（江苏省石庄高级中学：秦建华课堂教学用）
Unit 1That must be a record
▲argument
settle an argument about sth解决关于……的争论/争端
start/put forward an argument for against就赞成/反对……展开辩论
argue v.
argue with sb about /over sth
Do what you are told to and don’t argue with me.
argue for/against为（支持）……辩护/反驳
argue a matter out把某事辩个水落石出
argue sb into/out of doing sth=advise sb(not)to do sth
▲conclude vt.推断（推论）出（后跟that-从句）缔结，议定；vi.come to an end结束，终止
The talks were expected to conclude on Sunday.会谈预计星期天结束。
What do you conclude from the facts?从这些事实中你得出了什么结论？
Transactions were concluded on a wide variety of light industrial goods.
多种多样的轻工业产品已经成交。
conclusion n.
come to/draw/reach/arrive at a conclusion得出结论(from the facts)
jump to conclusion匆忙地/草率地下结论
bring sth to conclusion使……结束
in conclusion总之、总而言之、最后
▲popular
There was a time when this song was very popular. 曾经一度时间这首歌很流行。
She is very popular with her students.
He told him to listen to young people’s music and to watch the most popular television shows
---This reference book is no more popular with the students than that one.
---You mean they are both little thought of ?
There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars that road conditions need to be improved.
And the growing popularity51 of shopping centres led 52 in turn to the building of bigger and better stocked stores.
这些购物中心越来越大的名气反过来导致了更大，设备更好的商店的建成。
name姓名；fame卓越，好名声；popularity名气很大，知名度很高
▲hire
hire/employ sb=take on sb.→fire/dismiss sb=give sb.the snack
hire 日常用语，指按工作量计酬来雇佣人手employ指商店或公司长期雇佣人手
rent一般指租住/借房屋，地产租借等
He fired these four workers and he hired ten more workers,because he thinks the four workers are not fit for thei posts.
hire out a bike(to sb)租出
rent a farm/house from an owner
▲fade vt.（使）褪色，（使）凋落；vi.逐渐消失，变微弱，变暗淡
The strong sunlight had faded the curtains.强烈的阳光使窗帘变色。
All memory of his childhood faded from his mind.
他所有的童年记忆逐渐从脑海中消失了。
fade next to逊色于
Successful as he is,he fades next to his brother.
尽管他很成功，但和他兄弟相比还是稍显逊色。
▲diagnose诊断
He was diagnosed with cancer.他被诊断患了癌症。
The book diagnoses our present economic ills.这本书切中了我们现在经济的时弊。
▲curiosity
Curiosity is part of child’s nature好奇是儿童的天性.
Part of the reason for our interest is probably the same curiosity that led Sir Hugh to
write the Guinness Book of World Records……(p.4)
a curiosity shop古玩店
curious感兴趣的，好奇，奇怪
I’m curious to know what she said.我非常想知道她说了什么
She’s always so curious about my work.她总爱打听我的工作。
It’s curious that he didn’t tell you.他没有告诉你实在反常。
▲contact
contact sb和……联系
be in/out of contact with和……保持/失去联系
get in touch with/keep in touch with
make contact with the ship by radio用无线电与船联系
keep track of/lose track of与……保持联系/失去联系
keep track of还有：记录，掌握……的线索，了解……的动态，看清，听清等意思
He could not escape because the police kept track of him.
他逃不了的，警察在注意他的行动
To a scientist,the most important thing is knowing he does not lose track of what he is
doing.对于一个科学家来说，最重要的是他清楚自己在做什么。
Please keep track of every cent you spend.请记录你花掉的每一份钱。
keep an eye on照看；keep faith with对……守信用；keep in mind记住，放在心上
▲account n.账户；解释，说明；vi.说明……的原因
I bought the bike on account.我赊账买了这辆自行车。
We could not go on account of the rain.因为下雨我们不能去。
On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals.
不论什么原因游客都不允许用东西喂动物。
It is a matter of great account.这是一件重要的事情。
We must take local conditions into account.我们必须把当地的条件考虑进去。
We must take account of the interests of the State.我们必须考虑到国家的利益。
No one could account for the disappearance of the money.
谁也说不清楚这些钱丢失的原因。
Smokers account for 20 percent of the whole population in the world.
烟民占世界总人口的20%。
▲attempt
attempt to do sth=make an attempt to do sth = make an attempt at doing sth =try to do sth
make an attempt on/upon试图夺取
▲inspect检查，视察/检阅
The customs officer inspected my passport.海关官员检查了我的护照。
inspect sb/sb’s head for lice检查某人头部有无头虱
The visiting president inspected the troops.来访总统检阅了部队。
examine/investigate/look into
▲confirm vt.证实，确定；确认，批准
What you say confirms my opinion.你的话证实了我的看法。
The King confirmed me in my possession of the land.国王批准我拥有这片土地。
▲set down 放下；写下，记下；规定
Set down your heavy bags and have a rest.
放下你的重包休息一下。
The bus driver set the passengers down here.
公共汽车司机让旅客在此下车。
I will set down the story as it was told to me.
我将按告诉我的把这个故事记下来。
The price limits were set down by the government.
价格限度由政府规定。
set about sth/doing sth开始做/着手做；set aside拔出，把……置于一旁；
set back退步，挫折，阻碍，妨碍，使……倒退；set off出发，启程，引爆，燃放；
set out出发，，着手/开始(to do)，栽（幼苗）；set up建立，开办
▲stand out杰出、突出，显眼、醒目，坚持、不屈服
The road sign is easy to read because the words stand out.
路标容易认，因为上面的字很醒目。
The students agreed that they must stand out against the decision to cut down the trees.
学生门一致同意坚决反对砍伐树木的决定。
stand by在场、支持,stand down退出（竞选）、（士兵）撤下岗,
stand for代表、表示、主张,stand up站起、经久、耐用
▲achieve one’s goal实现目标
I’ll try to achieve my goal of becoming a scientist.实现做科学家的目标
▲in the first place首先、原本、第一
In the first place ,you must think over this plan.首先你必须考虑这个计划。
▲in a row
Please stand in a row.请站成一排。
This is the third Sunday in a row that it’s rained.这是接连着的第三个星期天下雨了。
▲apply for
About 100 people have applied for the position.大约有100人申请了这一职务。
其它词组
1.一本畅销书 答案：a best-seller 2.从那以来 答案：ever since
3.被分类 答案：be put into categories 4.面积达…… 答案：with an area of
5.导致 答案：lead to 6..创一项新纪录 答案：set a new record
▲burst vi. 爆裂，突然发作
It was so cold yesterday that my water-pipes froze and burst.
昨天太冷了，我家的水管都冻裂了。
A rat burst into my room last night.昨天一只耗子窜进了我的房间。
He put too much air into the balloon and it burst.他往气球中充得气太多，结果爆了。
The funny story made the children burst their sides with laughter.
