Unit 7 cultural relics
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
Where there is a river, there is a city. 有河流的地方就有城市。
=there is a city at the place where there is a rive.
Where 在这里引导的是地点状语从句，相当于介词in/at/to+ the place +where 从句（定语从句），意思是“在……地方”。例如：
Crops grow well where there is a plenty of sunshine. 阳光充足的地方庄稼就长得好。
Where there is oppression ,there is fighting. 哪里有压迫，哪里就有反抗。
Where there is a sound, there must be sound waves. 有声音的地方，一定有声波。
Where there is smoke, there is fire. 有烟的地方就有火。
Where bees are, there is honey. 有蜜蜂的地方就有蜂蜜。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
2. under prep. being in a state of (sth.) 在（某事物）的状况中
under control under study under repair
under examination under construction under discussion
引申：repair用作复数形式，意思是“修理工作，修理工程”。（The shop is closed during the repairs．商店内部整修，暂停营业。）
3. give in 屈服，投降, 提交，呈交 give up 放弃
He has given in to my view. 他已经屈服于我的观点了。
Give in your examination papers when you have finished. 答完卷子后就交卷吧。
You shouldn’t give up hope. 你不该放弃希望。
He gave up his position as a manager. 他放弃了经理的职位。
I give up. Tell me the answer. 我放弃，告诉我答案。
有关give一词还有如下短语：
give away 赠送，颁发，泄露 give back 归还，同return
give off 发出（烟、光、热等） give out 筋疲力尽；耗尽，分发，散发；
4. seem后接形容词，名词，不定式，分词或介词短语等作表语
He seems quite pleased with your work.
He seemed to have a high opinion of you.
He seems a foolish boy.
It seems raining.
Everybody seems in high spirits.
注意：（1）seem后接to be 时，注意to be 的省略。
e.g. Tom came to see you this morning. He seemed (to be ) tired.
Yesterday I met a man who seemed to be the boss.(此时的to be 不能省略。因为名词前没有修饰语)
（2）seem 的否定形式。有两种：
e.g. She doesn’t seem to be at home. She seems not to be at home.
(3) There be 句型中
There seems (to be) something wrong with your computer.
(4) It seems 后接that 或as if从句，引导词that 或as if有时可省。
e.g. It seems (as if) there will be an election soon.
It seems to me that he is right.
(5) seem like = look like 看起来好象
They seemed like many little flags.
(6) seem to be doing sth.好像在做某事
They seem to be working in the field.他们好像在地里干活。
(7)seem to have done/been…好像已经……
e.g. The girl seems to have learnt about that sad news.那女孩似乎已经知道那使人悲伤的消息。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
5. in ruins 成为废墟，严重受损
An earthquake left the whole town in ruins.那次地震过后，全城到处是残垣断壁。
His career is/lies in ruins. 他已前途尽毁。
ruin 用作动词，意思是“毁坏，使毁灭”，常用作及物动词。
The earthquake in 1976 ruined the whole city of Tangshan．一九七六年地震毁坏了整个唐山。
(2)用作不可数名词，意思是“毁灭，崩溃”。
e．g．The accident brought him to ruin all his life. 这个事故毁灭了他一生。
(3)用作复数形式，意思是“废墟，遗迹”。
The visitors were struck by the ruins of Rome．参观者被古罗马的遗迹迷住了。
6. bring．．．back to life“使……恢复生机”。
The trees and flowers bring the city back to life．树木和鲜花使这座城市恢复了生机。
bring back 意思是“带回来、拿回来、使恢复；使回忆起”，通常用作及物动词。
Remember to bring back the book next time．记住下次把书带回来。
This medicine can bring him back to health. 这药能让他恢复健康。
引申：bring 其他搭配
Bring down 打垮，击败，使降低 bring in 挣，引进， bring on 使发展，导致（常指坏事），促使提高，促使生长 bring out 使显出，阐明，生产，出版 bring up 抚养，养育（be brought up to do We were brought up to respect authority. ）
7．include
(1) include 作及物动词，意思为“包含，包括”
That book includes 3 color pages.
(2) including 作介词，后接名词、代词做宾语。
There were six people in the room, including 3 children.
(3) included 过去分词充当的形容词，前面加名词和代词。
e.g. Ten of us went swimming this afternoon, our teacher included.
Six people, ______ three women, died in the battle.
Six people, three women ______, died in the battle.
The plan _______ most of your suggestions.
