期末复习：语法复习
动词不定式
一. 定义：
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，既可以有自己的宾语和状语。同时动词不定式又具有名词、形容词、副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
二. 动词不定式的构成：to+动词原形
三. 动词不定式作宾语
后面能接不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, ask, choose, decide, forget, hope, learn, want, wish, would like等。
We hope to get there before dark. 我们希望天黑以前到那儿。
The girl decided to do it herself. 那个姑娘决定自己做那件事。
动词不定式作宾语的注意事项（2点）
1. 有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，但含义不同：
remember to do 记住要做某事
remember doing 记得曾经做过某事
forget to do忘记要做某事
forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事
stop to do 停下来去做某事
stop doing 停止做某事
go on to do 继续做另一件事
go on doing 继续做原来在做的事
I remember seeing you somewhere before.
我记得以前在哪儿见过你。
Please remember to turn off the light when you leave.
离开时请记得关好灯。
2. 不定式作宾语时，如带有宾语补足语，则要把不定式放到后面，用it作形式宾语，构成“主语+动词+it+宾补（形容词、名词）+不定式”结构。
如：He found it very difficult to get to sleep.
他发现很难入睡。
四. 动词不定式作宾语补足语
1. 后面能接to不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask, order, teach, tell, want, wish, help等。
The teacher told us to do Exercise 1. 老师要我们做练习一。
I want both of you to go. 我要你们俩去。
We helped her (to) repair her bike. 我们帮助她修理自行车。
2. 使役动词let, have, make及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等要以不带to的不定式作宾补。
Let’s have a rest. 我们休息一会吧。
I saw him come in. 我看见他进来了。
感官动词后既可跟不带to的不定式作宾补，也可跟v-ing作宾补，前者表示动作的全部过程已结束；后者表示动作正在进行。
I saw him come downstairs.我看见他下了楼。（说明他下楼了这件事）
I saw him coming downstairs.我看见他在下楼。（说明他下楼时的情景）
五. 动词不定式作状语
Later he left home to work in different cities. 不久他离开家到不同的城市工作。
He went to see a football match. 他去看足球比赛了。
In order to catch the other students, I must work hard.
为了赶上其他同学，我必须努力学习。
六. 动词不定式作定语
不定式作定语一般放在所修饰的词的后面。
I need something to eat.
Do you have something to read?
Tom was so excited that he had no word to say.
He is really a fool only to eat.
The man to stand here just now is our English teacher.
The doctor had no way to save the patient.
注意：
（1）作定语的不定式是由及物动词组成，被修饰的名词或代词与不定式之间存在方位或方式关系需要有介词。
I am looking for a room to live in. 我正在找一间住房。（方位关系）
We have many things to do experiments with.
我们有许多做实验的东西（方式关系）
（2）作定语的不定式是由“be + adj + prep”构成的动词短语。
Here there isn’t any book for me to be interested in.
We have done many things to proud of. 我们做了许多引以自豪的事。
七. 动词不定式作主语
To give is better than to receive.
To reach there on foot is impossible.
动词不定式作主语时，可以用it 代替，把实际主语不定式放在后面。
It’s better to give than to receive.
It’s impossible to reach there on foot.
It’s + adj + for sb. to do sth.
It’s not difficult for me to study English well.
It’s easy for him to work out this math problem.
在这个句型中，如果形容词与不定式的逻辑主语关系密切，并且形容词用来说明逻辑主语的性质、品质、特点等，由of引出逻辑主语。这类形容词主要有nice, kind, good, wrong, right等。
八. 动词不定式和疑问词连用
动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which, how, where, when连用，构成不定式短语，可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等。
How to do is still a question.
Have you decided when to leave?