这个有趣的故事使孩子们捧腹大笑。
On hearing the sad news,she burst into tears.一听到那个悲惨的消息，她就大哭起来。
相关短语：burst into tears/laughter突然大哭/大笑； burst into song 突然唱起歌来；burst into angry speech大发雷霆； burst into bloom开花； burst into view/sight景象/奇观突然出现； burst into the room突然闯入房间； burst out/forth laughing/crying大笑/哭
▲head down to the park （补充）
head for=move toward:He headed straight for the bar.他径直朝酒吧走去。
head sb/sth off:get in front of sb/sth so as to turn him/it back or aside拦阻
head off a flock of sheep:prevent them from going in the wrong way拦住
▲familiar adj.熟悉的，通晓的，随便的，非正式的
French was as familiar to him as English.他通晓法语就像通晓英语一样。
I’m very familiar with your name.我很熟悉你的名字。
sth./sb.be familiar to sb.某物/某人为某人所熟悉；
sb.be familiar with sth./sb.某人熟悉某人/某物
分析课文中的句子（补充）:The X Games are like Olypic Games for sports that are less familiar to us than sports like fottball and basketball.极限游戏比赛就像奥林匹克运动会上有些不如足球和篮球那样为我们所熟悉的比赛项目一样。
▲delight vt. （使）高兴，（使）欣喜；n. 快乐，高兴
The circus delighted the children.马戏团使孩子们欣喜。
I have read your letter with delight.我高兴地读了你的信。
He takes great delight in teaching his students.他以教他的学生为乐。
Your visit last week delighted us.上星期你的来访使我们很高兴。
The news delighted the whole nation.这个消息使全国一片沸腾。
I delighted to read novels.我高兴地读小说。
The old man delighted in doing little things for others.那位老人高兴为别人做些小事。
To his great delight,his novel was accepted for publication.使他高兴的是，他的小说得到了公众的认可。
delighted adj.高兴的，快乐的
相关短语：be delighted at 因……而高兴；be delighted by/with sth.(sb.)喜欢某物（人）；
be delighted to do因做……而高兴； be delighted that...很高兴……
▲center on将某人（某物）当作中心或重点
concentrate on专心致志于
类似短语：
attend on侍候……，看护……，照料； call on访问(某人)，号召(to do)；
count on依靠……，期待……(sb.to do)；depend on取决于……，依靠……，依……而定；
feed on 以……为食，用……喂养；fix one’s eyes on 盯住……，凝视……；
go on继续，上台演出(the stage)， keep on(doing) 坚持……；
live on靠……生活，以……为食； look on看待(sb.as...)，观察……，面朝……；
wait on 服侍……，招待……
The patient has three nurses attending on him.那位病人有三位护士看护他。
I tried to concentrate my attention on my chemical research.我试图专心于化学研究。
She centered her attention on the problem.她把注意力集中在这个问题上。
Unit 2 Crossing limits
▲take possession of占领，占有/get possession of拿到，得到
The capitalist is in possession of a large fortune.那个资本家拥有大宗财产。
A large fortune is in the possession of the capitalist. 大宗财产掌握在那个资本家手中。
▲in the name of以……的名义，代表
I arrest you in the name of the law.我以法律的名义逮捕你。
The prime minister spoke in the name of the King.部长代表国王讲话。
I opened an account in the bank in your name.我以你的名义在银行开了一个账号。
He escaped under the name of Tom.他化名为Tom逃跑了
name构成的短语：
by name用（靠、按）名字，名叫；by the name of名叫……；name after以……命名
▲masses of/a mass of+countable noun(pl form)/+uncountable noun
in the mass总体上，总的说来/the mass of大多数的/mass education群众教育/a mass meeting群众会议
The young dancers worked so hard so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took masses of pictures of them.（许多）
▲be rich in/be poor in
Oranges are rich in Vitamin C含有丰富的维生素
a TV play rich in humour 富有幽默的电视剧
▲do research on a state key project就国家重点工程进行研究
▲lose the lives of many people/risk their lives
▲alternative
Have you got an alternative=another suggestion?你有没有其它建议？
Caught in the act,he had no alternative/choice but to confess/did nothing but confess.
他被当场抓获，除了招供别无选择。
▲available
This was the only available room.这是唯一可以利用的房间。
You will be informed when the book becomes available.这本书有货时就通知你。
Tickets are available at the box office.票房有票。
▲equip…with
You’d better equip your bike with a head light.你最好在自行车装个前灯。
They have equipped the army with modern weapons. 他们已经为部队装备了现代化的武器。
The army has been equipped with modern weapons. （被动语态）
▲accurate adj.精确的，准确的，正确无误的
His information was accurate.他的信息很准确。
accurate强调“精确无误”。an accurate calculation精确的计算
correct按一定标准没有差错。a correct answer正确的答案
right很多情况下可与correct互换，但常有道德上认可的含义.the right course of action正确的行动方针
▲search for
他们正在村里搜查那个强盗。
They are searching for the robber in the village.
They are searching the village for the robber.
Cf:The policeman is searching the robber.
▲have contacts with/contact to有接触/联系
▲find one’s way
feel one’s way摸索着走/fight one’s way奋勇前进/force one’s way挤着向前走/wind one’s way曲折前进/make one’s way去……途中/lose one’s way迷路
▲in exchange for交换，互换
He gave me an apple in exchange for a cake.他给我一个苹果，换一块蛋糕。
They were given food and shelter in exchange for work.他们用劳动换取食物和栖身之处。
▲take sb prisoner逮捕/capture sb 俘获，捉拿
put sb in prison,take sb to prison,send sb to prison把……关进监狱/throw sb into prison把……投进监狱
▲wander through Arabic countries穿过许多阿拉伯国家
The children wandered around the town with nothing to do.那些孩子无所事事，在街上闲逛。
The boy wandered the neighbourhood,looking for the dog.那孩子走遍了邻里街坊，找他那条狗。
▲reach out to sp./reach sp./come to sp.arrive at(in) sp.
▲date from/back to
The castle dates back to/dates from the 14th century.这座城堡建于14世纪。
▲ripe
By the beginning of the 15th century the time was ripe for a grand meeting.到15世纪初大型聚会的时机成熟了。
Was the peach ripe or green?那桃子是熟的还是生的？
▲prosper under a new dynasty在新的朝代下繁荣昌盛(prosperity)
The business is prospering.生意兴隆。
He wished the young couple a life of happiness and prosperity.他祝这对新人生活幸福，万事如意。
▲renew relations with恢复同…..的关系
▲excite one’s curiosity激起……的好奇心
▲send a message to sb向……发出邀请/信息
▲response非洲统治者的反应非常慷慨The response of African rulers are very generous.
▲challenge/at home
明朝朝廷认识到最大的挑战和机遇是在国内。
Ming court belied that its greatest challenges and opportunities were at home.
国内外 at home and abroad
▲.various adj. 各种各样的，不同的
He analysed the various factors.他分析了各种不同因素。
Of all the various ways of cooking an egg,I like boiling best.
在所有做鸡蛋的各种方法中，我最喜欢煮的方法。
various,varied都可作“各种各样的”解，大部分情况下可通用，但varied可表示“正在变化之中的”，a varied life。
▲.suggest vt.
（1）提议，建议。后跟动名词、that从句（从句中谓语动词用should do,should可省略）
suggest sth.to sb.
He suggested the idea to me.他向我提出那种想法。
I suggest going there at once.我建议立刻去那里。
The teacher suggested that we do our homework now.老师建议我们现在就做作业。
（2）使人想起，暗示
His pale face suggests that he is ill.他的苍白的脸色表明他病了。
▲.accomplish vt.达到（目的），完成（任务），实现（计划）
This task is accomplished by great effort.完成这项任务花了很大力气。
He accomplished a great deal during his first year.第一年他就取得了很多成绩。
It is the workers who will accomplish this task.就是工人们将完成这项任务。
accomplish指做到底，实现一个计划，如：to accomplish a trip完成一次旅行
finish指完成日常的事，如：He finished the homework.他完成了作业。
complete指加上缺少的部分，如：to complete the sentence把句子补充完整
▲.apart from 除……外
He works until nine o’clock every evening,and that’s quite apart from the work he does over the weekend.