8. Strong，proud and united，the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia．
强壮、自豪而团结的圣彼得堡人民是俄国现代英雄。句中 strong，proud and united是形容词，在句中作状语，表示伴随情况。
在英语中，形容词或形容词短语，在句中可用作状语。可以放在句末，也可放在句首。
Full of anger again，Crusoe returned home． 克鲁索又满心怒气地回家了。(伴随状语)Thirsty and eager to get a rest，he went into the tea-house and sat down at a little table by the window． 由于有些口渴，又想休息一下，他就走进茶馆，在靠窗子的一张小桌旁坐下。(原因状语)
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
9. represent 代表 representative 可数名词，意思为“代表”
represent sth. 代表 represent sth. (to sb.) 向……说明，阐述，表达
represent oneself as / to be自称是，声言
He represents himself as an expert in English. 他自称是英语专家。
He represented China in the conference． 他代表中国参加这个会议。
The dove represents peace． 鸽子象征和平。
The picture represents the battle of Waterloo．这幅画描绘的是滑铁卢战役。
10. Portrait 肖像，画像，通常用作可数名词。
This is a portrait of me． 这是我的肖像。
辨析：portrait，picture，painting，drawing
①portrait“肖像”，“画像”，尤其指面部的相片，也可指生动的人物描写或刻画。
②picture 指广义的“图画，照片”。
③painting 指着色的“画”。
④drawing 指“钢笔或铅笔线条画，素描”。
10. hope 意思是“希望”，后面不能直接跟名词作宾语，但可跟 for+名词，表示可实现的“希望”，后面也可跟 that 引导的从句。
e．g．I hope for success． 我希望成功。
I hope that you will be better soon． 我希望你能很快好起来。
11. Breath 用作名词，意思是“呼吸，气息”。
He ran upstairs out of breath． 他上气不接下气跑上楼来了。
When he saw the 1ion，he held his breath. 当他看到狮子时，他不出声。
(2)由 breath 构成的常见短语。
catch one's breath 屏息，喘息 hold one's breath 不出声，屏息 short of breath 呼吸短促 lose one's breath 喘不过气来 out of breath 上气不接下气
12. It is said that…. Sb./ sth. is said to be /do
“据说……听说……”， it 为形式主语，代替后面的that 从句和不定式短语。
e.g. It is said that the strange old man is a great artist.
= The strange old man is said to be a great artist.
13. build, set up, found 和put up
(1)build “建造，建立，建设”其后可接具体的或抽象的名词。
e.g. They wanted to build a state of their own.
(2)set up “开办，建立”常和表示组织、机构、团体等意义的名词连用，这时和build的 用法基本相同。但build更注重打基础，set up 表示用基金创立。set up a school/ government
(3) found“兴建，建立，创办”后面可接城市、国家、党派等。还可表示捐资兴办学校/政府。 e.g. found a new school
(4) put up着重指建造或搭建起一个具体的物体. e.g. put up a building
14.space表示“太空、空间”，多用作不可数名词
in space 在太空，在空间（不要带任何冠词） outer space 外层空间
There are millions of stars in space moving continuously.
太空中有数以百万计的星星在不停的运动。
He was staring into space.他极目远眺。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
15. 能力训练
(一)单句改错
1.Wang Hong is impossible to attend the meeting.
简析：本句应改为It is impossible for Wang Hong to attend the meeting。因为impossible不能修饰人，也不用它来作某人的表语，它只能用来修饰物。
2.I won’t come without inviting to the meeting.
简析：本句应改为I won’t come without being invited to the meeting.“invite”为及物动词，有“invite sb. to +n.”与“invite sb. to do sth.”。此处的“invite”的逻辑宾语是句子的主语“I”，因此，此处的“without”之后该用“being invited to do”。
3.He seemed that he had seen the film several times.
简析：本句应改为It seemed that he had seen the film several times.“seem”表示“似乎”“好像”时，常见句型有：
(1)It seems/seemed that…
(2)Sb. seems/seemed (to be)+adj./n.
(3)Sb. seems/seemed to do sth.
(4)It seems/seemed as if…
4.Almost all the buildings were in ruin.
简析：本句中的“ruin”应改为“ruins”。因为“(be) in ruins”为一固定短语，意为“成为废墟”。
5.It was foolish for him to waste his money on such a computer.
简析：应把for改为of。因为这里是“对人的评价”，而不是“对事的评价”。“对人的评价”应用句型“It is+adj.+of sb. to do sth.”“对事的评价”则是“It is+adj.+for sb. to do sth.”详解见知识归纳1。
6.Having got a driving license,he tried to drive on real road.
简析：“tried to drive”应改为“tired driving”。因为“try doing sth.”意为“尝试做某事”，而“try to do sth.”则是“尽力去做某事”。
二。 高考真题
1.(2000年上海高考)The ___________ boy was last seen ___________ near the East Lake.
A. missing; playing B. missing; play C. missed; played D. missed; to play
简析：选A。该题译为“那个丢失的小男孩最后一次被看见时正在东湖边玩耍。”“missing”表示“丢失的”，see sb .do sth.表示“看见某人做了某事”，see sb. doing sth.表示“看见某人正在做某事”。据题意，只能选A。选项B、C、D动词形式均不对。
2.(NMET 1999)You should make it a rule to leave things ___________ you can find them again.
