The Subjunctive Mood
英语中的三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。其中虚拟语气用来表示说话人的一种与事实相反的主观愿望、猜测、建议或假想等。if条件句与主句的动词变化形式：
1.If 条件状语从句中的虚拟形式：
虚拟语气 If条件句 主句
与现在事实相反 动词过去式（若动词为be用were） should/would/could/might+动词原形
与过去事实相反 had＋过去分词 should/would/could/might+have＋过去分词
与将来事实相反 1.动词过去式
2.should＋动词原形
3.were to＋动词原形 should/would/could/might+动词原形
注意：
1）有时虚拟条件不用虚拟条件句表示，而用but for(要不是), without(如果没有),otherwise或or(否则)，或通过上下文来表示。
Eg. But for the storm, we would have arrived earlier.
Without water, all on the earth could not live.
2)if only（要是…就好了）
Eg. If only I were your brother.
2. 主语从句中的虚拟语气：
1)It’s important/necessary/strange/surprising/natural/desirable/ect.+that从句(谓语“(should)+V原”)
类似用法的形容词还有：essential, possible, impossible, dreadful, funny等
Eg. It is important that she (should) cooperate with us.
It was unnecessary that they (should) get here so early.
2)It’s +ordered/advised/ requested/required/desired/suggested + that从句(谓语“(should)+V原”)
Eg. It’s ordered that the classroom(should) be kept in order.
It is desired that every student (should) obey the school rules.
It is suggested that we (should)start the work at once.
3. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气：
1)表示“要求”、“建议”、“命令”等意义的动词后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气（即谓语“(should)+V原”)
这类动词有：request, order,propose, command, advise, recommend, demand, suggest, insist等。
Eg. He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any means.
The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class.
※注意：当insist表示“坚持认为”和suggest表示“表明；暗示”时,其后的宾语从句不用虚拟。
Eg. The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for hi.
He insisted that he was honest.
2) 过去式或过去进行时（be用were） 对现在情况的虚拟
wish+that宾语从句(that常省) had＋过去分词 对过去情况的虚拟
would +V原 对将来的主观愿望
eg. I wish I could fly.
I wish you would stay a little longer.
I wish I had known it before.
3)would rather+宾语从句（谓语动词用过去式）
Eg. I’d rather you didn’t make any comment on the issue for the time being.
4. 表语从句：
表示“要求”、“建议”、“命令”、“欲望”、“劝告”等动词派生出来的同根名词作主语时，其表语从句要虚拟（即谓语“(should)+V原”），这类名词有：suggestion, proposal,request, advice, decision, requirement等.
Eg. The old man’s request is that his children (should) give him some money to live on every month.
My suggestion is that the old houses (should) be pulled down.
5. 同位语从句：同位语从句用虚拟语气的情况与表语从句类似。
Eg. My wish that a teaching bulding (should) be built here will soon come true.
What do you think of Mr Li’s proposal that we (should) have a get-together next Friday?
6. It is (high) time+that从句（谓语动词常用过去式）
Eg. It is time that the child went to bed.
7. 注意下列用法：
should/ought to have done
should not/ought not to have done
could/ might have done
need not have done
8. as if/though从句若情况属实，用陈述语气。否则用虚拟语气。（现在情况：动词用过去式；过去情况：had＋过去分词
It looks as if it’s going to rain.
It looks as if he had finished all his task.
9.在if引导的虚拟语气的条件句中，如果谓语动词含有were,或had, should, would等，有时可将if省略，将条件句中were,或had, should, would提到主语之前。
Eg. Were I (=If you were) you, I would make more notes.
Had you (= If you had) invited us, we would have come.
Exercises:
1. If my lawyer ___ here last Saturday, he ___ me from leaving.
A. had been; would have prevented B. had been; would prevent
C. were; would prevent D. were; would have prevented
2. ___ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
3. He suggested that she ___ at once.
A. starts B. to start C. should start D. started
4. Her expression suggested that she ___ angry.
A. was B. were C. be D. should be
5. They insisted that he ___ present at the meeting.
A. was B. were C. be D. should
6. I wish I ___ you yesterday.
A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see
7. --- Did you enjoy the film last night?
--- Yes, but I wish I ___ a headache.