他每天晚上工作到9点,这还不算他周末加班。
Apart from the salary,it’s not a bad job.除工资（偏低）外，这工作不错。
Apart from you and me,I don’t think there was anyone there under thirty.除你我之外，我认为没有人在30岁以下。
There can be no knowledge apart from practice.不可能有脱离实践的知识。
归纳拓展：apart from，in addition（to），besides ，as well（as），except for，except，but
（1）apart from这个复合介词兼有“除外”和“包括”的双重意义。
（2）以下短语或单词意义相近，均表示“除……之外还有……”这一“附加”意义。
in addition（to） besides，as well （as）
（3）以下短语或单词均表示“除……之外没有……”这一“排除”意义。except for except but
▲.arise vi.出现，发生；由……引起，由……发生
A difficulty arose right here.困难就在这里。
How did the quarrel arise?这次争吵是怎么引起的？
Originally,organic compounds were thought to arise from life processes.最初有机化合物是由生命过程产生的。
rise vi.升起，上涨；raise vt.举起，提高，提升，提出；饲养（羊、鸡等），抚养（子女等），招募（军队等），募捐（钱等）。
▲.bring up教育；养育;提出；引出;呕吐；to bring up the question提出问题
She was brought up by her grandparents.她是由爷爷奶奶带大的。
He brought up all the food he had eaten.他把吃下的食物都呕吐出来了。
归纳拓展：bring in获利；赚;bring about带来,引起;bring down使……降低
The boys bring in ￡60 a week.这些男孩子每周赚60镑。
How much did the sideline bring the farmer family in last year?去年副业使这家农户增加了多少收入?
The Internet has brought about big changes in the way we work.因特网使我们的工作方式发生了很大变化。
We’d better wait till they bring down their prices.我们最好等他们降价。
▲.run out of 用光，用尽
We are running out of water.我们的水要用尽了。
We ran out of petrol yesterday.昨天我们用光了汽油。
比较：All our supply of food has run out.我们所有的食品供应都用光了。
We decided we had better go home,before our money ran out.我们决定最好在钱用光之前回家。
表示“用光、用尽”的还有：use up,give out
All those I had are used up.我所有的都用光了。
They have used up their money.他们用光了钱。
The fuel gave out.燃料用光了。
You can’t have a hot bath-the water will give out.你不能洗热水澡了。要没水了。
从以上例子可看出，虽然这些词组都表示“用光、用完”，但use up,run out of 为及物动词，而run out,give out为不及物动词。
归纳拓展:run into遇上，偶然遇到;陷于，碰上（困境、麻烦等）
I ran into Emma on my way home.我在回家的路上碰到了Emma。
If you run into difficulties,try to overcome them.如遇困难，要努力去克服。
Unit 3 The Land Down Under
1. Modern Australia is made up of six states and two territories现代澳大利亚是由六个州两大区组成的
be made up of =consists of 由……组成
The Grade Three in our school is made up of 17 classes.我们学校高三年级是由17个班级组成的。
17 classes make up the Grade Three in our school.
The solar system is made up of a star and nine plants. 太阳系是由一个恒星和九个行星组成的。
make up 和解,和好; 虚构,编造; 化妆; 补偿,弥补; 凑钱
It is very hard to make up the quarrel between the couple.很难调解这对夫妇之间的争吵。
Don’t make up any excuse to cheat me.不要找任何借口来欺骗我。
I find no time to make myself up every day.梳妆打扮
Because you were ill, you will have to make up the final exam.补期末考试
Hard work can make up for a lack of intelligence/the lost time. 弥补智力上的缺乏/损失的时间(用其他方式)
Have you made up the money for your class? 凑钱
2. Australia is surrounded by many oceans.澳大利亚周边有两大洋
surround 包围 surround sb./ sth. with sth
They have surrounded the town with troops.他们出动军队包围了该城。
surround 常用于被动语态中 “被……包围
The house is surrounded by/with high walls.房子周围有高高的围墙。
When he came back ,he found himself surrounded by his family and friends.当他苏醒后，发现他周围站着他的家人和朋友。
surroundings (周边环境) environment (与人类相对的环境)
3. but the capital of Australia is Canberra,a city located between Sydeny and Melbourne
……但是澳大利亚首都却在堪培拉，一座位于悉尼和墨尔本之间的城市
located=lying=standing
4.Six of the points represent the states and the seventh stands for all the territories.六个角代表六个州，第七个角代表区。
represent 代表,象征; 表现; 描绘,塑造; 声称
In a love song ,people will tell his lover that the moon represents his heart.月亮象征他的心
I’d like to thank you representing my whole family.我代表我的全家谢谢您。
=I’d like to thank you on behalf of my whole family.
The girl representing all the new students gave us a speech on the school opening ceremony.
那个女孩代表所有新生在开学典礼上讲了话。
He represented himself as a wealthy man, but in fact he was as poor as a church mouse.声称自己是个健康的人而其实
representative n.代表 adj.典型的, 有代表性的
stand for 象征,代表; 支持; (多指代字母、符号等的替代作用)
What does WTO stand for? WTO代表什么？ It stands for World Trade Organization
Before we elect him, we want to know what he stands for.
5.These peoples came to the continent at least fifity thousand years ago and created complex societies.
这些来自不同民族的人至少在五万年之前就来到这块大陆，而且创建了复杂的社会群体。
people 的含义
相当于persons (一个以上的人) There are many people in the room
指persons in general 人们。What will people think of this?人们将如何看待这件事？
指all the ordinary members of a state 人民（与the连用）serve the people heart and soul
指those persons who live in a particular place or have a particular nationality 某一地的居民或具有某一国籍的人民。the people of London 伦敦居民，the British people 英国人民
指nation (民族)，race （人种），tribe (部落)等，此时people为单数，其复数形式为peoples
the peoples of the world 世界各民族；Europe is made up of many peoples.
典型例题：The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的人民。
6.live in a similar way to their ancestors……过着与他们祖先相似的生活
A be similar to B 。。。和。。。相类似
My new dress/bike is similar to the one you have. 我的新衣服和你的那件相似。
8.while others live in cities,towns and the country in the same way as their fellow Australians……而另外一些人像其他澳大利亚同胞一样住在城镇和农村。
▲fellow n.（常用复数，用以构成复合词）同伴；同志
school fellows同学 bed fellows同床者
Her fellows share her interest in computers.她的同伴跟她一样对计算机感兴趣。
adj.同伴的；同类的；同事的
fellow creatures 同类动物 fellow countryman 同胞 fellow traveler旅伴；同路人
口语中有时指“男人；小伙子”
Poor fellow!可怜的小伙子！
▲while
引导时间状语从句，表示的时间只能是一段时间，而when引导时间状语从句表示的时间可以是时间点，也可以是时间段。
They arrived while we were having dinner.他们来的时候我们正在吃饭。
表示对比，意为“而，但是”。
He is a worker while I am a doctor.他是工人而我是医生。
表示“尽管，虽然”，多放于句首。
While I understand what you say,I can’t agree with you.尽管我能理解你所说的，但却无法赞同。
表示“只要”。
There will be life while there is water and air.只要有水和空气，就会有生命。
9.In 1770,Captain Cook claimed the east coast of the continent for the British Crown.1770年库克船长生称这个大陆的东海岸属于大不列颠王国。
claim vt. & n. n.(根据权利提出)要求, 要求权, 主张, 要求而得到的东西，vt.(根据权利)要求, 认领, 声称, 主张, 需要，索赔
You can claim your money back if the goods are damaged.货物有损坏，可以要求退钱。
Did you claim on the insurance after your car accident?汽车出了事故后你向保险公司索赔了吗？
I claimed the coat that the teacher found. 我认领了老师找到的外套。
Has anyone claimed the watch? 有人认领这块手表吗？
He claimed that he hadn't done it, but I didn't believe him. 他声称没有做这件事，可是我不相信他。
He claimed that he had done the work without help.他声称没有得到帮助而完成了这项工作。
Don’t claim to know what you don’t know.不要不懂装懂。
Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea.渔夫和水手有时声称看到过海里的妖怪。
10. Later, when the American War of Independence made it impossible for England to send prisoners to North America, Australia was chosen a new place where prisoners and criminals were sent.后来，美国独立战争使得英国不能向北美输送囚犯，于是澳大利亚被选为一个新的囚犯和罪犯的流放地。
11.The British Governor landed on January 26,today as Australia Day. 英国总督于1月26日登陆，这一天就是现在的澳大利亚日。
The Constitution governing six states stated that men were free and equal, explained their basic civil rights and described the new government.当时统治六个州的宪法表明人是自由平等的。它还说明了人民的基本权利，也描述了当时的新政府。
统治；控制，治理
In Britain elected representatives of the people govern the country.
