知识归纳（BII）U3
I. 重点词语：
▲ preference n．偏爱；优先
He has a preference for tea to／over coffee．他喜欢茶甚于咖啡。
I have a preference for French films． 我喜爱法国电影。
He has never liked meat，and has always had a preference for vegetables and fruit．
他从不喜欢吃肉，他总是偏爱蔬菜和水果。
His preference was for brandy rather than whisky．
他比较喜欢的是白兰地而不是威士忌，
Wine or beer? Which is your preference? 要葡萄酒还是啤酒?你比较喜欢哪一样?
In preference to "优先于；喜爱甚于”
I'd choose the small car in preference to the large one．
我会选那辆小车，而不会选那辆大的。
Most“Americans drink coffee in preference to tea．
大部分美国人爱喝咖啡甚于红茶。
▲ design vt．设计；计划
She designs dresses for the stager．她为这位歌手设计服装。
A famous architect designed the National Stadium．
国家运动场是由一位著名建筑师设计的。
常用于被动语态，后接不定式或for短语，意为“目的是；打算给……用”。
The experiment is designed to test the new drug．这项实验目的是检验这种新药。
This fund is designed to help poor students．这笔资金是为帮助贫穷的学生用的。
This room was designed for children．这间房子供小孩住的。
This book was designed mainly for parents．这本书主要是给父母看的。
▲ furniture n．(总称)家具；是不可数名词。
a piece of furniture一件家具
two old pieces of furniture 两件旧家具
We had little furniture． 我们几乎没什么家具。
many pieces／articles of furniture好多件家具
The old table was a very valuable piece of furniture．
那张旧桌子是一件很值钱的家具。
[拓展]furnish vt. 陈设，供应
He furnished his house according to his taste．他按他的爱好布置他自己的房子．
No one m the class could furnish the right answer to the question．
班里没有人能提供出读问尾的正确答案．
I'11 furnish you with all you need．我会提供你所需要的一切．
▲ style n．风格；式样；作风；文体
The letter is expressed in a formal style．该信的正式方式快递。
He lives in the Western style． 他过着西式生活。
You'd better change your style of living． 你最好改变一下生活方式。
Her style of painting is unique． 她的绘画技巧独一无二。
You should learn to speak in a friendlier style．
你应该学会以更亲切的态度说话。
Do you have a chair h this style? 你们有这一类型的椅子吗?
in style"流行的；豪华的”
This type of dress is now in style． 这种款式的女装现在很流行。
They are living in style．他们过着豪华的生活。
out of style "不再流行的，过时的”
Her dress is out of style．她的衣服过时了。
I like the style Of your new coat．我喜欢你的新外套的式样。
▲ stand vt．忍受；经受；承担
通常用于否定句或疑问句，不可用进行式，后接名词、代词 或动名词。
I can't stand Tom because he's so stupid．我受不了汤姆，因为他这么愚笨。
She can't stand the pain． 她无法忍受那种痛苦。
She can't stand cold． 她受不了寒冷。
He could not stand being made fun of．他无法忍受被人嘲弄。，
I won't stand your talking to me like that． 我不能忍受你那样对我讲话。
▲glance vi 看一下；一瞥；扫视
The old man glanced at the little boy．那老人看了小男孩一眼。
He glanced through／over the newspaper． 他大略浏览了下报纸。
The teacher glanced round the classroom． 老师环视了下教室。
I glanced over my shoulder and found 1 was being followed．
我扭头一看，发现有人跟踪。
n．乍看；一瞥；扫视
One glance at her face told me that she was tired．
一看她的脸色，我就知道她累了。
He took a glance at the TV programs． 他瞄了一下电视节目。
at a glance"乍看之下；一看就……”
I recognized her at a glance． 我一眼就认出了她。
She could tell at a glance that he was not happy．她一眼就看得出他并不快乐。
at first glance"乍看之下；第一眼就……”
At first glance，汁seemed real． 乍看之下，它似乎是真的。
▲ construct vt．建造；建设
They are planning tO construct a bridge over the river．
他们正计划在这条河上造桥。
When was this building constructed? 这座楼房是何时建造的?