A. hadn’t B. didn’t have C. hadn’t had D. wouldn’t have
8. It is necessary that he ___ to the hospital at once.
A. should send B. be sent C. would be sent D. sent
9. My suggestion is that you ___ the party nexst weekend.
A. held B. sould hold C. should hold D. could hold
10. The leader gave orders that the work ___ before May Day.
A. finished B. be finished C. to finished D. finish.
11. Bod ___ hard, otherwise he ___ in this exam.
A. can’t have worked; wouldn’t have failed B. can’t work; wouldn’t have failed
C. mustn’t have worked; wouldn’t fail D. must have worked; would fail
12. The driver kept his head; or the accident ___.
A. would happen B. happened C. would have happened D. would be happened
13. His failure in the college entrance esam suggested that he ___ hard.
A. not study B. should not study C. study D. had not studied
14. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ___ for her.
A. had to write it out B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out
15.--- I stayed at a hotel wihile in NewYork.
--- Oh, did you? You ___ with Barbara.
A. would have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed
1. It was suggested that such machines ___ at once.
A. would be produced b. will be produced C. was to be produced D. be produced
2. I wish I ___ to America with you, but I AM TOO BUSY.
A. will go B. can go C. shall go D. could go
3. --- It’s raining, and I have no umbrella.
--- Here’s mine and I insist ___ it.
A. you to take B. that you take C. that you taking D. you taking
4. She went to the market early so that she ___ buy some fresh fish.
A. can B. might C. must D. should
5. Bob would rather ____.
A. working in the garden than doing his homework.
B. work in the garden than do his homework.
C. to work in the garden than to do his homework.
D. work in the garden thatn doing his homework.
6. Would you rather I ___ buying a new bike?
A. decided against B. will decide against C. have decided against D. shall decide against
7. If only I ___ earlier.
A. come B. have come C. had come D. might come
8. Look at the trouble I am in! If only I ____ your advice.
A. followed B. would follow C. had followed D. should follow
9. If we ___ yesterday , we ___ the work.
A. weren’t interrupted; would finish B. didn’t interrupt; would have finished
C. hadn’t interrupted; had finished D. hadn’t been interrupted; would have finished
10. ___, I’d have told you.
A. If I would have known it B. If I have known it C. Had I known it D. Should I know it
11. ___ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. were he to leave D. If he leaves
12. If you had not helped them, they ___ in London now.
A. would still be B. will still be C. would have still gone D. will have still gone
13. Without your help, we ___ so much.
A. will not achieve B. didn’t achieve C. don’t achieve D. would not have achieved
14. Your advice that she ___ till next week is reasonable.
A. will wait B. is going to wait C. waits D. wait
15. --- What are you going to do next year?
--- I don’t know. But it’s time ____ something.
A. I decided B. I deciding C. I’ll decide D. I’d decide
16. She insisted that a doctor ___ immediately.
A. had sent for B. send C. be sent for D. was sent
17. The thief closed his eyes ___ he ___ dying.
A. even if; was B. though; would be C. even; had been D. as if; were
18. The kind-hearted couple treat the orphan very well as though he ___ their won son.
A. is B. were C. had been D. should be
19. It is strange that he ___ back so early.
A. came B. will come C. had come D. should have come
20. My suggestion is that the meeting ___ of till next Sunday.
A. be put B. put C. should put D. had been put
21. The teacher demanded that the exam ___ before eleven.
A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished
22. Helen doesn’t know how much I spent in repairing the house; if she ever found out, I’m sure ___.
A. she’d never forgive me B. she never forgives me
C. she’ll never have forgiven me D. she does never forgive me
23. Without the help of the teacher, I ___ the entrance exam.
A. wouldn’t pass B. wouldn’t have passed C. couldn’t be able to pass D. will never pass
24. But for the leadership of our Party and Government, we ___ these splendid results.
A. have achieved B. shouldn’t have achieved C. should have achieved D. would achieve
25. He didn’t come yesterday, or you ___ him.
A. would see B. were to see C. might have seen D. had seen
26. You didn’t let me drive. If we ___ in turn, you ___ so tired.
A.drove; didn’t get B. drove; wouldn’t get
C . were driving; wouldn’t get D. had driven; wouldn’t have get
27. ___ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
28. I suggested the person ___ to be put into prison.
A. refers B. refering C. referred D. refer
29. --- Did you go with them?
--- No, I was very busy, but I would have gone if I ___.
A. had been B. hadn’t C. wasn’t D. was
30. Without electricity, human life ___ qute difficult today.
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. was