A. when B. where C. then D. there
简析：选B。本题考查副词when和where的使用，也涉及表示时间的then和表示地点的there。题干中to leave things和find them again是关键提示。由此可确定需选用与地点有关的副词；又从句子结构判断，后面分句应为地点状语从句，修饰动词leave，因而选择B项。
3.(2000年春季高考)All the preparations for the task ___________,and we’re ready to start.
A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed
简析：选D。此处谓语动词应选被动式，表示“准备工作被完成”，排除A和B。又因下文用现在时“are ready”，上文也应着眼在现在，用现在完成时，表示过去动作“完成了准备工作”对现在的影响是“现在已准备出发”。故选D项。
4.(2000年春季高考)These wild flowers are so special I would do ___________ I can to save them.
A. whatever B. that C. which D. whichever
简析：选A。全句意为“这些野花如此奇特，我要尽我所能来挽救它们。”宾语从句“whatever I can (do)”中的do被省略了，而whatever作这个do的宾语。不选B。因为that引导宾语从句时本身不作成分。而C、D两项不合题意。句尾不定式“to save them”作目的状语。故选A。
5.(NMET 2000)-What about having a drink?
-___________.
A. Good idea B. Help yourself C. Go ahead, please D. Me, too
简析：选A。这是考查交际用语。“喝一杯怎么样？”A项是“好主意”表示赞同。B项“你自己动手(夹菜)吃吧。”是请他人用餐。C项“请继续吧。”是允许他人行事。D项是“我也要一杯吧。”表示自己也如此。故选A项。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
Unit 8 sports
1. stand for 代表
e.g. (1) P.O. stands for Post Office. 字母P.O.代表Post Office.
(2) P.R.C. stands for the People’s Republic of China. P.R.C.三个字母是中华人民共和国的缩写。
引申： Stand 站立，使直立（如stand the ladder against the wall）位于,矗立（An old oak tree once stood here.）；（用于否定，疑问句）忍受，经受 (I can’t stand his brother. 我受不了他的兄弟。) I can’t stand people interrupting all the time.我无法忍受老有人打岔）
Stand by 袖手旁观，待命， stand out 出色，杰出，显眼，突出
Four points stand out as being more important than the rest . 有四点比其余更重要。
She is the sort of person who stands out in a crowd. 她是那种在人群中很显眼的人。
2. would rather 宁愿
宁愿做某事 would rather do sth. prefer to do sth.
宁愿不做某事 would rather not do sth. prefer not to do sth.
宁愿做某事而不愿做（另外）某事
would rather do sth. than do sth. prefer doing sth. to doing sth.
3. every four years每四年
every 与数词或other，few等连用，表示时间或空间的间隔，其几个主要结构如下：
（1）every+基数词+复数名词
Take the medicine every six hours. 每隔6小时吃一次药。
（2）every+序数词+单数名词
He comes to see his uncle every third week. 他每三个星期来看望他叔叔一次。
（3）every +other+单数名词，“每隔一……”
Write on every other line.请隔行写。
（4）every +few+复数名词，“每隔几……”
Trees should be planted every few metres.
树应间隔几米种一棵。
4. compete v.竞争，比得上；比赛
compete in(a game，a match)参加compete with/against sb.和某人竞争compete for(a prize，a medal，the first place)角逐
词形变化：competition n.竞争；比赛，竞赛
competitor n.竞争者，竞争对手
5. .in modern times
time作“时代”解时，常用复数形式（times)。
in ancient times在古代 in modern times在现代
e.g. (1) Times have changed，and we shouldn’t fall behind them. 时代变了，我们不应落后于时代。
(2) She didn’t understand the spirit of the times. 她不理解那个时代的精神。
time作“时代”时，也可用单数形式。
in Shakespeare’s time(在莎士比亚时代)
6. rank vt, vi 1）分类；分等级 2）整齐排列
This town ranks high among beauty spots. 这城市在风景区中享有盛名。
cups ranked neatly on the shelf 杯子整齐地排列在架子上
n 1）等级 the rank of general 将军衔2）社会地位 3）列；排；行列
people of all ranks 各阶层人民
a taxi rank 一列出租车
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
7. 词语辨析
(一)game, match, contest, competition
(1)game“游戏，比赛，运动”，可指户内、户外、脑力、体力均可，指球赛时多用于美国英语。棋类、桥牌等比赛中多用game。复数可指运动会。
e. g. Let’s play a game of chess. 咱们来下盘棋吧！
Football is a game that does not interest me. 足球是我不感兴趣的一种运动。
Olympic Games/Asian Games奥运会/亚运会
(2)match“比赛、竞赛”，指球赛多用于英国英语。
它一般指预先安排好的正式比赛，摔跤、拳击等比赛中多用match。
