as in other countries, the government realizes that the future welfare of its citizens is closely linked to education.
be linked to 与……连接（相关）的。
e.g. The island will be linked to the mainland by a new bridge.
新的桥梁将把该岛与大陆连接在一起。
3.to begin with
(1.)首先，第一
I’m not going. To begin with I haven’t a ticket, and secondly I don’t like the play. 我不去。一来我没票，二来我不喜欢这出戏。
(2.) 起初
To begin with he had no money, but later he became quite rich.
他起初没钱，可是后来相当富有了。
4. In areas where agriculture plays an important role, people do not attach importance to education, and parents are sceptical of anything that takes children away from their work on farm.
句中where和that都引导定语从句。
attach ... to ...（加于……之上）和be sceptical of（对……抱着怀疑的态 度）是固定短语。
e.g. No blame attaches to him for the accident. 这个事故他没有受到责备。
We should attach primary importance to the development of economy.
我们要把发展经济的工作放在第一位。
5.drop out
(1.) （从活动、竞赛中）退出
Since his defeat he’s dropped out of politics. 他失败后就不再从事政治活动了。
(2.) 中途退学，辍学
She got a scholarship to Cambridge but dropped out a year later.
她得到了剑桥大学的奖学金，但一年后就退学了。
其它词组：drop behind 落后
drop by 顺便访问：停下做短暂访问
drop off 睡着；减少
drop in 顺便走访, 不预先通知的拜访
(3) drop out (of) 退出，辍学
To our great surprise, he decided to drop out of politics.(退出政治)
What do you think we should do to prevent the children from dropping our of school?
(阻止孩子辍学)
“drop” phrases:
drop behind 落后，落伍
drop in on sb. at a place 顺便走访
drop into 跌入，落下，不知不觉
1) If I have time, I’m sure to _______________ you. (drop in on)
2) With the meeting going on , most of them _________________ sleep.(dropped into)
3) During the journey, Tom and Tim _________________the rest of the teammates.(dropped behind)
6. In some cultures parents are particularly unwilling to send their daughters to school because the custom is to educate boys rather than girls.
be unwilling to do 不愿意……； rather than 胜于
e.g. Much to our surprise, he was unwilling to accept our advice.
使我们惊讶的是,他竟然不愿意接受我们的建议.
These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.
这双鞋不好看，但是舒服。
7. To solve this, Australia uses “distance learning” methods, where the students have lessons by two-way radio and mail.
to solve this是目的状语提前，表示强调；另外句中where引导的是非限定性定语从句，修饰说明methods；此类定语从句比较特别，因为其中的引导词并非表示地点的名词，类似的名词还有case, situation, condition等。
e.g. Can you think of a situation where this idiom can be used?
你能想出一个使用这个成语的情况吗？
8. rely on/upon sb. /sth. to do sth.
(1.) 依赖,指望某人、某事物
I relied on your coming early. 我指望你早点来。
(2) 信任、依赖某人/某事物
You can rely on me to keep your secret. 你尽管相信我一定为你保密。
You can rely on it that I can finish the work on time. 你相信我好了，我会及时完成工作的。
9. In these countries, where some people do not even have fresh water or basic health care, reaching the target of “Education for All” will be a huge task, despite help from the international community.
where引导非限定性定语从句；reaching短语是句子的主语，despite是介词，其意义为“不管, 尽管, 不论”。
e.g. Despite the bad weather we enjoyed our holiday.
尽管天气不好，我们的假期仍过得很愉快。
Integrating Skills
How We Learn
1. obtain vt., vi. 得到，获得
I haven't been able to obtain that book.
我还没能得到那本书。
辨析：get, obtain, acquire, gain, win, earn这组动词的一般含义是“得到”。
obtain包含着“努力”、“希望”或“决意”去获得某物的意思。
The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts.
那位新闻记者立即着手获取这些重要的资料。
Ordinary people would then be able to use them to obtain valuable information.
那时平常的人便能运用它们去获取宝贵的信息。
get是最普遍、使用范围最广的词
I sat in the front of the bus to get a good view of the countryside.