九. 动词不定式的否定形式
动词不定式的否定式是在to前加not；不带to的不定式则在动词前加not. 如：
Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day. 张明要我不要整天呆在家里。
My mother let me not do it by myself. 妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。
被动语态
英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态
主动语态（The Active Voice）表示主语是动作的执行者。
被动语态（The Passive Voice）表示主语是动作的承受者。
构成：承受者+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者
一般现在时：承受者+助动词am / is/are +及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者
一般过去时：承受者+助动词was / were +及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者
承受者+助动词shall / will be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者
承受者+助动词 have/ has been+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者
承受者+ can /may/must/should +be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者
被动语态用法：
1）当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁，或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时，需用被动语态。
2）当我们需要强调动作的承受者时,常用被动语态。
3）如果需要说出动作的执行者, 用by引导出动作的执行者。
主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
主动语态变为被动语态时有以下几种情况：
1）主语＋谓语动词＋宾语
将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
（主动）We bought a book yesterday.
（被动）The book was bought yesterday.
2）主语＋谓语动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
将主动语态中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语。多数情况下将间接宾语变为主语。如果直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前要加介词to / for。
（主动）He showed me a book yesterday.
（被动）I was showed a book yesterday.
（被动）The book was showed to me yesterday.
3）主语＋谓语动词＋复合宾语
含有一个由宾语加宾语补足语构成的复合宾语，变为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语保留不变，成为主语补足语。
（主动）I found him a good pupil. （宾语补足语）
（被动）He was found a good pupil. （主语补足语）
4）短语动词变为被动语态
有些短语动词相当于一个及物动词，其后可以接宾语，因此它们也有被动语态，但短语动词是不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉其后面的介词或副词。
（主动）We should look after the patients very well.
（被动）The patients should be looked after very well by us.
5）宾语从句变为被动语态
若主动语态中是宾语从句，变为被动语态时常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。
It’s said that he passed the exam.
被动语态应注意的几个特殊问题：
（1）不及物动词带介词和介词宾语，在变为被动语态时，仍然要带上介词。
（主动）The students in class listen to the teacher carefully.
（被动）The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.
（2）当动词带有复合宾语时，并且宾补是省去“to”的动词不定式时，在被动语态中应加上“to”。
（主动）They make do all the work.
（被动）We were made to do all the work.
（主动）We often hear her sing English songs.
（被动）She is often heard to sing English songs.
（主动）I see him walk to school.
（被动）He is seen to walk to school.
【模拟试题】（答题时间：80分钟）
I. 听力测试略
II. 语言知识（共15小题，每题1分，满分为15分）
请你从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳的选项。
21. -- You look so beautiful in blue.
-- __________________.
A. That’s all right B. Thank you C. Not at all D. I don’t know
22. Nearly three quarters of the earth ____________ covered with water.
A. has B. have C. is D. are
23. The largest number of people in the world speak Chinese ____________ a first language.
A. as B. for C. in D. with
24. My brother does well in all his lessons. His wish to become a college student is sure to ____________.
A. come out B. come near C. come true D. come on
25. I kept ____________ phone calls to my friend, but nobody answered.
A. to make B. make C. made D. making
26. Her idea ____________ different from ours. We should think it over.
A. feels B. looks C. turns D. sounds
27. My sister didn’t want to ____________ so much money on the dress, for other things had ____________ her a lot.
A. pay, spent B. spend, cost C. pay, taken D. spend, paid
28. I saw him ____________ into the building.
A. go B. to go C. goes D. went
29. Eighteen people will come to the meeting, but there’re only twelve chairs. We have to get ____________ .
A. more six B. six more C. more than six D. other six
30. They ____________ New Zealand, so they know little about it.
A. have gone to B. haven’t gone to
C. have been to D. haven’t been to
31. Did he tell you who ____________ at the gate?
A. he was waiting for B. is he waiting for
C. was he waiting for D. he is waiting for
32. The color balls must ____________ in the same box.
A. be put B. to be put C. put D. to put
33. -- Mr Smith, thanks for teaching us so well. Have you taught for a long time?
-- In fact, I have only been a teacher __________ I came to China in 2000.
