知识梳理
Ⅰ.网络构建
词汇 单词 *relic pyramid *represent include ruin burn *restore portrait recreate unite period damage *project brick official cave pollution breath limit continent tie *athelete medal *torch dive shooting *competitor further prepare effect *compete weigh weight position point title *gesture facial
词组 give in give up in ruins bring...back to life pull down set up in one’s opinion with the help of so far make oneself heard stand for because of would rather take part in preparation for prefer...to... have...effect on by hand
语法 被动语态
Ⅱ.重点精讲
●重点单词
1.include vt.
例句集锦
Does the price include tax?
这个价格包括税款吗？
Your duties include typing letters and answering telephone.
你的职责是打信件和接电话。
You should include some examples in your essay.
你应该在文章里举一些例子。
用法归纳
*include vt.主要义项有：包括；包含；使成为……的一部分。
相关归纳
（1）included（包括……在内）放在被包括的之后。
（2）including（包括……在内） 放在被包括的之前。
We all went,me included.
我们都去了，包括我在内。
I’ve got three days’ holiday including New Year’s Day.
包括元旦在内，我有三天假。
Six people were killed in the riot,including a policeman.
暴乱中有六人死亡，包括一名警察。
2.burn
例句集锦
v.
The house is burning.
房子着火了。
The fire burned her hand.
火烧伤了她的手。
Fires were burning all over the city.
全城处处燃烧着大火。
The smell of burning rubber filled the air.
空气中弥漫着橡胶燃烧的气味。
Some people burn calories faster than others.
有些人热量消耗的比其他人快。
Your forehead is burning.Have you get a fever?
你的前额很烫，你发烧了吗？
He was burning to go climbing again.
他渴望再去爬山。
n.
She had a burn on her hand.
她手上有一处烧伤。
用法归纳
*burn可以用作动词或名词。作动词时，主要义项有：着火；燃烧；烧伤；烧焦；发烫；渴望；有强烈的情感。
作名词时，主要义项有：烧伤；灼伤；烧的痕迹。
相关归纳
（1）burn sth. down（被）烧毁
The fire burned down the house.
火烧毁了房子。
（2）burn sth. up 被烧毁；被烧掉
The spaceship burned up as it entered the earth’s atmosphere.
宇宙飞船进入地球大气层时被烧毁。
（3）burn away（使）烧掉；烧光
Half the candle had burnt away.
蜡烛已烧掉了一半。
（4）burn out/burn itself out 烧尽；熄灭
The fire had burnt（itself）out before the fire engines arrived.
救火车到达之前，火就熄灭了。
（5）burn out/burn sth.out（因过热或使用过久）出故障
The clutch has burnt out.
离合器因过热而失灵。
（6）burn out或burn yourself/sb.out 耗尽体力；积劳成疾；累垮
If he doesn’t stop working so hard,he’ll burn himself out.
他要是继续这样拼命工作，就会把自己累垮。
3.breathe v.
breath n.
例句集锦
He breathed deeply before speaking again.
他深深地吸了一口气，然后继续说下去。
Most people don’t realize that they are breathing polluted air.
大多数人没有意识到自己正在呼吸被污染的空气。
He opened his mouth and took a deep breath.
他张开嘴深深地吸了一口气。
His breath smelled like coffee.
他呼出的气有咖啡味。
用法归纳
*breathe 主要义项有：呼吸；呼出。
*breath 主要义项有：呼吸；呼出的空气。
相关归纳
（1）hold one’s breath（由于激动、害怕等）不出声；屏息
Hold your breath and count to ten.
屏住呼吸，数到十。
He held his breath while the results read out.
宣读结果时，他屏住呼吸。
（2）out of breath 上气不接下气；喘不过气来
We were out of breath after only five minutes.
五分钟后我们便气喘吁吁了。
（3）short of breath 呼吸短促
She was very short of breath.
她呼吸困难。
（4）take one’s breath away 令人惊叹；让人叹绝
My first view of the island from the air took my breath away.
我第一次从空中看到这个岛屿时，叹赏不已。
4.prepare v.
preparation n.
例句集锦
A hotel room is being prepared for them.
正在为他们准备一间旅馆客房。
The college prepares students for a career in business.
这个学院是培养商务人才的。
The whole class is working hard preparing for the exam.
全班都在用功准备考试。
The police are preparing themselves for trouble at the demonstration.
警察正在准备防范示威时可能出现的骚乱。
I was preparing to leave.
我正准备离开。
He was in the kitchen preparing lunch.