在英国治理国家的是民选的代表。
支配某事物；决定
Self-interest governs all his actions.
他的所作所为皆取决于一己之利。
n.government 统治；控制；支配
州长；省长；总督someone who rules a state or province
12.The newcomers changed the way land was managed and introduced new plants and animals that were harmful to the Aistralian ecosytems. 新来的这批人改变了这里的土地管理方式。引进了新的植物和动物，这些动植物破坏了澳大利亚的生态系统
be harmful to/do harm to/harm sb.or sth
13. As a consequence,the original Australians suffered. 结果原来的澳大利亚人吃尽了苦头。
as a consequence 结果，后果
as a consequence= in consequence/as a result
After graduation, he became quite lazy. As a consequence, he lost what he owned.
毕业后，他变得懒惰起来，结果失去了自己所有的一切。
in consequence of =as a result of/because of/due to/owing to
In consequence of his rudeness, he was fired by his boss.由于他的粗鲁，他被老板开除了。
14.Many Aborigines and Islanders were moved had their land taken away from them许多土著居民和岛民被迁走了，他们的土地被剥夺了。
have+宾语+done过去分词作宾语补足语的结构
15.In the early twentieth century,Australia resembled the USA of the eighteenth century在20世纪初期，澳大利亚就像18世纪的美国一样。
resemble vt.（不用于被动语态和进行时态）
resemble sb./sth.（in sth.） 与（他人或他物）相似；像……
She resembles her brother in looks.她和她弟弟长得很像。
He strongly resembles his father in appearance.他非常像他的父亲。
n resemblance（between A and B）相似；相像
There is a degree of resemblance between the two boys.这两个男孩有某些相似之处。
16.The First World War had a strong influence on Australia.第一次世界大战对澳大利亚有强烈的影响。
have an influence on/upon 对…有影响
have an influence on/upon=have an effect on/upon influence sb./sth.=affect sb./sth.
I don’t think this kind of system will have a great influence on our school.我认为这种体制不会对我们学校产生很大影响。
SARS has a strong influence on human.对人类影响很大。
17.After the war,the country experienced social and economic unrest and suffered from the Great Depression of the 1930s.
战后国家经历了社会和经济的动荡，遭受了30年代大萧条的苦难。
vt.受到，遭受，蒙受，后接pain,defeat,loss,poverty,hunger等名词。
His leg was broken and he suffered great pain.
他的腿断了，遭受了巨大痛苦的折磨。
常用于短语suffer from...，意为“受……的折磨，患某种疾病，有某种缺陷”。
In the old days,peasants suffered a great deal from cold and hunger.
在旧社会，农民们饥寒交迫。
18. Australia began to transform itself into the modern country it is today.
澳大利亚开始把自己转变成今天这样的现代化国家。
A fresh coat of paint can transform a room.
房间重新粉刷一遍可大为改观。
A generator generator (发电机)transforms mechanical energy into electricity. (把机械能转变成电能)
A steam engineer transforms heat into power.蒸汽机把热转化成动力。
adj.transformable 可改变外观或性质的
n.transformation（外观或性质的）改变，改观；转变
His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marriage.
他结婚之后性格判若两人。
19.The economy grew and Australia benefited from the immigration.经济增长了，澳大利亚人从移民中受益。
benefit n.
He has had the benefit of a first-class education.他受益于第一流的教育。
The new factory will be a great benefit to the town.这个新工厂对这个市镇将会有很大的好处。(=be good to)
benefit v.
This medicine will benefit you.这药对你有好处。
I benefited from my father’s advice.我受益于父亲的教育。
20. pass laws to strengthen the rights of ……通过法律来加强……的权利。
strengthen v.加强；巩固；变强
The current strengthened as we moved down the river.我们顺流而下时，水流更急了。
This latest development has further strengthened my determination to leave.最近事态的发展更增强了我离开的决心。
strength n.力气；力量；强度
He is a man of great strength.他是个强壮的男子。
The fence was strengthened with wire. 这堵围栏用金属丝加固了。
21.It would be many years until Australia learnt to respect Aborigines and recognize the importance of diverse society.
许多年后澳大利亚才懂得尊重土著居民，并认识到多元化的重要性
Australian English differs in pronunciation from British and American English.
澳洲英语在发音上不同与英国英语和美国英语。
diverse adj. differing one from another; different 不同的；多种多样的
have diverse interests 有多种兴趣
differ from sb./ sth.与某人/某事物不同，有区别=be different from
We differ from each other in many ways.我们在许多方面不同。
In this aspect,French differs from English/French and English.在这方面，法语不同于英语。
differ with/from sb.about/on sth.不同意；持异议
I’m sorry to differ with you on that.对不起，在那一点上我与你看法不同。
“I beg to differ.”表示与某人意见不一致。
n.difference
difference between A and B不同之处；差别；变化
It’s not very easy to tell the difference between sugar and salt.区别糖和盐不是很容易的。
make a/no/some difference（to sb./ sth.）（对某人/某事物）有/没有/有些作用或影响。
It makes no difference（to me）what you say:I’m not going.不管你怎么说（对我来说）都无所谓，反正我不去。
Integrative reading
1.connect
The two cities are connected by a railway
The No. 1 trolly bus connects here with the No. 4 trolly bus for the East Lake.
connect with Beijing University.
connect A with B connect…with(by) join A to B/join…with(by)
We can connect(join)the two islands with a bridge.
The road connects Beijing with Tianjin.
The new highway has joined our hometown to the city.
The Pananma Canal connects the Atlantic with the Pacific.
(The road connects Shanghai and Suzhou.)
2.separate
Although both these shops sell vegetables, they are quite separate.
The children all sleep in separate beds.
We’re sorry that you two should be separated.
England is separated from France by the English channel.
Let’s separate them into three groups.
Please separate the good apples from the bad ones.
They didn’t separate till midnight.
The good friends were glad to meet after so long a separation.
Cf:The world is divided into five continents.
You can divide the apples between you.
separate:把原来在一起的人或物分隔开来
divide: 着重把一个整体按一定数量和大小比例分成若干份。
3.having been separated from…
*Arriving at the village(When he arrived at the village),he could not find his home.
*Walking in the park(When she was walking), she saw an old friend.
*Being blind(As they were blind),how could they see?
*Having been there many times, he offered to introduce the history of country .(As he had been)
*Having been rebuilt this way,these temples look even more beautiful.(As/After they have been rebuilt)
*Having put up the tent, they started to cook their supper. (After they put up/had put up)
(Right) Standing on top of the tall building, we could see the whole city.
(Wrong)Standing on top of the tall building, the whole city could be seen.
(Right)Having found the cause they continued the experiment.
(Wrong)Having found the cause,the experiment continued.
Fill in the blanks
(1).Who is the man standing by the door?
(2).The bell ran announcing the end of class.
(3).Austrlia is the only country covering an entire continent.
(4).Suddenly there appeared a young woman dressed in white.
(5).Those chosen as team members must be here before 7 a.m. tomorrow.
(6).He is a man liked by all.
(7).The man writing this English letter is my teacher.
(8).The letter written in simple English is from my teacher.
4.In area…the same size as/…more than 13 times as many as
China is large in area and rich in resources.
The TV tower is nearly 40 metres in height.
They built a fence 30 meters in length.
The area of Australia is 7.6 million sq.km.