e. g. They won the match. 他们赢得了比赛。
They played a football match against another school. 他们与另一所学校进行了一场足球赛。
(3)contest表示各种智力和知识“竞赛”，在这方面可与competition互换。
e. g. Mary won the speech contest. 玛丽在演讲赛中获胜。
She took the second place in the beauty contest. 她在选美赛中得了第二名。
(4)competition指通过个人的体力、智力、技能等竞赛而获取名次的各种比赛，也可指体力，也可指其他技能方面的。
e. g. They were in competition with each other for the prize. 他们为了得奖互相竞赛。
(二)sports, game, exercise
这三个名词都有“运动”的意思，但其含义及用法有所区别。
(1)sport指各种运动或户外消遣。如：篮球、足球、田径赛、游泳、打猎、爬山、赛车等。是各种竞赛或娱乐的总称。指娱乐性或锻炼性的体育活动时，一般作不可数名词，指竞赛性的体育活动或特指某种运动项目时是可数名词。复数时，指运动会或泛指体育运动。
e. g. He was fond of all kinds of sports, especially badminton. 他喜欢各种运动，特别是羽毛球。
Hockey, volleyball, football and tennis are all sports. 曲棍球、排球、足球和网球都是体育项目。
The school sports were put off. 学校运动会延期了。
(1)game“运动、游戏、比赛”，其含义及用法参看1中的有关game讲解。再如：
Children play games-tag, marbles, hide-and-seek and many others. 孩子们玩捉人、弹球、捉迷藏和许多其他的游戏。
We watched the football match/game on TV. 我们在电视上看了足球比赛。
How won the first two games but lost the third. 他胜了前两局，但第三局输了。(指比赛的局时，不能用match)
(3)exercise表示“运动、锻炼”，特别指保持健康的运动。用于指体育运动时是不可数名词，指某种活动锻炼，体操时是可数名词(常用复数)。
e. g. Walking, running, rowing and horse riding are all healthy forms of exercise. 散步、跑步、划船和赛马都是有益健康的运动。
Every morning, we see many old people doing morning exercises. 每天早上我们看见许多老人在做早操。
(三)beat, defeat, win, earn
1)beat, defeat都表示在战斗中或竞赛中“战胜、打败(对手)”，后接竞争对手，可以互换。
e. g. beat the competitor/the country/the team…打败对手/国家/那个队……
I can beat/defeat you at swimming. 我游泳比得过你。
He was defeated/beaten at chess. 他棋下输了。
2)win“战胜、赢得”，其宾语通常是比赛、战争、奖品或表尊重、崇拜之类意义的词。竞争对手不能作其宾语。
By her hard work, she won herself a place on the school team. 在刻苦训练下，她在校队里赢得了地位。
Our team won the game. 我们队获胜了。
His poem won the first prize of ten dollars. 他的诗获得了10美元的一等奖。
(3)earn“赢得，挣得”，表示通过工作等获得钱财和利益或经过努力获得地位和荣誉等。
He earned 100 dollars a day. 他一天挣100美元。
He earned the admiration of the world by his working hard for the world peace. 他为世界和平努力工作，博得了全世界的赞誉。
(四)gold, golden
(1)gold作名词“黄金”，形容词“金质的，黄金的”。
e. g. All that glitters is not gold. 发光的未必都是金子。
In Barcelona the Chinese team got 16 gold medals. 在巴塞罗那，中国队获得了16块金牌。
(2)golden是形容词“金黄色的，黄金般的”。
e. g. The child has blue eyes and golden hair. 那孩子长着碧眼金发。
Good health can make old age the golden years of your life. 健康能使老年成为你生命中的黄金年华。
(五)join, take part in, attend, join in, join sb. in sth.
(1)join“参加”指加入党派、社会、团体等并成为其中一员。
e. g. He joined the Party in 1980. 他是1980年入党的。
Many of them have joined the army. 他们很多人都参军了。
(2)join in表示“参加某种活动”，in可为介词，可为副词。作介词时，此短语可用join代替。
Eight million people joined in the battle against drought. 800万人参加了抗旱斗争。
They danced and danced until a lot of us joined in. 他们不停地跳着舞，直到我们中间有许多人都参加了进去。
(3)join sb. in sth. /doing sth. 表示“参加某人所从事的活动”。
Come and join us in the game. 来和我们一起做游戏吧。
All the family join me in wishing you a happy future. 全家人和我一道祝你将来幸福。
(4)take part in指“参加群众性活动、会议”等多用于正式场合，比join郑重。
We all take an active part in extracurricular activities. 我们都积极参加课外活动。
I took part in the game. 我们参加了比赛。
(5)attend “参加”着重指“到场，出席(会议、典礼、仪式等)”。
She is sure to attend the wedding. 她一定会去参加婚礼。
He decided to attend the meeting himself. 他决定亲自赴会。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