他在厨房做午饭。
Preparation for the party started early.
聚会的准备工作很早就开始了。
We made preparations to move to new offices.
我们已准备好搬到新办公室。
The country is making preparations for war.
这个国家正在进行备战。
用法归纳
*prepare的主要义项有：使作好准备；把……预备好；防范；准备。
常见搭配有：prepare+sth./sb.（for sb./sth.）；prepare+for sth.；prepare+to do sth.
相关归纳
（1）in preparation（for）（为……）准备
The third book in the series is currently in preparation.
丛书的第三册现在正准备出版。
The team has been training hard in preparation for the big game.
为备战这场重要比赛，队伍一直在严格训练。
（2）be prepared（for sth.）准备好；有所准备
I was not prepared for all the problems it caused.
我对这事引起的诸多麻烦毫无准备。
We’ll be better prepared next time.
下次我们会准备得更充分。
（3）be prepared to do愿意
We are not prepared to accept these conditions.
我们无意接受这些条件。
How much are you prepared to pay?
你愿意出多少钱？
5.weigh v.
weight n.
例句集锦
-How much do you weigh?
你体重多少？
-I weigh about 60 kilos.
大约60千克。
He weighed himself on the bathroom scales.
他用浴室磅秤称体重。
She weighed the stone in her hand.
她用手掂了掂石头的重量。
The doctor said he should not lift heavy weights.
医生说他不应该举重物。
The full weight of responsibility falls on her.
全部的重任都落在她的肩上。
It is about 76 kilos in weight.
这东西重约76千克。
Bananas are sold by weight.
香蕉按重量出售。
She is trying to lose weight.
她正在设法减肥。
He is putting on/gaining weight since he gave up smoking.
他戒烟后体重增加了。
No more for me,I have to watch my weight.
我不再吃了，我得控制体重。
用法归纳
*weigh的主要义项为：有……重；重；称……的重量；测……的重量。
*weight的主要义项有：重量；分量；重物；重任；重担。
6.point
例句集锦
v.
He pointed to the spot where the house used to stand.
他指出那所房子原来所在的地方。
“What’s your name?”he asked,pointing at the child with his pen.
他用笔指着小孩问：“你叫什么名字？”
She pointed in my direction.
她指向我这边。
She pointed her finger in my direction.
她（用手指）指向我这个方向。
He pointed the gun at her head.
他举枪对准她的头。
A compass needle points north.
罗盘指针指向北方。
We asked her the way and she pointed towards the town.
我们向她问路，她指向小镇的方向。
n.
She made several interesting points in the article.
她在文章中列举了几个有趣的观点。
I wish she would get to the point and tell us what she wants us to do.
我希望她能快点说正题，告诉我们她要我们做什么。
What is the point of this meeting?
这次会议的目的是什么？
The climber was at/on the point of death when they found him.
当他们发现那个登山者时，他已奄奄一息。
Australia finished 20 points ahead.
澳大利亚队终局领先20分。
We broadcast on ninety-five point nine FM.
我们以调频95.9播音。
用法归纳
*point可以用作动词和名词。作动词时，主要义项有：（1）指,指向；（2）瞄准；（3）对着，朝向。
用作名词时，主要义项为：（1）观点，论点；（2）要点，重点；（3）目的；意图；（4）时刻，关头；（5）得分；（6）小数点。
相关归纳
（1）to the point简明恰当；简洁中肯
The letter was short and to the point.
这封信简短扼要。
（2）to the point of（doing）sth.达到某种程度；近乎
He was rude to the point of being aggressive.
他粗鲁到蛮不讲理的程度。
（3）up to a point在某种程度上
I agree with you up to a point.
我在某种程度上同意你的看法。
（4）point out指（给某人）看；（向某人）指出
I’ll point him out to you next time he comes in.
他下次来的时候，我指给你看。
He pointed out the dangers of driving alone.
他指出单独驾车的危险。
I should point out that none of these paintings is original.
我应当指出，这些画中没有一幅是真迹。
●重点短语
1.give up 放弃；戒掉；认输
例句集锦
He gave up smoking last year and became fat.
他去年戒烟后就发胖了。
They gave up without a fight.
他们不战而降。
She doesn’t give up easily.
她绝不轻易认输。
2.give in 让步；屈服；投降；勉强同意；交上
He would rather die than give in.
他宁死不屈。
The authorities have shown no signs of giving in to the kidnappers’ demands.
当局对绑架者的要求没有丝毫让步迹象。
Please give your work in before Monday.