A是B的x倍，可表示为：
A be x times the size/height/length of B
A be x times as big/high/long as B
A be x-1 time bigger/higher/longer than B
A be bigger/higher/longer than B by x-1 times
如：这个房间是那个房间的3倍。
This room is three times the size of that one.
This room is three times as big as that one.
This room is twice bigger than that one.
This room is bigger than that one by twice.
5.feed…on/feed…to
6.give birth to/be borne
She has borne three children.
She has given birth to three children.
7.keep out
Danger! Keep out!
They closed all windows to keep out the cold.
We put a fence round the vegetable garden to keep the chickens out.
Please keep him out of trouble while he is studying here.
Please keep the dog out of the garden.
keep-phrase:
Keep up your courage/spirits.
They can keep up their normal temperature even in very cold weather.
The old man couldn’t keep up with the other people.
Dave was not good at maths and he couldn’t keep up with the rest of the class.
They used to keep watch at the top of the tree during the war.
Keeping a diary is very important to you.
You’d better keep cool when you are in danger.
She couldn’t keep back her tears at the news.
A newspaper can keeps one in touch with the world.
Nothing can keep me from doing so.
8.round up 聚拢；征集；搜捕
The guide rounded up the tourists and took them back to the coach.向导把游客们聚集在一起，又把他们带回到海滨。
The sheepdog rounded up the sheep and drove them through the gate.牧羊犬把羊群集中到一起，赶进栅门。
Unit 4 Green world
1.Attempt had been made by others to classfy plant species into groups,but the breakthrough came with the work of Carl Linnaeus.另一些人尝试按植物种类分类，但是突破性进展却来自Carl Linnaeus.
attempt to do sth=make an attempt to do sth = make an attempt at doing sth =try to do sth
make an attempt on/upon试图夺取(在第一单元中讲过)
classify vt.编排；分类to arrange or organize according to class or category classify sb./ sth.（as sth.）将某人/某物归类
We usually classify types of character as good or bad.我们通常把 (人的) 性格之类型分为善与恶。
The books in the library are classified by subject.图书馆的书是按照科目分类的。
Would you classify her novels as serious literature or as mere entertainment?
你认为她的小说属于文学类呢，还是属于通俗读物类？
classified（常作定语）分类的 a classified directory分类电话簿 classified advertisements分类广告
classification n. the act or result of classifying; a category or class分类；类别
2. Showing how plants were related was a complex and strange thing before Linnaeus developed his system.
在林尼厄斯确立这个系统之前，要说明植物之间的关系是一个复杂而陌生的事情。
3.But Linnaeus’ idea of grouping plants in families was unique.而Linnaeus把植物按家族来分类的想法却很特别。
group v.集合，使成群；类集
The children grouped round the piano.孩子们集合在钢琴周围。
We can group animals into several types.我们可以把动物分成好几类。(We can classify animals as several types.)
noun（1）群；组；类
（family,team,audience,enemy,group,class等集合名词作主语时，若看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若强调各个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。）
Our group is going to climb a mountain tomorrow.我们组明天要去爬山。
The group are having dinner now.组员们正在吃晚饭。
What blood group are you?你是什么血型？
[作定语] a group activity 集体活动
（2）（公司联营的）集团：a newspaper group报业集团
▲identification （学案上没有） n. the state of being identified 鉴别；验明
the identification of high yielding seeds 高产量种子的鉴别
n. proof or evidence of identity 身份证明(缩写 ID)
His only means of identification was his passport. 他唯一证明身份的证件就是他的护照。
4.As a result,fruits such as peaches and pears are in fact related,although they are different at first sight.
因此（结果），尽管桃子和梨子乍看起来是不同的，但事实上它们是有关联的。
at first sight/glance
At first sight/glance the problem seemed easy. 乍一看这个问题似乎很容易。
They felt in love at first sight.他们一见钟情。
He could tell at a(single) glance what was wrong with the car.他一眼就能看出汽车有什么毛病。
5.develop a lifelong frienship with… 与……结成为终身好友
make a lifelong friend with sb.
6.Born into a life of privilege,Joseph Banks was the son of a wealthy family. Joseph Banks是一个富裕家庭的孩子，生来就享有特殊权利
privilege n. a special advantage, permission, right, or benefit granted to or enjoyed by an individual, a class 特权；优惠
Our members have the privilege of using the lending service of the library.
我们的会员有享受图书馆借书服务的特权。
7.lead/live a cosy life过着安逸的生活
live/lead a happy life/a bitter life 过着幸福/痛苦生活
cosy ：comfortable; easy
8.but young Banks had an appetite for knowledge但是小班克斯却有渴求知识的欲望
n. a desire for food 食欲；胃口
Exercises give one a good appetite. 运动增进食欲。
n. a strong wish or liking 爱好；欲望
He has an appetite for writing. 他好从事写书。（be fond of,go in for）
9.Despite his wealth,he worked to make a career in science. 尽管他很富有，但他谋求在科学上有一番成就。
in spite of his wealth/although he was wealthy/rich….
Some were owners of great wealth and property. 有些人拥有万贯家财。
10. In 1768,the Royal Navy appointed James Cook as the commander of the Endeavour to take members of the Royal Society on
an expedition to Tahiti.1768年英国皇家海军任命James Cook为“奋力”号船长，带领皇家学会成员远征塔希提岛。
appoint sb.（to.）;appoint sb.（as.）
挑选（某人）做某工作或任某职位；任命；委派
He was appointed to the vacant post.他被委派填补那空缺。
We must appoint a new teacher at once to the mountain school.
我们必须立即委派一名新教师到那山村小学去。
They have appointed a new manager.他们已经任用了一位新经理。
Who shall we appoint （as） chairperson?我们选派谁担任主席呢？
appoint sth.（for sth.） 确定或决定某事物
They have appointed a date for the meeting.他们已经约定了开会的日期。
They appointed a place to exchange stamps. 他们约定一个地方交换邮票。
11.This would give astronomers a chance to calculate the distance between the earth and the sun.
这样天文学家就有机会去测量地球和太阳之间的距离。
They use a computer to calculate the cost of a journey.他们用电脑算出旅行的费用。
I calculate that we will reach London at about 3 p.m.估计我们大约在下午3点到达伦敦。
be calculated to do sth.旨在，打算或计划做某事
His speech was calculated to stir up the crowd.他讲的话有意鼓动/煽动人群。
n. calculation计算，推算
12 …it was the government that paid for all the equipment and expenses for that part of the expedition.
英国政府赞助了这次考察中天文学部分所需的设备和经费。
expense n.花费，费用，经费
It’s too much of an expense to own a car.拥有一辆汽车的花费太大。
at one’s expense由某人负担费用
He had his book printed at his own expense.他自己出钱印了书。
at the expense of sth.在损失或损坏某事物的情况下
He built up a successful business but it was all done at the expense of his health.
他创建的企业很成功，但这一切都损害了他的健康。
13.had to supply about ￡10,000 of his own money to equip the expedition……不得不把自己的钱（大约一万英镑）拿出来为这次远征提供设备。
supply当“提供；供应”讲，近义词为provide/offer。
（1）supply sb.with sth./ supply sth.to sb.向某人提供某物
They supplied food aids to the people in the flood-stricken area.
=They supplied the people in the flood-stricken area with food aids.
他们向受灾地区的人们提供了食品援助。
（2）offer sb.sth./offer sth.to sb.向某人提供某物
He offered me a cup of tea.=He offered a cup of tea to me.