A. after B. since C. when D. before
34. He asks me ____________ there is going to ____________ a concert tomorrow.
A. that, be B. that, have C. if, be D. if, have
35. Which sign tells us the way into a building ?
A. B.
C. D.
III. 阅读理解（共16小题，每题2分，满分为32分）
阅读A、B、C、D四篇短文，然后从每篇短文后各题所给的四个选项中选择最佳答案。
A
A man in Florida, in his 80s, called his son in New York one November day.
The father said to the son, “I hate to tell you, but we’ve got some troubles here in the house. Your mother and I can’t stand each other any more, and we’re getting a divorce（离婚）. I’ve had it! I want to live out the rest of my years in peace （和平）. I’m telling you now, so you and your sister shouldn’t go into shock (= great surprise ) later when I move out. ”
He hung up, and the son called his sister in Hampton at once and told her the news.
The sister said, “I’ll deal with this.”
She called Florida and said to her father, “Don’t do ANYTHING till we get there! We’ll be there Wednesday night! ”
The father agreed, “All right.”
The old man hung up the phone and shouted to his wife, “Okay, they’re coming for Thanksgiving. Now what are we going to tell them for Christmas? ”
36. The old man lived __________ .
A. by himself B. with his wife
C. with his daughter D. with his son
37. There was __________ between the old man and his wife.
A. a quarrel B. a talk C. a fight D. nothing wrong
38. From __________, the daughter got the news that her parents were going to divorce.
A. her brother B. her mother C. her father D. herself
39. Which of the following is right ?
A. The old man’s wife didn’t know what the old man had done.
B. The old man and his wife really had some troubles in their house.
C. The old man and his wife wished their children to come back home.
D. The old man’s wife didn’t care if their children would come back home.
B
Elvis Presley came from a very poor family. He was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi.
Elvis loved music. He went to church every Sunday and sang in the choir （唱诗班）. When he was 13, his mother bought him a guitar. In the same year, Elvis and his family left Mississippi. They moved to Memphis, Tennessee.
One day in 1954 he went to a recording studio （录音室） called Sun Records. He wanted to make a record （唱片） for his mother’s birthday. At the studio, he was found by Sam Phillips, the boss there.
Elvis was Sam Phillips’ dream - “ a white boy with a black voice ”. Phillips became Elvis’ manager, and Elvis made his first single, That’s All Right, Mama. When DJ played it on the radio stations, American teenagers went wild （发狂）.
In 1955, Elvis appeared on TV in New York. The following year he went to Holly-wood, California and made his first film, Love Me Tender. In the next two years he had many hit records - Blue Suede shoes, Heartbreak Hotel, All shook up, Jailhouse Rock, and Teddy Bear .
In 1958, Elvis joined the army and went to Germany. When he returned to the United States in the early 1960s, popular music was not the same. British groups like the Beatles and the Rolling Stones were the new stars.
Elvis was very rich, but he was a very lonely man. In his last years he became fat and frustrated. He died of a heart attack on August 16, 1977 at his large house, in Memphis.
But for his fans, Elvis is still the king of Rock and Roll.
40. ___________ found that Elvis would be a good singer.
A. Elvis himself B. Elvis’ mother
C. Sun Recorder D. Sam Phillips
41. Elvis’ music was enjoyed by ___________ .
A. children B. the young C. the old D. the middle-aged
42. When Elvis returned to the US, ___________.
A. popular music was the same
B. he was almost forgotten
C. many new stars had appeared
D. he had changed his music
43. Elvis was ___________ after he became famous.
A. poor but happy B. healthy but frustrated
C. weak but fat D. rich but lonely
C
A few days ago, few people knew his name or recognized his face. But last Thursday, when he came back to the earth after a 21-hour trip to space, Yang Liwei’s smile was seen across the world.