请在星期一之前把作业交上来。
相关归纳
（1）give away 背弃；出卖；泄漏；暴露；赠送；泄露
They are giving away prizes at the new store.
新开张的商店在送赠品。
He gave away most of his money to charity.
他把大部分钱都捐给了慈善事业。
She gave away state secrets to the enemy.
她把国家的机密泄露给了敌人。
（2）give off（散）发出
She gives off a smell of rose.
她身上散发着玫瑰的香味。
（3）give back 还给；归还；使恢复
My friend gave back the tools that he borrowed.
我朋友归还了他借的工具。
The operation gave him back the use of his legs.
手术使他的双腿恢复了功能。
（4）give sb.a hand 帮某人的忙
Give me a hand with this table.
帮我搬这张桌子。
3.base sth.on/upon 以……为根据（基础）；把……建立在……
例句集锦
What are you basing this theory on?
你这种理论的根据是什么？
The film is based on a famous novel.
这部电影是根据一部著名的小说改编的。
One should always base his opinion on facts.
一个人应该始终以事实为依据发表自己的观点。
4.so far 迄今为止；到目前为止
例句集锦
What do you think of the show so far?
到目前为止你觉得这场演出怎么样？
Detectives are so far at a loss to explain the reason of his death.
至今侦探对他的死因仍茫然不解。
We haven’t heard from Tom so far.
到目前为止，我们还没收到汤姆的来信。
相关归纳
（1）by far（常用来修饰比较级或最高级，用以加强语气）大大的；……得多
The last of these reasons is by far the most important.
这些理由中最后一条比其他的重要得多。
Amy is the smartest by far.
埃米显然是最聪明的。
（2）as far as the eye can/could see极目所尽
The bleak moorland stretched on all sides as far as the eye could see.
荒凉的旷野向四面伸展开去，一望无际。
（3）as far as I know就我所知
As far as I know,the Pacific Ocean is by far the largest in the world.
据我所知，太平洋是世界上最大的洋。
（4）as far as I can remember（see,tell,etc）尽我所记得的；依我看
As far as I can see,you have done nothing wrong.
依我看，你没有做错任何事。
She lived in Chicago,as far as I can remember.
根据我记得的，她过去住在芝加哥。
（5）as far as sb./sth.be concerned就……而言
As far as I am concerned,you can do what you like.
就我而言，你想干什么就干什么。
（6）as far as it goes在有限程度上（通常指不满意）
It’s a good plan as far as it goes,but there are a lot of things they haven’t thought of.
这计划还不错，不过还有很多事情没有考虑到。
5.every four years 每四年
用法归纳
every 与数词或few、other连用，表示时间或空间的间隔，一般形成以下几个结构：
（1）every+基数词+复数名词，意为“每……”；
（2）every+序数词+单数名词，意为“每第……”；
（3）every+ other+单数可数名词，指“每隔……”；
（4）every+few+复数名词，译为“每隔几……”
例句集锦
I go there every three days.
每三天我去那里一次。
He comes to see his uncle every third Sunday every month.
他每月第三个星期天来看他的叔叔。
He goes to town every other day.
他隔天去一次城里。
Write on every other line.
要隔行写。
He stopped and turned round every few minutes.
每隔几分钟他都停下来回头看看。
6.make sure 确保；一定要；保证做到；核实；弄清楚
例句集锦
Make sure you turn off all the lights before leaving the lab.
在你离开实验室前一定要关掉所有的灯。
You’d better make sure of the time and the place.
你最好核实时间和地点。
相关归纳
（1）be sure of/be sure that有把握；确信
主语是人，表示主语感到“有把握，确信”。
I’m sure of his success.=I’m sure that he will succeed.
我确信他会成功。
（2）be sure to do一定要；必然会
主语可以是人或物，表示说话人推测主语“一定要，必然会”。
He is sure to succeed.他一定会成功。
It is sure to rain.天准会下雨。
●必背句型
1.表示“尽其所能去做某事；尽力做某事”的句型
教材原句
（1）We will not let our history and culture be destroyed and we will do everything we can to save our city.
我们不会让我们的历史和文化被毁灭的，我们将尽我们的所能去挽救我们的城市。
（2）They do their best to win medals.
他们努力去赢得奖牌。
特别提示
“尽其所能去做某事；尽力做某事”可用 sb.do what one can to do或sb.do everything/ all （that）one can to do来表达。该句型中can后省略了do，不定式作目的状语。也可用do/try one’s best to do来表达。
补充例句
Whenever he met with difficulty,she would do what she could to help him.