（3）provide sb.with sth./ provide sth.for sb.向某人提供某物，供应
The firm has provided me with a car.=The firm has provided a car for me.公司提供给我一辆汽车。
在涉及到钱时，supply则不明确，一般讲来要给钱，provide往往则意味着免费提供
The school provides the students with lesson-sheets.学校免费给学生提供讲义。
We can supply you with some rare Ming editions. 我们可以给你提供一些稀有的明版书。
14.He also look out for new economic species; plants that could be grown in England or other parts of the world to produce crops that could be sold . 而且他还调查了一些新的经济物种，在英国和世界其他地区生长其谷物能够被卖的植物。
look our for to be careful of 当心；注意；警惕
Look out (for the car)! 留神(汽车)！
15. Banks was the first to move crops from one continent to anther on a large scale, helping to develop local economic with these new imports. 约瑟夫。班克斯是第一位大规摸把植物从一个大陆移到另一个大陆的人，用这些进口的东西来帮助发展当地的经济。
16.some plants that were spread over the globe in this way include cococa,hemp and tea.用这种方式发展起来的植物有可可，大麻和茶叶。
17.The voyage had been a great success.这次航海取得了巨大的成功。
18.Wonderful discoveries had been of strange new lands,cultures,animals and plants.
绝妙的发现还包括新奇的大陆、文化和动植物。
19.From behind his desk, however, he was involved in enterprises such as the exploration of Africa and the settlement of Australia.然而他却在幕后卷入了诸如探索非洲和开拓澳洲之类的航行。
involve
（1）需要The job involved me in London.工作需要我住在伦敦。
（2）牵涉，牵连；包括
The strike involved many people.许多人参加了罢工。
involve sb./sth.in sth./doing sth.使某人/某事物陷入或参与某活动
in solving your problems!你解决你的问题，不要把我拉进去。
He was involved in a heated argument.他参与了一场激烈的争论。
All the children were involved in the school play. 所有的孩子都参加了学校排练的剧。
20.He accumulated a great deal of knowledge about plants and agriculture.他积累了大量的有关植物和农业方面的知识。
accumulated
（1）vt.积累；聚集
By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune.她由于投资精明而积蓄了一笔财产。
My savings are accumulating interest.我的储蓄不断生息。
He accumulated a fortune by hard work. 他靠努力工作积蓄了一笔财富。
（2）vi. 增加
Dust and dirt soon accumulate if a house is not cleaned regularly.房间不经常打扫，尘土很快就越积越多。
Snow accumulated to a depth of 10 feet. 雪已积到十尺深。
n. accumulation 金钱、知识、经验的积累
21. In growing strawberries Banks went back to the abandoned practice of spreading straw under the fruit to reduce the necessary amount of watering.在种植草莓时Banks采用早已废弃的在果实下铺稻草的方法来降低用水量。
The driver abandoned his car in the snow. 司机把汽车抛在雪地里。
He found a baby abandoned by its parents.他发现了一个被父母遗弃的婴儿。
The match was abandoned because of bad weather.比赛因天气恶劣而取消。
(please look up the word:desert)
供阅读的其它知识点
▲Darwin’s observations on that voyage led him to write his famous book on the Origin of species.…
达尔文在那次环球旅行中的观察使他写出了著名的《物种起源》
▲deserve
The article deserves careful study=The article is worth studying.
She deserves a reward for her effort.她积极努力，应该得到奖赏。
They deserve to be sent to prison.他们应该入狱。
▲It was Darwin’s visit on the Beagle to the Galapagos Isles that gave him the key to his new theory.
达尔文乘“小猎犬号”去加拉 戈斯群岛的活动使他获得了新创建理论的钥匙。
▲habitat（动物或植物的）栖息地/自然环境
This creature’s natural habitat is the jungle. 这种动物的天然栖息地是丛林。
▲pass sth.down from one generation to the next（常用于被动语态）一代一代传下去
pass away 去世，逝世(die) pass by走过；经过；忽视 pass sth.on （to sb.）将某物传交给（某人）
pass through sth.经历（一段时间） pass on （to sth.）从一阶段进入另一阶段
▲.As a result of Darwin and Mendel s research, scientists of the nineteenth century formed the belief that the influence of the environment was behind the development of new species. 达尔文和门德尔的研究结果，使得19世纪的科学家闷形成这样的一种理念：环境的影响导致了新物种的发展。
▲It would take a next generation of scientists to bring the importance of the environment on species back in view.
要重新认识环境对物种的重要性环需要下一代科学家的努力。
▲In 1922,Gte Turesson found evdence for the existence of stable varieties within species in nature.
1922年Gte Turesson发现了自然界物种稳定多样性存在的证据。
▲grow to bush长成灌木，grow close to the ground长得贴近地面
▲adapt 适应，改编，改写
I don’t think I shall ever adapt myself to this hot weather.
They are adapted to various climates,soil and other natural conditions.
He is adapting the novel fortelevision.他在把这部小说改编成电视剧。
▲However, Turesson’s findings show that habitat,such as soil conditions,is of equal importance to the output of crops.
然而Turesson的调查研究结果却表明，生长地的情况，如生长地的土壤条件，对粮食农作物的产量也具有同样重要的意义。
output n. amount of things that you have made 产量；产品
We must increase our output to meet people's needs. 我们必须增加产量来满足人们的需要。
请不要跟adopt（采取、采用，通过、收养）相混
▲procedure n.程序（尤指工商、法律、政治等事务的）
Stop arguing about （questions of） procedure and let’s get down to business.
别再为程序（问题）争辩了，咱们着手议正事吧。
procedure （for sth.）手续；步骤
What’s the procedure for opening a bank account?在银行开个账户要办什么手续？
▲promote v.（1）提升，晋升
My daughter’s just been promoted!我的女儿刚被提升了！
promote sb.to sth.提升，擢升某人
The football team was promoted to the first division.该足球队已晋升为甲级队。
Our teacher has been promoted to headmaster. 我们的老师已被提升为校长了。
（2）促进；鼓励，推动
The organization works to promote friendship between nations.该组织旨在促进各国之间的友谊。
Kindness promotes peace. 亲切的行为可以促进和睦。
▲rose n. a beautiful flower, which is red, white or yellow 玫瑰(花)；蔷薇(花)
Father planted roses along one side of the garden. 父亲沿着花园的一边种了玫瑰。
You lie upon roses when young, you'll lie upon thorns when old. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
▲peony n. 牡丹；芍药
She blushed like a peony. 她脸红得像一朵牡丹花。
▲bunch n. a number of things of the same kind fastened or growing together 串；束
a bunch of flowers 一束花 a bunch of grapes/keys 一串葡萄/一串钥匙
▲merely adv. only仅仅；只不过
I didn't stop to speak to him--I merely smiled. 我没有停下来和他说话--我只是微微一笑。
▲enterprise n. an undertaking, especially one of some scope, complication, and risk; a business organization事业；企业
government enterprise 公/国营企业 private enterprise 私/民营企业 small-to-medium-sized enterprises中小企业
▲settlement n. group of homes in a place where no people have lived before 拓居地；定居点
The first settlements were on the east coast of America. 最初的殖民地是在美洲的东海岸。
n. agreeing about something after discussing it 解决（方案）
After long talks about pay, the managers and workers reached a settlement.