The 38-year-old astronaut （宇航员） was sent into space at 9 am last Wednesday by China’s Shenzhou V spaceship, which traveled round the earth 14 times. He landed safely at 6:23 am the next day, making China the third country to successfully （成功地） send a person into space, after the former Soviet Union （前苏联） and US.
Yang was pleased with his job. “I have seen many landing scenes before on video, and I think ours was one of the most successful, ” he said on a special plane to Beijing after landing.
Born into an ordinary family in Liaoning Province, he became a pilot （飞行员） in the Chinese Air Force in 1987, spending 1,350 hours in the air. He joined the Chinese space programme 11 years later. While in space, Yang recorded everything he saw as well as showing China’s national flag and the United Nations’ flag to the people watching on TV at home. He also ate a meal of diced chicken and fried rice, before taking a 3-hour nap(a short sleep ). The whole programme went according to （按照） plan, but space exploration is not as easy as it seems.
Anyone who saw the destruction (breaking ) of the US space shuttle （航天飞机） Columbia in February this year will know that Yang took a great risk (danger) .
He experienced （经历） very high temperature, while the gravitational forces （重力） on takeoff and landing were strong enough to force tears from his eyes.
He has spent five years training to become a spaceman.
“I eat all of my meals at the space programme’s dinning room and have never been able to take my son to school, ” he said. “I’ve never met his teachers.”
But all the hard work was well worth it -- Yang has become China’s first spaceman.
44. How many hours on average （平均）, more or less, did Shenzhou V spaceship take to circle around the earth once?
A. 14 hours. B. 21 hours. C. 2 hours. D. One hour and a half.
45. Before his own landing, Yang Liwei __________.
A. knew nothing about other astronauts’ landings
B. saw with his own eyes many other landings
C. knew about many other landings
D. believed his landing was one of the most successful
46. While the spaceship takes off from the earth, _____________.
A. there is no gravitational force in it
B. the astronaut has to experience a strong gravitational force
C. there is as much gravitational force as on the earth
D. the astronaut has no special feeling
47. In what order did the things happen to Yang Liwei?
a. five-year training for space exploration
b. 1,350 hours’ fly in the air
c. join the Chinese Air Force
d. travel into space by Shenzhou V spaceship
A. cbad B. bcda C. adbc D. dcab
D
Without goals, life is meaningless. Goals provide the direction in life. It is always wondered why some people cannot see the importance of goals, the need to set goals and follow them through. Very few people would get on a plane or a ship, not knowing where they were traveling to. Goals are the aim for striving （奋斗目标） and those who walk about without plans through life waste a great deal of time.
Goal setting has long been thought to be necessary in business and more recently many people have come to think highly of some of the great people in the world - people who set simple goals and who go after them - such as Nelson Mandela, Mother Teresa and Michael Jordan.
For personal development, the starting point is setting goals. Sometimes the starting point is dreaming, having wishes, then breaking their big plan into small ones that can be achieved （实现）. A useful idea is to think about what you would really like to achieve, what you will be in the future - five years from now, ten years from now. Writing these down is a good starting point.
It is always wise to break goals up into short-term and long-term goals. Knowing that something is achievable soon can give more confidence to achieve. Long-term goals will probably be fewer , but short-term goals can fall into a “more possible to achieve” basket .
Goals need to be started with clearness. The clearer they are, the easier they are to reach. If a goal is shown clearly, it can guide to a fitting action. It is important that a person never loses sight of their goals. To do so is to become aimless and off track. It is sometimes useful to question yourself. “How important is this goal to me?” If the answer is “I think it is very important ”, then it must be followed. That means that action must be taken at once.
Delay （拖延） is the thief （贼） of time for human. The longer you delay, the more difficult it is to achieve goals. There are many people who probably have less skill （技能）, even less education than you, yet they succeed. It is most likely because they take action, they realized （认识到） what they want, what they set out to do. They achieve their goal. Goal setting really never finishes for the successful person. Once a goal has been achieved, there is another to be set and reached for.