=Whenever he met with difficulty,she would do all/everything she can to help him.
=Whenever he met with difficulty,she would do/try her best to help him.
每当他遇到困难时，她总是尽她所能去帮助他。
2.用why表示建议的句型
句型1：Why not join us?
句型2：Why don’t you join us?
和我们一块干吧？
特别提示
“Why not +动词？”或“Why don’t you+动词？”通常用来表示建议。
补充例句
Why not go to the library to borrow some books?
何不去图书馆借几本书看看?
Why don’t you take your girlfriend with you?
为什么不带你的女朋友一块来？
3.be+介词＋名词
教材原句
It was under attack for 900 days,but the people of the city never gave in.
城市受到了900天的攻击，但是城里人从来没有屈服。
特别提示
“be+介词+名词”可以用来表示动作，名词前不能使用冠词。
补充例句
They are now at work.You can find them at the factory.
他们在上班，你可以在工厂里找到他们。
He is on business.We couldn’t find him at his office.
他出差了，我们在办公室里没找到他。
The workers are on strike.
工人们正在罢工。
The Whites are on holiday in Egypt.
怀特一家正在埃及度假。
The bridge is under construction.We can’t drive through it.
这座桥正在修建中，开车过不去。
The car is under repair.You can’t use it now.
车正在维修，现在不能用。
He is now in hospital,but I think he’ll be out of hospital soon.
他住院了，我想他不久就会出院。
4.would rather...（than...）
教材原句
I’d rather watch it than play it.
我宁愿看球而不愿意打球。
特别提示
（1）would/had rather...（than）意为“宁愿……而不愿；宁愿；更喜欢”。
（2）would rather后接从句时，从句中用过去时。
补充例句
She’d rather die than give a speech.
她宁愿死也不愿意演讲。
He would rather listen to others than talk himself.
他宁愿听别人说而不愿自己说。
-Do you want to come with us?
你想跟我一起来吗？
-No,I’d rather not.不，我不想去。
Would you rather walk or take the bus?
你愿意步行还是坐公共汽车？
-Do you mind if I smoke?
你介意我抽烟吗？
-Well,I’d rather you didn’t.
最好别抽。
I’d rather you came tomorrow than today.
我宁愿你明天来，而不是今天来。
疑难突破
1.included,including
including意为“包含……在内；包括”，要放在被包括的名词或代词之前。included意为“包括在内”，要放在被包括的名词或代词之后。
应用
（1）There are a lot of names in the list,______ his name.
（2）There are a lot of names in the list,his name ______.
（3）There are 40 students in our class,______ four students from America.
答案：（1）including （2）included （3）including
2.farther,further
表示时间、空间和距离时两者可换用;表示“进一步、进一层、更多”时，只能用further。
应用
（1）I could walk no ______.
（2）This problem will be ______ discussed tomorrow.
（3）No ______ explanation is needed.
（4）It means every athlete should try to run faster,jump higher,and throw ______.
答案：（1）farther/further （2）further （3）further （4）farther/further
3.bring,take,carry,fetch
bring指将某物或某人从其他地方带到说话人所在地方。
take将人或物从说话人所在的地方带到别处。
carry携带东西从一处到另一处，无方向性。
fetch指到别处去，然后把某物或人带来。
应用
（1）Go and______ today’s newspaper for me.
（2）Please ______ your son along next time you come.
（3）The woman is ______a baby in her arms.
（4）Let me ______ the suitcase for you.
（5）Who has ______ away today’s newspaper?
（6）______ the umbrella.It’s going to rain.
（7）He asked us to ______ our notebooks and pens when we go to listen to the report.
答案：（1）fetch （2）bring （3）carrying （4）carry （5）taken （6）Take （7）take
4.prepare,prepare for,get（be）ready
（1）get/be ready意为“准备好”,强调准备的结果。常见结构有：①get ready（for sth.）；②get sth.ready；③be ready（for sth.）；④be ready to do（准备干某事，乐于干某事）
（2）prepare意为“准备”,强调准备的动作与过程。宾语是这一动作的承受者。其后也可接双宾语，还可接不定式。
（3）prepare for意为“为……作准备”,for的宾语不是动作的承受者，而是表示准备的目的，即所要应付的情况。
prepare常见结构如下：
prepare sth.准备某物（事）
prepare sth.for sth.使……为……作好准备
prepare to do sth.准备做某事
prepare for sth.为某事作准备
prepare sb.for sth.使某人对某事有思想准备
be prepared for sth.准备好应付某事
应用
（1）Mother was busy ______ us lunch in the kitchen when I got home.