就工资进行长期谈判后，劳资双方达成一项解决办法。
▲straw n. dry, cut stalks of wheat, etc. 稻草；麦秆
Everyone of us had a straw hat on. 我们人人都戴草帽。
n. thin tube of paper or plastic for drinking a cold drink 麦管；吸管
He sucked Coke through a straw. 他用吸管吸可口可乐。
▲year after year adv. 年年；一年又一年(= year in year out) 对比year by year
▲tone n. a sound; the quality of a sound; the voice, as expressing feeling音调；语调
She spoke in an angry tone. 她用恼怒的口气说话。
▲reward n. present or money that you give to thank someone for something 报酬；报答
He was given a reward for passing the examination. 他因考试及格而得到奖品。
He worked hard all his life but without much reward. 他辛勤一生，但得到的报酬却很少。
vt. give something in return for 酬谢；奖赏
He was well rewarded by the kind things people said about him. 人们表扬了他，这就是对他很好的奖励。
▲nowhere adv. at, in, or to no place; not anywhere 任何地方都不；什么地方也没有
He was nowhere to be found. 什么地方也找不到他。
n. an unknown place 不知道的地方：a cabin in the middle of nowhere 不知在什么中心的小屋
▲altogether adv. on the whole; all things considered 总共；总而言之
There were five of us altogether. 我们共有五人。
Altogether, the book is quite interesting. 总的说来，这本书相当有趣。
adv. totally; completely 完全；全部地
Some of what you say is true, but I don't altogether agree. 你说的有些是真的，但我不能全都同意。
▲appearance n. what someone or something looks like 外貌；外表
Do not judge by appearances. 别从外貌判断事物。
n. being seen; coming 显露；出现
At the sight of his appearance on the stage, the hall rang with thunderous applause. 他一出场，礼堂里就掌声雷动。
▲latter adj. 后者
Of the two, the former is better than the latter. 两者之中前者较后者为佳。
▲distinguish vt.& vi. show the difference in; show the difference; make a distinction 区别；辨别
He could not distinguish cotton from wool. 他不能辨认是棉花还是羊毛。(tell…from)
You are confusing things, let me distinguish. 你把事情越弄越糟，让我来把它区分出来。
▲in detail with all the facts 详细地 The teacher explained the text in detail. 老师详细地解释了课文。
Unit 5 Getting the message
Ⅰ. Words and Expressions（课文前面部分出现的）
1.convey ---- to take or carry from one place to another; transport. 运送；运输
----to communicate or make known; impart通知；通报；传达
The truck conveyed machinery across the country. 这辆卡车把机器运往全国各地。
Wires convey electricity.金属线导电。
I will convey the information to him.我将把这消息通知他。
2.advertise ---- to make public announcement of, especially to proclaim th equalities or advantages of (a product or business) so
as to increase sales. 做广告；---- to warn or notify告诫，告知
advertise sth做广告(宣传)，使……尽人皆知，put an advertisement做广告
Why not advertise your secondhand car in the local newspaper?为什么不在本地报纸上为你的二手车做个广告呢？
If you want to sell your secondhand car,why not put an advertisement in the local newspaper?
你如果想卖掉你的二手车，为什么不在本地报纸上做个广告呢？
advertise for sb/sth登广告招聘/欲购
The company advertised for a new secretary.公司登了广告招聘一名新秘书。
We should advertise for someone to look after our children.我们该登个广告聘人来照管孩子们。
advertiser 广告商
The report gives advertisers a new picture of women today.这份报告使广告商对今日妇女有了新的认识。
4.brand ---- A trademark identifying a product or a manufacturer
商标；牌子；烙印
What brand of soap do you like?你喜欢什么牌子的肥皂？
These cattle have my brand on them. 这些牛身上都有我打的烙印。
（常与of连用）特殊类型
his own brand of humor 他独特的幽默感
5.consideration ---- careful thought
Please give the problem your careful consideration. 请你仔细考虑这个问题。
短语：in consideration of 报答；由于under consideration 在考虑中，在研究中
take … into consideration 顾及，考虑到
Your teacher will take your recent illness into consideration when he marks your exams.
你的老师评定考试成绩时，会考虑到你最近生病的情况。
Taking everything into consideration,the result is better than I expected.
从各方面考虑，结果比我预料的好。
复习以前学过的词组
We must take local conditions into account.我们必须把当地的条件考虑进去。
We must take account of the interests of the State.我们必须考虑到国家的利益。
In the first place ,you must think over this plan.首先你必须考虑这个计划。
6.charge ---- expense; cost 费用；花费 ---- the price asked for something 价格，收费
a charge for the use of the telephone 使用电话的费用
The charge for a front-row seat is $3. 前排座位票价每张三美元。
----management 监督；管理
---- a claim of wrongdoing 指控；控告
a charge of stealing 对偷窃罪的指控
The charge carries a possible sentence of three years.这项控告可能要判三年徒刑。
短语：
in charge of 负责
The chief engineer was in charge of directing the building of the subway.主任工程师负责指挥地铁的建造工程。
I was in charge of my sister. 我在照看我妹妹。
in the charge of / in one’s charge 归某人负责；由某人监管
The factory is in the charge of a special committee. 这家工厂现在由一个特别委员会监管。
7.loss ---- The act or an instance of losing; something that is lost; people lost in wartime or an accident.损失；丧失；遗失。
The loss of my watch meant that I had to buy a new one.我的手表丢了就意味着我得买只新的。
Have you reported the loss of the technical papers about the new product to the police?
你们把丢失新产品技术文件的事向警方报告了吗?
His unfortunate death was a great loss to the firm.他的不幸去世对他的商行来说是个重大损失。
The losses are computed at $1000. 估计损失1000美元。
短语：
at a loss ①低于成本的：sell the merchandise at a loss.赔本卖出货物
②迷惑的；不解的：I am at a loss to understand those remarks. 我不理解那些话
8.blame ----to hold responsible. 负责
---- To place responsibility for (something) 归咎：把（某事）责任归于…
Blame it!(美) 该死!
Don't blame it on him, but on me. 别怪他,该怪我。
They blamed the failure on George. 他们把失败归咎于乔治。
Blame me if I don't. 我要是不这样做,随你怎么办好了。
They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan. 他们怪罪秘书造成计划延误。
If he fails the exam he’s only got himself to blame.如果他考试不及格，那只能怪他自己。
短语：be to blame 应受谴责
The children were not to blame. 孩子们不应受到谴责。
The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.那次交通事故不应该责怪司机。
n. 责怪，（对坏事所应付的）责任
We were ready to take the blame for what had happened.我们准备对所发生的事承担责任。
The judge put the blame for the accident on the driver of the car.法官把事故的责任归咎于汽车司机。
ⅠI. Words and Expressions（课文部分出现的）
1…they are broadcast on TV and over the radio,posted the Internet and printed in newspapers and on posters in our cities.
电视机和收音机播放广告，因特网上登载广告，报纸上印制广告，广告牌上贴广告。
broadcast -- to transmit (a radio or television program) for public or general use.传播,传播（电台电视节目），供大众使用
--to send out or communicate, especially by radio or television. 播放：尤指通过电台、电视，播出，发送：
The agency broadcast an urgent appeal for medical supplies.代理商通过电台紧急呼吁要求药品供应
to broadcast the gossip 传播流言蜚语
The BBC broadcasts every day. 英国广播公司每天广播。
Radio Beijing broadcasts on a dozen different frequencies.北京电台以十几种不同的频率进行广播。
作名词用：
The news broadcast will be at 7.00. 新闻广播将在7点开始。
post ---- to display (an announcement) in a place of public view. 贴布告：在公共场所贴（布告）
----to cover (a wall, for example) with posters. 贴海报：用海报张贴
The names of the members of the team will be posted up today. 队员名单将于今天张榜公布。
The ship was posted missing. 该船宣告失踪。
2.The development of radio,television and other media has gone hand in hand with the development of advertising.
广播、电视和其它媒体与广告业同步发展。
hand in hand 手拉手，密切关系的
They went home hand in hand.他们手拉手回家了。
The development of agriculture should go hand in hand with that of industry. 工业和农业应共同发展。
Dirt and disease go hand in hand.肮脏与疾病是分不开的。
3.People react to advertisements in different ways.人们对广告的反应是不同的。
（1）vi. 反应，反抗
How did he react to your suggestion?他对你的建议有什么反应？
Children tend to react against their parents by going against their wishes.孩子往往故意不听父母的话来表示抗拒。
How did your mother react to the news? She reacted by getting very angry.
