Unit 12 Education
Pre-reading
1. Look around your school and list all the equipment, people and plans that are needed to run a school. In order to run a school, we need buildings as classrooms and offices, a playground for the students to exercise, desks and chairs, blackboards and brushes, teachers and workers, and a lot of other things. Our government has to provide money to build buildings, buy equipment and pay for the teachers and workers. That will need a lot of money. In some places, the governments are too poor to run enough schools for all the children to go to school.
2. What arrangements does the government have to make to provide education for children in China? Discuss the problems or difficulties it may face?
A: I think the government should pass a law to make the parents send their school-age children
to school.
B: The government should offer money for education, for example to make sure that all the good teachers are well paid. Then the teachers will work whole-heartedly.
C: The government should get rid of the exams in order to let the children learn more than they are
examined.
Lead-in
We are different from each other in many ways, so when learning the same subjects, we are likely to adopt different learning methods which suit ourselves. Then, what are the basic learning styles? And what is the feature of each style? Let us read this short passage and find out Outline
Fast reading
Main idea of each paragraph:
Para. A Compulsory education for all Chinese children
Para. B Education for All-an international target
Para. C Encouraging people in rural areas to accept education
Para. D Problems of number and location
Para. E Meeting the cost
Para. F Solving the problem of teaching quality in remote areas
Para. G Education for all children worldwide will be difficult to achieve
Main idea of the text : The passage makes it clear that “Education for all” is essential for the development of a country. The paragraphs mostly deal with measures that should be taken to achieve the target.
Careful reading
1. According to the text , ______ of school-age children attended primary school by _______ . C
A. 99 % ; 2000 B. 86% ; 2000 C. 99% ; 2004 D. 86% ; 2004
2. What suggests that many countries realize the importance of education ? C
A. They realize that the future welfare of their citizens is closely linked to education
B. They attended the World Education Forum in 2000
C. At the World Education Forum in 2000 , they made a commitment called “Education for all”
D. They are trying to get every child into school
3. ______ prevents some people attaching importance to education . D
A. The importance of agriculture
B. Heavy work on the farm
C. Traditional ideas
D. All the above
4. What kind of classes can often be seen in western provinces in China ? A
A. Mixed grade classes
B. Classes of large sizes
C. Classes of small sizes
D. Classes by two-way radio and mail
5. What measures do many developing countries take to provide schools with necessary equipment? A. They call on their citizens to donate it B
B. They depend on aid from other countries and international organizations or programs
C. They borrow it from their neighbor countries
D. Developed provinces provide aid for less developed provinces
6. How many countries are mentioned in the text to have adopted distance learning methods ? C
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
7. According to Paragraph F , which of the following is one of the education problems existing in America ? C
A. The quality of teaching is not good nationwide
B. There are too many families now below poverty line
C. One third of the students live in the countryside
D. Violent crimes take place in schoolyards
8. The text talks mainly about ______ . A
A. “Education for all ”----the international target
B. solving the problems of teaching quality in remote areas
C. encouraging people in rural areas to accept education
D. problems of the number of people in one area and location
9. It’s difficult for some countries in Africa and Asia to achieve the goal of “ Education for all ” , because _______ . D
A. the population is too large
B. they are facing many other problems , such as lack of fresh water and basic health care
C. the international aid is far from enough
D. the economy there is the least developed
10. Which of the statements is true ? D
A. People’s attitude towards education affects education system
B. The number of people in one area and people’s distribution can also cause education problems
C. Education system can be affected by economy
D. All the above
Comprehension
1.In _____, the Chinese government introduced a law stating that by the year _____ every Chinese child would have ____ years of compulsory education.( 1986 , 2000 , nine)
2. It is reported that ____of school-age children in China attended primary school by 2004. (99%)
3. When the World Education Forum met in _____, it calculated that there were ____ million children not in school. (2000 , 113)
4. At the Forum, the member countries of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) made a commitment to provide “complete, free and compulsory primary education for good quality for all children by _____”. (2015)
5. In the Turks and Caicos Islands, where there are less than _______ people, the number of students in some school is so low that students of several different grades are taught in the same classroom. (20,000)
6. In north and central Australia the population is so spread out that children in some rural settlements can be as far as _____ km away from the nearest school. (1,000)
7. ___________ students in United States lives in the countryside, and providing them with a full curriculum is difficult.( One in three )
8. China has also adopted distance learning methods such as television lessons and in _____, the Ministry of Education introduced computerized teaching networks in central and western China. (1999)
9. Now, when a Chinese couple has ______, they can be confident that their child will be able to attend school. (a baby )
10. This mountain school in Lesotho, Africa has ____ students (120 )
11. The Alice Springs School of the Air in Australia has ____ children who live in an area of over __________ square kilometers. (140, one million )
12. There is ____ teacher, ____ classroom, no doors, windows, desks or chairs. (one , one )
According to the passing , which countries use the following methods to help them provide education ?