四、能力训练
(一)单句改错
1. I prefer doing to talk.
简析：talk改为talking。因“prefer+n. /doing to+n. /doing”为固定用法。
2. We often write an English competition every the other week.
简析：去掉the。因every other day(week, month, year…)中，other前不能带the，习惯表达。
3. Sport can keep us healthy.
简析：Sport改为Sports。因表示“娱乐、消遣”时，sport为不可数名词，指“运动项目、运动会，泛指体育运动”时，为可数名词，常用其复数形式。
4. This is the book in which I spent 25 yuan.
简析：in改为on。因spend…on sth. , spend…(in) doing为习惯搭配。
5. Would you like to join us for the game.
简析：for改为in，因join sb. in sth. 为固定搭配。
6. He has won a medal to his great success.
简析：to改为for，因表示“因……而获奖牌”，常用“win a medal for sth. 或receive a medal for sth. ”。
7. The five rings linked together also mean friendship or peace all over the world.
简析：or改为and。从意义上讲，friendship与peace为并列的递进关系，而不是选择关系。
8. The Olympic Games is held every four years.
简析：is改为are。因the Olympic Games作主语，谓语动词应用复数。
9. That was a very excited match.
简析：excited改为exciting。因-ed分词形容词表示内在的、自身的，-ing分词形容词表示外在的，令人/使人怎么样的。比赛应为“令人感到激动”。
五、高考真题
1. (NMET 1998)They ___________ the train until it disappeared in the distance.
A. saw B. watched C. noticed D. observed
简析：本题考查动词辨义，四个词均有“看”的意思，只有watch表示“集中注意力看”，题意为“他们看着火车，一直看到它消失在远处”。故应选B。
2. (上海2000)They’re not very good, but we like ___________.
A. anyway to play basketball with them B. to play basketball with them anyway
C. to play with them basketball anyway D. with them to play basketball anyway
简析：本题考查英语句子语序，to play basketball with them是不定式短语，作宾语，放在like之后，anyway作状语，放在宾语后，故应选B。
3. (上海2003)An accident happened at ___________ crossroads a few metres away from ___________ bank.
A. a; a B. /; a C. /; the D. the; /
简析：本题考查冠词用法，两空处均泛指，即“离一家银行几米远的一个十字路口”。故应选A。
4. (上海2000)The gentleman ___________ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.
A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom
简析：tell sb. of/about sth. “向某人讲述某事”。本题考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。故选B。
Unit 9 Technology
1. turn …inside out:里面翻到外面。彻底地。一般用作状语
He often wears his sweater inside out 他经常翻穿球衫
The new manager turned the old systems inside out. 经理对旧体制进行了彻底的改革。
2. I should be home in about ten minutes.
should 在本句中用来表示一种可能性，相当于 will probably 一般用于对事实的一种比较有把握的判断（多用在将来时）。
例如： - When will I take my photos? 我什么时候取照片？
- It should be ready at 12 o'clock. 应该 12 点钟会好的。
The plane should be late for at least half an hour in such bad weather. 在这样糟的天气里，飞机应该可能会迟到至少半个小时。
He has worked on the book for seven days, he should have finished it now. 他弄这本书已有 7 天了，到现在为止应该已经完成了。
She should be here any minute. 她该马上就到。
Dinner should be ready by now. 此刻晚饭应该做好了。
in about ten minutes [用法]大约十分钟以后,主要用于将来时间
1. throughout，all over，all through 三者都有“遍及，贯穿”之意，但在用法上有所不同。
(1)throughout作介词，接表示时间或地点的名词，意思是“在整个期间”“从一端至另一端”即“在整个地区”。
The news spread throughout the country. 这个消息传遍了全国。
It rained throughout the night. 雨下了整整一夜。
throughout作副词，意思为“到处、全部、处处、始终、彻头彻尾”。
The room is painted throughout. 这屋子全部油漆一新。
The boy remained silent throughout. 那男孩始终保持沉默。
(2)all over意为“在(遍及)……的各部分”，只接表示地点的名词。
Computers will be used more and more in the future all over the world. 将来全世界要越来越多的使用电脑。
The disease spread all over the country. 疾病在全国蔓延开了。
all over作副词，意思为“到处都是、全部结束”。
He is wet all over. 他浑身湿透了。
The war was all over. 战争彻底结束了。
(3)all through意思为“在整个……期间”，后面接表示时间的名词。
e.g. Some cold-blooded animals hibernate all through the winter.