你妈妈对这个消息的反应怎样？她的反应是非常生气。
（2）vt. （指物质）起化学反应
An acid can react with a base to form a salt.酸可与碱起化学反应形成盐。
4.Some people find ads useful and entertaining;others think that they are annoying.有些人认为广告有用而且有趣，有些人认为它讨厌。
These flies are annoying me.这些苍蝇真使我心烦。
I was annoyed with him because he kept interrupting.我对他烦透了，因为他不停地打断我的话。
be annoyed with sb for/at sth 讨厌某事为某事对某人生气
复习：be angry at/about sth
be angry with/at sb for doing sth
5.Defenders of ads say that ads help us make informed choices as consumers by introducing good quality products.为广告辩护者说，广告介绍了质地优良的产品，帮助消费者作出了明智的选择。
Can you inform where he lives?你能告诉我他住在哪儿？
He informed them of his arrival.他通知他们说他到了。
He is a well-informed man.他是个消息灵通人士。
inform against/on/upon sb告发/控告
informer告发者，检举者
6.On the other hand,critics sometimes accuse companies of using ads and misleading us by making us believe that a certain product is better than it really is or that we will be happier if we buy it.另一方面，批评者有时指责公司滥用广告误导我们，让我们相信某种产品比它的实际情况要好，或者购买某种产品会令人更加愉快。
to charge with a shortcoming or an error. 指责：因缺点或错误而指控
to charge formally with a wrongdoing. 指控：正式指控某一错误行径
The police accused him of murder. 警方指控他谋杀。
The police accused him of stealing. 警方控告他犯有盗窃罪。
accuse 与charge
The police ______ him with murder. (1) charged
Tom _____ his boss of having broken his word. (2) accused
The police ______the driver with careless driving. (3) charged
His neighbour ______him of playing the musical instrument too loudly. (4) accused
7.By introducing a brand name to potential customers,and by associating the product with the customers’needs,companies are able to influence the choices customers.把一个商品品牌的名字告诉潜在的消费者，并把这种产品同消费者的需要联系起来，公司就可能影响消费者作出选择。
associate vt.把――和――联系起来
He associated himself with this campaign. 他把他自己与这次战役联系起来。
I didn’t want to be associated with it at all. 我根本不想参与这件事。
What do you associate with such a heavy snow? 这样一场大雪你有什么联想?
associate 还可以作不及物动词使用，“和……来往，和……共事（与with连用）解。
There he associated with working people. 在那里他与劳动人民来往。
8. Customers see so many ads every day that advertisers must work hard to get their message across.消费者每天看到大量的广告，因此广告商必须使出浑身的解数使消费者明白他们的意图。
get sth. across 使某事被理解（领会）
Our teacher is clever,but not very good at getting his ideas across to us.我们的老师很聪明，但他不善于把他的观点讲清楚。
The message got across at last.这信息终于被理解了。
9.The best chance to reach customers is to appeal to their emotions.接近消费者的最好机会是迎合消费者的情感。
appeal呼吁，恳求：热切或急切的要求、请求或恳求
Does the idea of working abroad appeal to you? 你有没有兴趣出国工作?
She appeals to me. 我对她感兴趣。
appeal （to sb） for sth. 请求某人某事；呼吁。。。，请求给与make an appeal
警方呼吁公众提供有关被害者的情况。
The police are appealing to the public for any information about the murder victim.
appeals to sb to do sth. 呼吁某人干. make an appeal for sb to do sth
The government is appealing to everyone to save water. 政府呼吁每个人节约用水。
The victims' families of the murder have appealed to the Supreme Court to have a definitive answer.
谋杀案的被害家属已经请求最高法院作确切的答复。
上诉：appeal a decision to a higher court 不服判决提出上诉
He appealed against the judge's decision. 他不服法官判决而上诉。
作名词用:an appeal for aid 恳求援助 an appeal for forgiveness 恳求原谅
The teacher listened to his appeal. 老师倾听了他的要求。
10.It has been proven again and again that frequent advertising increases product sales.经常做广告会增加产品的销售额，这是一再证明了的事。
frequent：时常发生的, 频繁的
I enjoyed his frequent visits. 我喜欢他经常来访。
Frequent failures did not affect his morale. 屡次失败都没有使他泄气。
Rains are frequent here in early summer. 这儿在初夏季节常下雨。
She is a frequent visitor to our house.她是我们家的常客。
v.常去，时常出入于，与……经常往来
Police visited all the bars that the suspect frequented.警察视察了嫌疑犯时常出没的所有酒吧。
These woods are frequented by all kinds of birds.这些森林里经常栖息着各种鸟类。
注意：frequent的反义词是 infrequent, frequent的副词是 frequently
11.Advertisements also help consumers choose among all the available products.广告还可以帮助消费者在所有能够找到的产品中进行选择。available（在第二单元中已经讲过，再复习一下）
This was the only available room.这是唯一可以利用的房间。
You will be informed when the book becomes available.这本书有货时就通知你。
Tickets are available at the box office.票房有票。
12. Armed with facts and figures,customers are better able to deal with the often powerful arguments by a salesman or saleswoman.掌握了一些事实和数据之后，顾客就能更好地应付销售人员强有力的说服。
figure:符号，数字 ,图表, 价格：用数来表示的价值
That car of his has been sold for a large figure 以高价出售
a figure of speech. 形象化的说法
She has a five-figure income. 她有五位数的收入。
figure in 包括：包括:figured in travel expenses 包含在旅行费用当中
figure on ①依靠We figured on your support. 我们就指望你的支持了
②把…估计在内；期望：I figured on an hour's delay. 我估计要延迟一小时
③计划We figure on leaving at noon. 我们计划中午走
figure out ①发现或决定：Let's figure out a way to help. 让我们来找出帮助的办法吧
②解决或破译：Can you figure out this puzzle? 你能找到谜底吗?
We must figure out how to solve the problem.我们必须想出解决这个问题的办法。
I couldn't figure out who the lady with the sunglasses was.我想不出那位戴墨镜的夫人是谁。
13.Not all ads are used to promote a product or to increase a company’s profits.并不是所有的广告都用来促销商品或为公司增加利润。
该句为不完全否定。相当于All ads are not used to promote a product or to increase a company’s profits.
类似句型还有：Not every…=Every…not…Not both… =Both…not…
profit（1）n. 利润，赢利，利益
There are very little profits in selling newspapers at present.现在卖报纸利润很小。
We sold our house at a profit.我们出售房屋获得了利润。
This new invention will bring you great profits like a goldmine.
这项新发明会像一座金矿一样会给你们带来丰厚的利润。
I have read the book to my profit. 我读了这本书大有收益。
make a penny profit on each orange 要每只橘子盈利一便士
non-profit organisations非赢利组织（本课中出现的）
（2）v.有益于，对（某人）有好处
It will profit you nothing to do that.你做那件事没有好处。
She has certainly profited from spending a year in England.在英国度过的一年确实对她是有益的。
The students do hope to profit by / from the teacher's comments on their compositions.
学生们真心希望从老师对他们的作文的评语中获得益处。
对比：benefit/benefit from
14. Many governments used ad campaigns to make people aware of social problems and government policies.
许多政府部门也采用广告作宣传，以使人民了解社会问题和政府的政策。
campaign 战役；计划
a campaign to stop people smoking 一项阻止人们吸烟的运动
Did you take part in either of my last two campaigns? 你有没有参加我（指挥）的上两次战役？
a fund-raising campaign 一项筹措资金的计划；
make… aware of 使……意识到
15.These”bad ads”use illegal ways to mislead consumers.这些“坏广告”采用不法手段来误导消费者。
an illegal immigrant. 非法移民 It is illegal to steal things. 偷东西是违法的
16.It is not always easy to spot a bad ad there are a few things we can look out for.First of all,we should always keep an eye out for “hidden information”.要看出坏广告并不是容易的，但也有写情况是我们可以提防的。首先，我们要警惕“隐藏的信息”。
供阅读的其它知识点
1. policy ---- A plan or course of action, as of a governme