Methods
Countries
distance learning
Australia, China, the USA
mixed-grade classes
The Turks and Caicos Islands, parts of the remote central and western regions in China,
money from international organizations
China, the developing countries in Africa and Asia
money from local organizations
China, the developing countries
What are the writing techniques of this passage?
1) Numbers and dates are used to make the point of view more acceptable.
2) In order to let more people take the advice, examples are provided, you may find them in Paragraph D.
Discussion
Are there any ways in which education in your town could be improved? Which do you think is the most important aspect to change?
I think the government of our town should organize more activities to improve the students’ health and abilities to solve practical problems. We should make the best of Internet to study.
More libraries should be built in order to encourage more people to read and write. Contests and competitions of doing practical activities can be held to promote people’s abilities.The poor should not be charged, otherwise they can not go to school. Give us more free time, that is, stop giving lessons on Saturdays or Sundays.
Summary
The passage makes it known that “Education for all” is essential for the development of a country. The paragraphs mostly deal with measures that should be taken to achieve the target, such as creating a positive attitude to rural areas, having mixed-grade classes, distance learning and so on. The author of the passage shows us our country’s achievements, inspiring us students to treasure the nine years of compulsory education and make the the best of it. Students in poor areas should be encouraged to keep on attending school and improve themselves through distance learning and other methods. On the other hand, students in developed areas should be instructed to offer their help to the poor.
Sentence structure:
1.when learning something new, if you prefer to read the information, you are probably a student who learns through seeing.
2. students who find it easiest to learn a new concept by hearing ….
3.learning through doing means being active in exploring the environment and finding out …
4.Reading aloud, using a tape recorder …are the best by….
Explanation
1. commitment: n. pledge, undertaking
e.g. He doesn’t want to get married because he doesn’t want any commitments.
2. sceptical: adj. unwilling to believe something, doubtful
e.g. We’re sceptical of the team’s chances of winning.
I’m sceptical about their professed sympathy for the poor.
3. tendency: n. leaning
e.g. There is a tendency for unemployment to rise this year.
4. donate: vt. contribute, give…to a charity
e.g. How much money did you donate?
They used to donate generously to the Red Cross every year.
5. attach importance to…：重视
e.g. She attaches great importance to regular exercises.
6. drop out: leave school/university without finishing one’s courses
e.g. She got a scholarship to Cambridge but dropped out later.
7. rather than: instead of, in preference
e.g. I think I’ll have a cold drink rather than coffee.
8. spread out: away from others
e.g. The search party spread out over the moor.
Deal with language points:
1. be similar to 与。。。相似 My teaching style is similar to that of most other teachers.
2. introduce 介绍，正式提交，实施
He introduced me to a Greek girl at the party.
The first lecture introduces students to the main topics of the course.
The company is introducing a new range of products this year.
The new law was introduced in 1991.