（2）The doctor told the nurses to ______the operation at once.
（3）We ______to do anything for the people.
（4）Will you help me ______ the party?
（5）Please ______ by seven o’clock tomorrow morning.
（6）The teacher is ______ the exam.
（7）The students are ______ the exam.
（8）Will you ______ her for the bad news that is coming?
答案：（1）preparing （2）prepare for （3）are ready （4）prepare for （5）get/be ready （6）preparing （7）preparing for （8）prepare
5.win,beat
beat宾语只能是表示人的词或一个集体，“在比赛、战斗、争论中击败某人”应说beat sb.in...。win作“赢”解时，其宾语通常是war,battle,game,match,argument,medal等，不能是表示人的词。
应用
（1）They do their best to ______medals.
（2）We ______their team by 10 points.
（3）Jim ______Tom by a yard and ______ the race.
（4）Do you know who ______ the Nobel Prize for physics this year?
答案：（1）win （2）beat （3）beat,won （4）won
6.manage to do,try to do
manage to do sth.=succeed in doing sth.，表示“努力做成某事”。
try to do sth.表示“试图、企图、努力”去做，不强调结果。
应用
（1）We were pleased that they ______ to get what we wanted.
（2）He ______ to pass the exam but he had no luck.
（3）The box was heavy but he ______ to lift it.
（4）If I am to get away,can you ______ the factory?
（5）I cannot ______ another cake.
答案：（1）managed （2）tried （3）managed （4）manage （5）manage
7.because of,because
because是连词，用于引导表语从句或状语从句。
because of是介词，用于名词、代词、what从句或动名词前。
应用
（1）She was worried ______her daughter came home late.
（2）Her daughter came home late ______the busy traffic.
（3）She was angry ______what you said.
（4）______ missing the last bus,we had to take a taxi.
（5）My views of the world have changed ______traveling.
（6）She looks worried.That is ______her daughter hasn’t come home.
答案：（1）because （2）because of （3）because of （4）Because of （5）because of （6）because
典例剖析
【例1】 （2005年春季北京，22）After a fire broke out in the lab,a lot of equipment ______.
A.is damaged B.had damaged C.damaged D.was damaged
剖析：从主谓关系判断，该句应使用被动语态，故排除B、C两项；由于表达是过去的动作，应该使用过去时，故选D项。
答案：D
【例2】 （2004年全国卷Ⅰ，25）Roses need special care ______ they can live through winter.
A.because B.so that C.even if D.as
剖析：根据句意判断，句子的后半部分是目的状语从句，故选B。
答案：B
【例3】 （2004年全国卷Ⅲ，22）Helen had to shout ______ above the sound of the music.
A.making herself hear B.to make herself hear
C.making herself heard D.to make herself heard
剖析：根据句意和结构判断，句子后部分是表达大声喊的目的，一般用不定式表达，故排除A、C两项。hear与宾语herself有逻辑上的被动关系，故选D项。
答案：D
【例4】 （2004年全国卷Ⅲ，26）To enjoy the scenery,Irene would rather spend long hours on the train ______ travel by air.
A.as B.to C.than D.while
剖析：本题考查习惯搭配would rather do...than do ...。
答案：C
【例5】（2004年全国卷Ⅳ，33）Lizzie was ______ to see her friend off at the airport.
A.a little more than sad B.more than a little sad
C.sad more than a little D.a little more sad than
剖析：more than修饰形容词、名词或动词时，通常放在被修饰的词之前，故排除A、C、D三项。more than用于修饰形容词、名词或动词时，要看作习语，意思是“不仅、很、非常”。全句意思是：“Lizzie在机场为朋友送行时，非常难过。”
答案：B
【例6】 （2003年北京，23）Don’t mention that at the beginning of the story,or it may ______ the shocking ending.
A.give away B.give out C.give up D.give off
剖析： 本题检测考生在特定语境中对短语动词的辨异和使用能力。准确把握各选项中短语动词的意思是关键。give away意为“泄露（机密），捐赠”;give out意为“分发；用完、耗尽”;give up意为“放弃”;give off意为“发出（光、热、气味等）”。只有give away符合题意，故选A项。
本题意思是：“不要在故事开头就提到那事，否则便将惊人的结局暴露了。”
答案：A
【例7】 （2002年上海，39）The shopkeeper gave us ______ weight:we got 9 kilos instead of 10 kilos.
A.scarce B.short C.light D.slight
剖析：本题考查固定短语。short weight意为“斤两不够;缺斤少两”。
答案：B