48. The good starting to take action is _____________.
A. to go after these great successful people
B. to have dreams or make some wishes
C. to write down what you think about
D. to think about what your really like to achieve
49. The sentence “Long-term goals will probably be fewer, but short-term goals can fall into a “more possible to achieve ”basket .” means _____________.
A. long-term goals are probably fewer than short-term goals
B. short-term goals are more possible to achieve than long-term goals
C. it is much easier to set short-term goals than to set long-term goals
D. fewer long-term goals can be put into a basket of short-term goals
50. To be successful, it is important for one to _____________.
A. follow them through without delay after setting goals
B. set long-term and short-term goals and never lose sight of them
C. have not only more skill but also good education
D. ask oneself large numbers of questions and make them clear
51. Which of the following is the main point of the passage?
A. Why it is necessary to set goals in life
B. How best people can set their goals
C. How important the goals are to people
D. Why it is possible for some people to succeed
IV. 完形填空（共15小题，每题1分，满分15分）
从短文后各题所给的四个选项中选择能填入相应空白处的最佳答案。
I was walking toward the railway station. I had bought a ___52___ ticket to Atlanta, Ga, because I knew that if I didn’t find help there, I would ___53___ myself. I was just 29 years old, but I had reached the end.
For 17 years old, beginning in 1983, I’d been using almost mind altering drug （兴奋剂） then known to man. Now my highs lasted only a few seconds, then I would be trapped （陷入）___54___ with an irresistible urge （难以抵制的强烈愿望） for ___55___. I finally knew that I could no longer live ___56___ drugs - and I couldn’t live without them.
In less than three months, I ___57___ nearly 50 pounds. I tried everything to get money. I lasted one month in college, dropped out and was in hospital. My family life was ___58___ . I decided to give up my life, even wrote my ___59___ . I was ready to kill myself when things got ___60___ .
Finally the ___61___ came when I could no longer get ___62___ . I knew I ___63___ .I no longer cared about my job or anything else. I had no expectations （期望） that this treatment （治疗） would ___64___ . I went to see a doctor because that was the only way.
After a year’s treatment, I got well and married. Today our lives are ___65___ . I tell the story with the hope that it will help others come to ___66___ drug abuse （滥用） in time to save themselves or their loved ones.
52. A. one-way B. return C. cheap D. expensive
53. A. help B. save C. kill D. lose
54. A. once B. then C. sometimes D. again
55. A. less B. some C. more D. little
56. A. through B. by C. with D. without
57. A. got B. lost C. kept D. made
58. A. excited B. disordered C. sad D. hard
59. A. hope B. letter C. diary D. will
60. A. worse B. bad C. hopeless D. useless
61. A. time B. chance C. minute D. idea
62. A. nice B. happy C. high D. well
63. A. had to die B. was dying
C. didn’t care D. was alive
64. A. work B. act C. help D. run
65. A. tiring B. full C. empty D. interested
66. A. know B. see C. forget D. notice
V. 日常交谈（共5小题，每题1分，满分为5分）
请你从方框中选出最恰当的句子填入对话，并使对话意思完整。（每个句子只能用一次）
M： Good morning. _____67______.
W： Yes, certainly. There are daily flights at 7:50 and 11:05.
M： And when do they arrive in Paris?
W： The early flight arrives at 9:00 and ______68______.
M： So the journey takes an hour and ten minutes?
W： Yes, that’s correct. But remember, ______69______.
M： Of course. And in Paris, is there a bus to the city centre?
W： Yes, there are buses every half hour and ______70______.
M： Fine. How much is a single air ticket?
W： Single …59 pounds.
M： Right. ______71______, on the early morning flight to Paris on June 10th.
W： Five tickets. OK, fine.