3. highly 与high 区别; close 与closely 区别
Do you see that butterfly flying high above the street?你是否看 见那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飞舞着？ The distinguished guests were highly praised.贵宾们受到了高度赞扬。
引申：Suddenly the door was ______and in came Mr. Wang.
A. open wide B. widely open C. wide opened D. open widely
（答案为C，由前面的suddenly可见，此句强调动作，故用被动语态，而不用形容词，wide与widely都有副词，但是意义不同，他们的区别好象deep/deeply，high/highly，close/closely）
4. It is reported that 据报道。。。
类似的句型还有：it is said/ believed/hoped/announced that …
5. make a commitment to do 承诺
Commitment n. 承诺；约定；约束责任；承担义务 , 献身，投入（常与to sb/sth连用）
a commitment to pay $50000 to Red Cross 承诺向红十字会提供50000美元
I've taken on too many commitments. 我承担的义务太多了。
He doesn't want to get married because he is afraid of any commitments. "他不想结婚,因为他害怕承担任何责任。"
6. face 用法
face to face 面对面地
I rushed out of the office and found myself face-to-face with the boss.
"我冲出办公室,面对面地碰上了老板。"
The burglar turned the corner and found himself face to face with a policeman.
那窃贼转过墙角，面对面碰上一个警察。
in the face of 不顾；面对，在…前面
He succeeded in the face of great difficulties. 尽管有巨大的困难，但他成功了。
Be faced with 面临
I realized that Hamlet was faced with an entirely different problem.
我意识到Hamlet面临着完全不同的问题。
The state is now faced with the immediate question of raising new taxes.
国家面临紧迫的问题，收新税。
7. to begin with （插入语）首先
类似词组有：to start with; to tell the truth; to be honest; to be frank; to make things worse
To begin with, what is an interior designer?
Although it had seemed a good reason, to begin with: no couple could afford to have children.
8. be skeptical of 怀疑 skeptical adj. ~ (about / of sth)
I am sceptical about his chances of winning. 我怀疑他取胜的可能性。
The public remain sceptical of these claims. 公众对这些说法仍持怀疑态度。
She looked highly sceptical.她一脸深表怀疑的神色。
9. attach importance to ….认为。。。很重要 ~ importance, significance, value, weight, etc. (to sth)
I attach great importance to this research.
10. drop out 退学 1 退出，脱离2 退学，辍学
He has dropped out of active politics. 他已经不再积极参政了。
a word that has dropped out of the language 该语言中已经废弃的一个词。
She started a degree but dropped out after only a year. 她开始攻读工程学学位，但仅一年后就辍学了。
11. be willing /unwilling to do （不）愿意。（不）乐意
They keep a list of people (who are) willing to work nights.
他们有一份愿意夜间工作的人的名单。
I’m perfectly willing to discuss the problem.我十分乐意讨论这个问题。
They are unwilling to invest any more money in the project. 他们不愿再为这个项目投资。
She was unable, or unwilling, to give me any further details.她不能，或不愿意，向我提供进一步的细节。
12. mean 想要，意思是；
What did she mean by leaving so early (= why did she do it)?
Don’t laugh! I mean it (= I am serious).
I’m sorry I hurt you. I didn’t mean to.
You’re meant to (= you are supposed to) pay before you go in.