一些冷血动物整个冬天都冬眠。
2. add v.加；增加；加起来；又说，补充
If the tea is too strong，add some more hot water. 如果茶太浓，再加点开水。
May I add a point? 我可以补充一点意见吗？
add to 增加add…to…加，往……添加……
His illness added to the family’s trouble. 他的病给家里增加了负担。
Will you add more sugar to your coffee? 你的咖啡要多加些糖吗？
Three added to four is seven. 3加4等于7。
add up合计，加起来
These figures don’t add up right. 这些数字加起来不对。
add up to总共有，总计达
His whole school education added up to no more than one year. 他所受的全部学校教育加起来不过一年。
3. remind v.使（人）想起，使记起，提醒
remind sb.of/ about…使(人）想起……
He reminds me of his father. 看到他使我想起他的父亲。
remind sb.to do…使人想做……，提醒某人做……
I reminded him to work hard.我提醒他要用功。
Remind sb.that…使人想起，提醒，警告
She reminded me that I hadn’t watered the flowers. 她提醒我还没有浇花。
4. in case of…在……情形时，万一……；如果
e.g. (1) In case of fire，call 119. 倘若有火灾，就打119电话。
in case在……的情况下，万一……的话；以防，免得；
in case后接从句时，从句中的谓语动词常用一般现在时态，偶尔也要should+v.
In case anything important happens，please call me up. 万一发生什么重要的事情，请打电话给我。
Take your umbrella，in case it should rain. 带伞去吧，以防下雨。
in case还可作副词用，意为“以防万一，免得”。
You’d better carry some money in case. 你最好带些钱，以防万一。
in any case无论如何，反正，不管怎样
In any case，do your best. 无论如何，要尽力而为。
in no case绝不，在任何情形下都不
In no case should you give up. 你绝不应该放弃。（放在句首时倒装）
in the case of介词短语，意为“就……来说”“至于……”。
In the case of the forest program, we leave it for further discussion.
in all/most/particular cases 在任何/大多数/特殊情况下
in the present/the worst/this/that/possible case 在目前/最坏的/这种/那种/可能的情况下
In the present case, what we should do is just waiting.
5. wh-ever的用法归纳
whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导让步状语从句，引导让步状语从句时，可以换成no matter what/which/who/whom，位置可在主句前，也可在主句后。
Take whatever you want.(宾语从句) 你可以拿你想要的任何东西。
Whoever breaks the law should be punished.(主语从句) 不管谁违反了法律都应受到惩罚。
We will complete the work on time, no matter what happens.(状语从句) =Whatever happens, we will complete the work on time. 不管发生什么事，我们都将按时完成工作。
Whenever he goes abroad, he will buy presents for his sister. =No matter when he goes abroad,… 不论何时出国，他都为她的妹妹买些礼物。
注意：however还有“无论多么”的意思。如：
However cold it was, he wanted to go swimming. 不管天气多么冷，他都想去游泳。
6. take over 接管;接受
When he retired, his eldest son took over the farm. 他退休后,他的长子接管了农场.
Take 其他搭配：
took an interest； take action to do, take time, take your time,
take apart 拆开；take down 拆掉，拆除，写下；
take in 收留， 欺骗，蒙骗， （take sth in）吸收，改小，Take out 带某人出去，切除（身体一部分）；
He was homeless, so we took him in. 他无家可归，所以我们收留了他。
Don’t be taken in by his charm-he’s ruthless. 别被他迷人的风度骗了，其实他冷酷无情。
Fish take in oxygen through their gills. 鱼用鳃吸入氧气。
Take off 起飞，迅速流行，取消，脱掉
Take on 呈现，承担，接纳（乘客）
The chameleon can take on the colors of its background. 变色龙可以变成周围环境的颜色。
We’re not taking on any new clients at present. 我们目前不接受新客户。
Take up 占用时间，地方等；开始从事，继续（他人未完成的事）
The table takes up too much room. 桌子占太多地方。
I won’t take up any more of your time. 我不想再占用你们的时间了。
They’ve taken up golf.他们学起打高尔夫球来了。
He takes up his duties next week. 他下周就要履行职责。
She took up the story where Tim had left off. 她接着讲Tim 未讲完的故事。
7. They have to repair machines when they break down.
. break down 1) 破坏；拆散 2) 失败；破裂 3) 精神崩溃；失去控制 4)（机器）损坏 5) 起化学变化
Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances. 人体中的化学元素把食物分解成有用的物质。
The peace talks are said to have broken down. (喻)据说和谈破裂了。
Our truck broke down outside town. 我们的卡车在城外抛锚了。
The car broke down halfway to the destination.汽车在到达目的地的中途抛锚了。
He broke down and wept. 他不禁失声痛哭。
Food is broken down by chemicals. 化学物质引起食物转化
Break 其他搭配：break in 破门而入， 插话， break into 破门而入；break away from 脱离
break off 断开，折断； 中断，停顿；
The back section of the plane had broken off.飞机尾部脱落了。
He broke off in the middle of the sentence. 他一句话说了一半就不说了。
break out 爆发
break through 突破，冲破，战胜
Scientists think they are beginning to break through in the fight against cancer.