我坐在公共汽车的前部，以得到有利于观赏农村风光的机会。
acquire虽然含有“努力获得”的意思，但更强调在原来的基础上自然增长或新的增添。
After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.
接到把车开出城的指令后，我的信心增长了。
gain有obtain的含义，但更强调目的物需要努力奋斗才能得到，而且这种东西具有价值，特别是物质价值。
During that time, she so gained my aunt's confidence that she was put in charge of the domestic staff.
在这期间，她得到了我姑姑如此的信任，结果被委任为家仆的负责人。
A penny saved is a penny gained.
省一文是一文。(谚语)
win虽然常常可以和gain换用，但win具有gain所不能表达的含义。如：获得者具有有利的品质
It seemed certain that this would win the prize.
这一块会得奖，这似乎是肯定的了。
This invariably wins them the love and respect of others.
这种行为常常为他们赢得别人的爱戴和尊敬。
earn包含着获得物与所花的气力是相互成比例的
His achievements earned him respect and admiration.
他的成就为他赢得别人的尊敬和赞美。
Some of them have come home for a few days' hard-earned leave.
他们中的有些人已经回国，度过那得之不易的几天假日。
2. evident
1. adj.明显的
It's evident that you are tired. 显然你累了。
辨析：evident, obvious, clear, plain这组形容词都有“清楚的”或“明显的”意思。
evident在善于修辞的作者笔下，总包含一定的迹象。
It's evident that someone has been here. 显然有人来过这里。
obvious所表示的“明显的”强调容易发现，常常用于修饰或说明那些本想掩盖而又没有能掩盖彻底的事情
The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen.
绳子是被割断的，因此这只羊羔显然是被偷去的。
注：此句中的obvious 换用evident则更确切。
He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strictly scientific) link with our ancestral past.
它们是恐怖电影和惊险小说中的老一套的怪物，并且与我们的祖先有着明显的(虽然可能没有科学的) 联系。
clear(以及常见的plain)是口语中常用词，其含义为“清楚易懂”。clear 除了“清楚的”，“清晰的”之外，还有许多其他含义。如“流畅的”，“无障碍的”等。
The water of the lake is as clear as glass. 湖水清彻如同明镜。
He gave a clear answer to the direct question.
他对那个直截了当的问题作了清晰的答复。
plain除了“清楚的”、“浅显的”之外，也有些别的含义。
如：a plain face(一个普通的或不漂亮的面孔)
The letter was written in plain English. 那封信是用浅显的英语写的。
3. select
（1.） vt. 挑选，选择；择优 (select sb./sth. as sth. )
I was selected for the team. 我被选入这个队。
（2.） adj.挑选的，精选的, 择优的
a select group of top scientists 最优秀科学家小组
a film shown to a select audience 给内部观众反映的影片
辨析：choose， select， elect， pick
这些动词都指从一些可能性中做出选择。
Choose含有运用判断力在一些人、物或行为方式中选出一个的意思。
We do not choose survival as a value; it chooses us.
并不是我们把生存作为一种价值而选择了它；而是它选择了我们。
Select侧重于从许多不同种类中进行选择时的挑剔态度。
Four skiers will be selected to represent each country.
每个国家将选出四名滑雪者作为代表。
Elect强烈地暗示着通常在两者之间作出挑选时的深思细想。
I elected not to go. 我决定不去。
4. suit
vt.
（1）. 满足；取悦；适意；对…方便
It suits me if you come to work at eight o'clock. 如果你八点来上班我就满意了。
（2.） 适合，适当 That dress suits you. 那套衣服你穿起来挺合适。
n.
（1）. 一套衣服， 套装
a business suit 一套西装
（2）. 诉讼
bring a suit against sb. 控告某人
fit-指大小，尺寸合体
suit-指颜色，花样，天气食物适合
match---和……..相配,和……..相称,使较量,一般指两样东西互相匹配或两人的能力势均力敌,互为对手.
1) This hat matches your jacket perfectly.
2) The color of the cloth suits a woman at my wife’s age.
3) These shoes don’t fit me-Have you got a large size?
4) This climate doesn’t suit her.(agree with)