[常用被动] ~ sb for sth| ~ sb to be sth （想要某人成为，想要某人去做）
I was never meant for the army (= did not have the qualities needed to become a soldier). 我根本就不是块当兵的料。
Philip and Kim were meant for each other (= are very suitable as partners). Philip 和Kim真是天生的一对。
[vn to inf] His father meant him to be an engineer. 他父亲想让他当工程师。
She did everything to get the two of them together, but I guess it just wasn’t meant to be.她极力撮合他两个，但我觉得那根本不可能。
By all means可以，当然行，没问题
‘Do you mind if I have a look?’ ‘By all means.’借我看一眼行吗？当然可以。
by means of sth (formal) 借助。。。手段，依靠。。。方法。
: The load was lifted by means of a crane. 重物是用起重机吊起来的。
By no means 绝不，一点也不
She is by no means an inexperienced teacher. 她绝不是一个毫无经验的老师。
We haven’t won yet, not by any means. 我们离成功还远着呢。
By no means are these cases exceptional. 这些例子绝不是例外。
13. distribute 分发，分配，分销，使散开，使分布；分散~ sth (to / among sb/sth)
The organization distributed food to the earthquake victims. 这个机构向地震灾民分发了食品和毯子。
The newspaper is distributed free. 这份报纸免费分发。
The money was distributed among schools in the area. 这笔款项是在本地区的学校中分配的。
Who distributes our products in the UK? 谁在英国分销我们的产品？
Make sure that your weight is evenly distributed. 注意让你的体重分布均匀。
14. result in （造成，导致）, result from （因。。发生，随。。。产生）
job losses resulting from changes in production 生产革新造成的失业。
When water levels rise, flooding results. 水位上升，就会发洪水。
The cyclone has resulted in many thousands of deaths. 飓风已经造成成千上万的人死亡。
[+ -ing] These policies resulted in many elderly people suffering hardship. 这些政策使许多老人和残疾人在困苦中挣扎。
15. spread out 分散 伸展身体，摊开东西
There’s more room to spread out in first class. 头等舱宽敞些，伸得开腿。
Do you have to spread yourself out all over the sofa？你就非得躺下，把整个大沙发全占了才行吗？
The searchers spread out to cover the area faster. 搜索人员分散开来，好更快搜索这一地区。
16. as far as
as far as the eye can / could see 极目所尽
The bleak moorland stretched on all sides as far as the eye could see.荒凉的旷野向四面伸展开去，一望无际。
as far as I know | as far as I can re member, see, tell, etc. 就我所知道，尽我所记得的，依我看。
As far as we knew, there was no cause for concern. 就我们所知，没什么可担心的。
As far as I can see, you’ve done nothing wrong. 依我看，你没有做错任何事。
She lived in Chicago, as far as I can remember. 据我所记得的，她过去住在Chicago。
as / so far as sb/sth is concerned |就。。。而言
As far as I am concerned, you can do what you like.就我而言，你想干什么就干什么。
17. available 可获得的，可找到的，有空的
Tickets are available free of charge from the school. 学校有免费票。
When will the information be made available? 何时才能了解到情况？
Further information is available on request. 详情备索。
This was the only room available. 这是唯一可用的房间。
We’ll send you a copy as soon as it becomes available. 一有货我们就会给你邮寄一本去。
Every available doctor was called to the scene.所有能找到的医生都备召集到了现场。
Will she be available this afternoon? 今天下午她有空吗？
18. rely on /upon 依赖； 依靠
These days we rely heavily on computers to organize our work.
[+ -ing] The industry relies on the price of raw materials remaining low.
You can rely on me to keep your secret.
He can’t be relied on to tell the truth
19. adopt 收养，采用 （方法）；采纳（建议，政策等）
All three teams adopted different approaches to the problem. 三个队处理这个问题的方法各不相同。
The council is expected to adopt the new policy at its next meeting.委员会有望在下次会议上正式通过这项新政策。
20. overcome 克服，战胜
She overcame injury to win the Olympic gold medal.
The two parties managed to overcome their differences on the issue.
In the final game Sweden easily overcame France
Integrating skills
1. have …in common
2. suggest 不用虚拟的用法
3. demonstrate 证明，论证，表达，显露，示范，演示，示威（常用搭配：demonstrate +that /wh--/to do）
Let me demonstrate to you some of the difficulties we are facing. 让我来向你说明一下我们面临的一些困难。
His sudden departure had demonstrated how unreliable he was. 他突然离去，这说明他多么不可靠。
The theories were demonstrated to be false. 这些理论已被证明是错误的。
We want to demonstrate our commitment to human rights.我们向表明我们对人权的信念。
Her job involves demonstrating new educational software. 她的工作包括演示新的教学软件。
students demonstrating against the war. 举行反战示威游行的学生。
4. category 类别，种类
Students over 25 fall into a different category. 25岁以上的学生属于另一类。
The results can be divided into three main categories. 结果可以分成3大类。
引申：categorize/se 将。。。分类，把。。加以分类
Participants were categorized according to age. 参加者按年龄和性别分组。
His latest work cannot be categorized as either a novel or an autobiography. 他的近作既不属于小说也不属于自传。
5. be active in 积极参加
She takes an active part in school life.