Demonstrators broke through the police cordon.示威群众冲破了警方的警戒线。
He had finally managed to break through her reserve.他终于设法消除了她的拘谨。
break up 粉碎，破碎，拆开，打散
The ship broke up on the rocks. 船触礁撞碎了。
Sentences can be broken up into clauses. 句子可以分成从句。
break up (with sb)绝交: She’s just broken up with her boyfriend.
7. come up with 提出;提供;想出;赶上
Scientists will have to come up with new methods of increasing the world s food supply.
科学家们必须为增加世界粮食供应提供新方法.
He walked so fast that I couldn’ t come up with him.
8. succeedvi. 成功 vt.接续;继承
He succeeded in getting the job. 他谋得了那份工作。
The millionaire s eldest son will succeed to his estate.这百万富翁的长子将继承他的产业。
The storm was succeeded by calm. 暴风雨后一片宁静。
9. in the future将来：未来 in future以后；今后＝for the future
Who knows what will happen in the future？谁知道将来会发生什么？
I will study hard in future．我今后要努力学习
6. (一)单句改错
1.Why not to come to our home for the party?
简析：去掉come前的to。Why not do sth.?是表示建议的常用句型，not后跟动词原形，也可用Why don’t you do sth.?
2.Swimming is a great fun.
简析：去掉a。fun是不可数名词，通常不与冠词a或the连用。
3.Computers can be used to doing a lot of things.
简析：将doing改为do。be used to表示被用来做某事，to是不定式符号，其后接动词原形。如果它表示“习惯于做某事”时，to则是介词，后接名词、代词、动名词。
4.She gave me a lot of valuable advices.
简析：advices改为advice。advice当建议、忠告讲时，是不可数名词。
5.The title boy didn’t dare crossing the street by himself.
简析：将crossing改为to cross。dare作行为动词，后接不定式作宾语。
6.Mr Green’s family are going to London on the holiday.
简析：on改为for。因“go to somewhere for the (one’s ) holiday”，表示“去某地度假”，固定搭配。
(二)易错题
1.The motorbike is so nice.I think it costs ___________ ten thousand yuan.
A. in the least B. at most C. no more than D. at least
简析：答案选D。根据题意，应用at least表示“至少值一万元”。
2.___________ we do must be in the interests of the people.
A. However B. No matter how C. Whatever D. No matter what
简析：选C。“No matter…”只能引导让步状语从句而whatever引导名词性从句也可引导让步状语从句。
3.His words remind me ___________ we did during the summer vacation?
A. that B. of that C. of what D. what
简析：选C。remind sb. of sth.意思为“使某人想起某事”。题中缺of的宾语，由what引导的宾语从句作of的宾语。并且what既作宾语从句的引导词，又作动词did的宾语。
4.He practised speaking English with the teacher and his classmates ___________ possible.
A. where B. whatever C. whenever D. whichever
简析：选C。本题意思是“每当可能的时候，他总会与老师及同学们一起练习讲英语”。whenever“无论何时”=no matter when，引导让步状语从句。本句中的“whenever possible”是whenever it is possible的省略形式。
5.Sometimes grass ___________ paper.
A. is used to making B. used to make C. is used to make D. used for making
简析：选C。因be used to do sth. 意为“被用于做某事”，本句还可写为：Sometimes grass is used for making paper。
6. There are _____ five people in my family. They are my grandparents, my parents and I.
A. as many B. more than C. not more than D. no more than
简析：选D。not more than意为“不足、少于”；not more than意为“仅仅，正好”；more than意为“超过，不仅仅”。
五、高考真题
1.(NMET 2000,6)-What about having a drink?
-___________.
A. Good idea B. Help yourself C. Go ahead, please D. Me, too
简析：选A。对别人的提议表示赞成，为Good idea或That’s a good idea。
2.(2000春招)John may phone tonight. I don’t want to go out ___________ he phones.
A. as long as B. in order that C. in case D. so that
简析：选C。题中A为“只要”，B为“为了”，C为“以防”，D为“结果”。根据句意应选C。
3.(NMET 2000)I don’t think I’ll need any money but I’ll bring some ___________.
A. at last B. in case C. once again D. in time
简析：选B。A为“最终”，B为“万一”，C“又一次”，D为“及时”。本题意为“我认为我不会需要钱的，但我还是带些以防万一”。
4. (NMET 2001,春招)A new cinema ___________ here. They hope to finish it next month.
A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built
简析：选D。从后面的提示看，这项工程还没有完工，故应是正在建设之中，而且是被动语态。
Unit 10 The world around us
1. cut down 砍倒，减少，降低，缩短
The little boy cut down the young tree with an axe.
The doctor told me to cut down on drinking.