VI. 根据句意和所给首字母补全句中拼写不完整的单词。（共6小题，每题1分，满分为6分）
72. The young man in black looks c__ __l.
73. D__g a hole first when you plant a tree.
74. The cup with three legs on sh__ __ is made of metal.
75. It is our d__ty to protect the environment.
76. The Olympic G__mes will be held in Beijing in 2008.
77. In this w__ __ , you can work out the problem.
VII. 根据中文和英文提示词语完成句子。（共6小题，每题2分，满分为12分）
78. 他跑的太快了，没有人能追的上。run，fast，nobody，catch up with
_____________________________________________________________
79. 比起跳水，我更喜欢冲浪。I，surfing，diving
_____________________________________________________________
80. 格林小姐不想喝茶，也不想喝咖啡。Miss Green，would like，tea，coffee
_____________________________________________________________
81. 同学们从网上找这些新闻花了两个小时。the students，hour，get the news，on the Internet
_____________________________________________________________
82. 直到他们来了，我们才开始。we，start，come
_____________________________________________________________
83. 绿色长城能阻挡风沙吹向北京。the Great Green Wall，sandstorm，come towards
_____________________________________________________________
VIII. 初级写作（满分为15分）
假设你（韩梅）初到美国林肯大学（Lincoln University）学习，现在给你的朋友陈燕发一封E-mail，讲述你的老师、同学及你学习英语的情况，E-mail包含以下内容：
（1）你的生活紧张而愉快。你的同学友善，老师乐于助人。
（2）学习之初你听不懂老师在课上讲的英语。
（3）为了提高英语水平，你尽力和老师、同学用英语交谈，有问题及时请教老师。
（4）现在你的英语有了很大提高（improve），上课遇到的困难也比以前少了。
【试题答案】
I. 听力测试略
II. 语言知识（共15小题，每题1分，满分为15分）
21. B 22. C 23. A 24. A 25. D
26. D 27. B 28. A 29. B 30. D
31. A 32. A 33. B 34. C 35. A
III. 阅读理解（共16小题，每题2分，满分为32分）
36. B 37. D 38. A 39. C 40. D 41. B
42. C 43. D 44. D 45. C 46. B 47. A
48. C 49. B 50. A 51. C
IV. 完形填空（共15小题，每题1分，满分为15分）
52. A 53. C 54. D 55. C 56. C
57. B 58. B 59. D 60. C 61. A
62. C 63. B 64. A 65. B 66. A
V. 日常交谈（共5小题，每题1分，满分为5分）
67. C 68. A 69. E 70. B 71. D
VI. 补全句中拼写不完整的单词。（共6分，每小题1分）
72. cool 73. Dig 74. show 75. duty 76. Games 77. way
VII. 根据中文完成句子。（共14分，每题2分）
78. He ran / runs so fast that nobody could / can catch up with him.
79. I prefer (like) surfing to (better than) diving.
80. Miss Green would like neither tea nor coffee.
81. It took the students two hours to get the news on the Internet.
或The students spent two hours getting the news on the Internet.
82. We didn’t start until they came.
83. The Great Green Wall can keep / keeps sandstorm from coming towards Beijing.
（ … can stop / prevent … from … ）
VIII. 初级写作（满分为15分）
… I was really busy but happy here. I started my classes at Lincoln University. At the beginning of this term, I couldn’t understand the teacher in class. Her English was quite different from what we had heard in class at home. I’m lucky enough because my fellow students are really friendly and kind and the teachers are helpful. After class I talked with them in English as much as possible . When I had any questions, I asked the teachers for help. Now my English has improved a lot and I have less difficulty in class than before.
评分标准：
第一档：15-13分，符合题目要求，整篇表达清楚，语言无误或有个别错误。
第二档：12-10分，符合题目要求，整篇表达清楚，语言有少量错误。
第三档：9-7分，基本符合题目要求，整篇表达基本清楚，语言有部分错误。
第四档：6-4分，基本符合题目要求，整篇表达基本清楚，语言有较多错误。
第五档：3-0分，表达不清楚，词数不够。
赛场之内，他不是等闲之辈；赛场之外，他更具竞争力--赢得起，也输得起。