The parents were active in campaigning against cuts to the education budget.
6. approach vt./n. 接近，靠近，建议，要求，（待人接物或思考问题的）方法，方式，态度
We heard the sound of an approaching car / a car approaching。我们听见一辆车驶近的声音。
She approached the bank for a loan.她向银行要求贷款。
The school has decided to adopt a different approach to discipline. 学校决定采用另一种方式解决纪律问题。
She took the wrong approach in her dealings with them. 她用错误的手段和他们打交道。
语法：
（一）本类词有hard，hardly；late，lately；most，mostly等等，这两种副词形式含义完全不同，所以 ，使用时不易引起混淆。
1.He works hard all day.他整天都在使劲地干活。
He hardly works at all.他很少干活。
2.You have come too late.你来得太晚了。
Have you see him lately?你最近见到过他吗？
3.The person who talks most is often the one who does least.说得最多的人常常干得最少。
The audience consisted mostly of women.观众大部分是女的。
4.The next flight dose not go direct to Tokyo; it goes byway of Shanghai.下趟航班不直飞东京 ，而是绕道上海。
He will be here directly.他马上就来。
5.The rider pulled his horse up short.骑手突然一下把马勒住。
Make a right turn shortly beyond the village. 村前不远处往右拐。
6.Please stand clear of the gate.请不要站在门前。
He stated his view-point clealy.他很清楚明白地阐述了自己的观点。
7.The exam was pretty difficult.这次考试相当难。
Her little girls are always prettily dressed.她的小女孩穿着总是很 漂亮。
（二）这类词主要有wide，widely；close， closely ；high，highly等 等，这两种副词形式不同，含义 也有差别，但是没有第一类的区别明显，而且 翻译成汉语时用词也很接近。所以使用时很容易混淆。这类词含 义及用法上的 主要特点是：不带-ly的副词表示具体的行为和动作，说明的动作或状况有可测 量性和可见性；而 以-ly结尾的同源副词所表达的常常是抽象性的行为和状况。 这时，这些词大都具有"greatly"和"extremel y"的含义。试作如下比较：
1.Do you see that butterfly flying high above the street?你是否看见那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飞舞着？
The distinguished guests were highly praised.贵宾们受到了高度赞扬。 2.He flung the door wide open.他猛地把门开得大大的。
We were widely different on many questions.我们在许多问题上分歧很 大。
3.You will have to pay dear for that telescope.买那个望远镜你得付 很高的价钱。
You will pay dearly for the insult. 对这样的侮辱你将付出高昂的代价。
4.She stood close against the wall.她紧挨着墙站着。
The police were watching him closely.警察在密切监视他。
5.The bird is now flying quite low.鸟儿现在飞得非常低。
He bowed lowly before the queen.他谦恭地给女王鞠了一躬。
6.They had to dig deep to reach water.他们挖得很深才挖到水。
You have offended him deeply.你冒犯他可不轻。
7.Grace is holding tight to Paul.格雷斯紧紧地搂抱着保罗。
The passengers were packed tightly in the train.火车车箱里挤满了乘 客。
8.Mr. Cole tends to speak rather loud.科尔先生说话声音总是很大。
Mr. Cole boasted loudly of his power. 科尔先生大肆夸耀自己的权力。