Cut 其他搭配：
cut off 砍掉，切掉
引申：cut across/through 取捷径；走近路
cut back 剪枝；修剪 减少；缩小；削减
to cut back on industrial production 缩减工业生产
cut in 插嘴, 超车抢挡；（突然）插入
Don't cut in while I'm talking. 我说话时别插嘴。
to cut in on a queue 加塞儿
cut off 中断，切掉，砍掉，使与外界隔绝（be cut off from ）
cut out 剪下；删除；
to cut out smoking 戒烟
cut up 切碎 使受苦
Jean was really cut up when her husband left her. 在丈夫抛弃她之后，简痛苦极了。
2. die out 死绝；消失，消灭
That custom died out years ago. 那种风俗许多年前就消失了。
The lights died out suddenly. 灯突然熄灭了。
die of/from 因……而死
She died of cancer/old age. 她死于癌症（终享天年）。
die from overwork/a wound操劳过度（受伤）而死
die away(声音、光线、风等)渐弱，渐息
The sound of their laughter died away. 她们的笑声渐渐消失了。
Die down 逐渐变弱，逐渐平息
The flames finally died down. 火焰越来越小，最后熄灭了。
die+名（形）死于……状态
die young/happy英年早逝（含笑九泉）
be dying for（口语）渴望……，很想……
He was dying for a drink. 他很渴望喝点酒。
3. adapt v. 使……适应，使……适合adapt oneself to适应…… adapt sth. to sth. 使…….适应……. adapted adj.适合……的；改编成……的
He couldn’t adapt his way of life to the company. 他的生活方式无法适应公司（的要求）。
He is quick to adapt(himself)to new circumstances. 他很会适应新环境。
The play is adapted from a novel. 这是一部由小说改编成的戏剧。
4. the other day，some day，one day，another day
(1)the other day“几天前”(a few days ago)指过去，只能用于过去时态。
The other day I met Mary in the street. 几天前，我在街上碰上玛丽了。
(2)some day“总有一天，某一天”指将来，通常只用于一般将来时或过去将来时，可与one day替换。
We are going to visit the museum some day/one day next week. 我们打算下周某一天去参观博物馆。
(3)one day“某一天，有一天”，可指过去的某一天，也可指将来的某一天(指将来的某一天可与some day互换。)
One day you will be punished. 总有一天你会受到惩罚的。
One day I saw a beggar walking along the street. 有一天我看见一个乞丐沿着大街行走。
(4)another day “改天”，指将来的一天。
I will see you again another day. 我改天会再来看你的。
5. devote vt.奉献
devote sth. / oneself to 致力于，把……奉献给
He has devoted his whole life to science.他把一生都奉献给了科学事业。
I don’t think it worthwhile to devote so much time to discussing the matter.
我认为花这么多时间来讨论这件事不值得。
形容词devoted 意思有两种
忠实的，慈爱的，恩爱的
献身……的，专心于……的，专用于…….的，热心的
e.g. a devoted son, mother, father
The newly married couple next door to us are devoted to sports.
The magazine is devoted to science.
6.
(一)单句改错
1. At the present, we don’t have any trouble in solving the problems.
简析：去掉第一个the, 或在present后加time。
at present是固定短语，意为“现在、目前”。也可用at the present time 来表示。
2. Too much of the deer in the country have been killed.
简析：将much改为many。too much后接的是不可数名词。too many后接可数名词。句中的deer是可数名词，其单复数同形。
3. The sun was disappeared behind the cloud.
简析：把was去掉。disappear表示“消失，失踪”，是不及物动词，不能用于被动语态。
4. Some day, I saw some foreign visitors in the park.
简析：把Some改为One。some day和one day都作“有一天”讲。但前者是指“将来有一天”，只能用于将来时态的句子中；后者既可用于“过去的某一天”，也可用于“将来的某一天”。
5. There used to have an old temple in the village.
简析：把have改为be。used to用于there be结构中，即There used to be…意为“过去有……”。
五、高考真题
1. (1999 上海)My parents always let me have my own ______ of living.
A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion
简析：答案为A。have one’s own way of doing sth. 是习惯用法，意为“有自己做某事的方法”。
2. (NMET 1998)-Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?
-I’m afraid ___________day is possible.
A. either B. neither C. some D. any
简析：答案为B。
前句提到Monday or Tuesday, 意为在两者之中选择，故可排除C、D两项。后文用I’m afraid…来回答，显然是否定含义，故选neither，意为两天都不可能。
3. (2002 北京)All the people ___________ at the party were his supporters.
A. present B. thankful C. interested D. important
简析：答案为A。
由句意可知是“所有出席宴会的人都是他的支持者”，故只能选present。当“出席，在场”讲时，present作定语放在所修饰词后。
4. (NMET 2000)-Is John coming by train?
-He should, but he___________ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can C. need D. may
简析：答案为D。must not意为“禁止，不许”；need not意为“不必”；can表推测多用于否定、疑问句中，但can not表“不可能”，与句意不符。只有may not表示“有可能”。