（三）这类词主要有slow，slowly；quick，quickly等等异形同义词。当 然，现代英语的语言规范性要求 用以-ly 结尾的副词来修饰动词，但由于句子 结构以及搭配的不同，使用时也具有不同的倾向性。在此，主要 探讨一下在什 么情况下常使用不带-ly的副词形式。同时， 把第二类中一些适应于下列规则 的词也包括进去。 总的说来，倾向于使用不带-ly副词形式的情况大致有下列 四种：
Ⅰ 用作比较级或最高级时：
1.Allen was walking quickly, but George was walking evenquicker.艾伦走得很快，但乔治走得更快 。
2.The men were quarreling loudly, but the policemenshouted louder.那些人在大声争吵着，但 是警察喊叫得更响。
3.The car went slower and slower until it came to a stand still.汽车走得越来越慢，最后停了下 来。
4.Let's see who can run quickest.我们来看看谁跑得最快。
5.We must look closer at the problem. 我们必须更加仔细地查看这一问
题。 Ⅱ 有"so"或"too"修饰时：
1.It all happened so quick that I could do nothing. 这一切发生得如 此之快以致于我手足无措无
法 对付了。
2.It is impossible to overtake him; your car goes tooslow.不可能赶 上他了，你的车太慢了。
3.Don't talk so loud; the child is in bed now.别这样大声说话，孩子 已经睡了。
Ⅲ 用于修饰表示移动、天气等常用动词时：
1.Come quick; we are waiting for you. 快来，我们在等你。
2.Drive slow; this part of the road is dangerous.车开慢一点，这段 路很危险。
3.The sun shines bright.阳光明媚。
4.When we left the shelter, the snow was falling thickand the wind was blowing cold.我们 离开那棚屋时，正下着大雪，刮着寒风。
5.Business is going strong.生意兴隆。
Ⅳ 在固定词组中或当用于修饰它经常固定搭配的动词时：
1.Take it easy.不要紧张。
2.Stand firm and hold it tight.站稳抓牢。
3.He often plays high.他赌注常下得很大。
4.The secretary copied the rough draft of her manager outfair.秘书 把经理那份粗潦的草稿很清 楚地誊写出来。
5.They were drinking deep in the fort deep into the night.他们在城 堡中痛饮到深夜。
通过观察，以上三类词中第一类较易区别、掌握和使用。对于后两类词，在 判别使用哪一种副词形式时一 般可以考虑以下几个原则：第一是具体性与抽象 性的原则。在表示实实在在的物体活动、位置移动或具体可见 的状况和变化时， 常使用不带-ly的副词形式，如：climb high，live close by，open wide，sink deep，tu rn sharp right；反之，具有抽象含义的动词常用以-ly结尾的副词， 如：think highly of，look closely into，love dearly等等。第二个原则就是常用固定搭配与灵活搭配的不同。 在一些固定词组或经常搭配使用 的词组中，不带-ly 的副词形式使用得很多， 如aim high，run high，fight fair，goeasy with，drink de ep，sleep sound 等等。第三个原则是口语体与标准体的使用区别。如有人说"Speak loudly and clearly. "也有人说"Speak loud and clear."对此情况难说谁对谁错，只能 说前一种说法属于规范性语体；而后一种 说法属于口语体。不带-ly 的简单形 式是早期英语遗留下来的口语体形式。例如现在还有人说"I badneed t his sort of material."就如G.O.寇姆在〈英语句法〉（Syntax）一书中说过的，带-ly 的副词是标准语或 好的口语， 但在松散的口语和大众语中人们仍然坚持使用没 有-ly的简单形式。
根据以上原则，可以解释为什么可以说"Don't talk so loud. "但必须说 "He protested／complained loudly。"Talk loud 是常用的搭配形式，而且talk一词的形象也比较具 体；protest与complain 则是搭配性 很强的词， 还常常和许多别的副词灵活 搭配， 如publicly，sharply，secretly等等。另外，这两个词比tal k更具 感情色彩，所以也就更具抽象性。