vt．作(文章)；造(句)；建立(理论等)
construct a sentence造句
construct a theory 建立理论
a well-constructed novel一部结构周密的小说
construction n．建造；建设
a house of good construction结构良好的房子
The construction of the dam took several years．建筑这座大坝花了许多年。
The airport is under construction．飞机场正在建设中。
▲ impress vt 铭刻；给……极深的印象；使感动
The book impressed a lot of people． 那本书在很多人心中留下深刻印象。
I was deeply impressed by／at／with his speech．他的演说给我留下深刻印象。
She impressed me as a woman of great kindness．
在我印象中，她是一位非常仁慈的女性。
What impressed me is the beauty of the scenery there．
使我深受感动的是当地风景的美丽。
impress sth．on sb．或impress sb．with sth．“使某人铭记某事”
My father impressed on me the importance of work．父亲要我铭记工作的重要性。
They impressed On their children the virtue of always telling the truth．
他们要孩子们明白讲实话的美德。
impress ．．on．．．把 ..…印在…..上
be impressed by／at／with 被．．．．所感动
be impressed on one's mind／memory被印在脑海里，留下很深的印象
The words“Made in China”was impressed On a metal plate．
“中国制造”的字样印在一块金属板上。
His parents try to impress On him that it。is very important to be honest．
他的父母尽力让他记住诚实是很重要的。
We were deeply impressed by his deeds．他的事迹使我深受感动。
What he said that day was deeply impressed on my memory．
他那天说的话深深地印在我的脑海里。
[拓展] impression n．印象
leave／make a(an)．．．impression on sb．给某人留下……的印象
▲ equal v．等于，和……相等，抵得上
Three plus seven equals ten． 3+7＝10
None of us can equal her in strength．在力气方面我们中无人能比得上她。
[拓展]equal可作形容词，意为“相等的，平等的”，可用于成语be equal to，意为“等于；相当于；能胜任的”。如：
Women demand equal pay for equal work．妇女们要求同工同酬。
All men are born equal． 所有的人都生而平等。
Three times two is equal to six． 3X2＝6
I'm not equal to that task． 我不能胜任那项任务。
▲invited在此表示“被引诱的，被吸引”。invite可表示“邀请；吸引
(attract，tempt)；请求；征求(意见等)”等意。
I decided to invite him to my birthday party．我决定邀请他参加我的生日晚会。
They invited him to thin it over．他们请求他仔细考虑一下。
After the speech，he invited questions and suggestions from us．
讲完话之后，他征询我们的问题和意见。
The beautiful flowers invited many bees．那些美丽的花朵招引来了很多蜜蜂。
The dishes look inviting．这些菜看起来很诱人。
He felt invited to go and have a look．他很想去看一看。
▲ sale n．卖；出售
sale n．卖，出售，(常用复数)销售活动：销售额：贱卖
for sale待售
on sale上市
Fresh vegetables are on sale here every day．这儿新鲜蔬菜天天有售。
The sale of his house made him had．卖了房子使他很悲伤，
Sales are up this month．这个月销售量上升了．
He bought it at a sale. 他是在大贱卖的时候买下来的。
Have you any pictures for sale? 你有没有画要卖?
He received 4000 dollars for the sale of his car． 他把他的汽车卖了4000美元。
The sale of my house hasn't been easy but now Mr．Smith is interested and I hope I'll make the sale today．
我的房子一直不容易卖出去，但现在史密斯先生有兴趣要买，我希望今天能做成这笔买卖.
sale在其他名词首作定语时常用复数. 常表示“销售业务；销售额”。
sales department销售部
salesman n．推销员
saleswoman/ salesgirl女推销员
He is in charge of sales．他负责销售。
Sales have gone up this month． 这个月的销售量上升了。
sale还作“大甩卖；清仓大销售”解。
a sale price特价
I got this coat cheap at a sale．我在大减价时便宜地得到这件上衣。
on sale "在出售，上市；特价地，廉价地”
Will the new product be on sale as early as next month?
这种新产品最早下个月能上市吗?
I got this hat on sale； it was very cheap．我是以特价买的这顶帽子，很便宜。
▲ taste n．爱好．嗜好；鉴赏力；滋味，味道
The food has an attractive taste．这食品的味道很诱人。
She showed good taste in water-colours-她对水彩画很有鉴赏力。
Pop music is liked by many people，but it is not to everyone’s taste．
流行音乐有很多人喜欢．但它并不合每个人的口味。
[短语]in good taste雅致；(行 为)高尚 to taste 随食用者的口味
[拓展] taste 可作动词，表示 “品尝(vt./vi．)；吃起来(味道如何link-v．)”
I’ve never tasted snake． 我从未吃过蛇肉。
The dish tastes nice.这菜吃起来味道不错。
When you are ill, you can’t taste properly． 生病时吃什么都没有滋味．
taste作系动词表示“尝起来(味道如何)．其后应跟形容词而非副词作表语．
▲ experience经历，感受，感到
He experienced a strong feeling of sadness．他感到极度的悲哀。
It was the first time that he had experienced the sense of beauty．
那是他第一次感受到那种美感。
He experienced two world wars．他经历过两次世界大战。
experience．．．as感到……是……，其中as后可跟形容词、分词，表示“是……样子”如：
She experienced Mary as very lovely．她认为玛丽很可爱。
He experiences me as being lacking in humor．他给我的印象是缺乏幽默感。
The theory is experienced as very advanced． 此理论被认为非常先进。
▲ fit认适合，适宜，对……符合；合体，合身
The music fits my mood．这音乐适合我的心情。
This jacket fits(me)well．这件夹克很合(我的)身。
It doesn't m the facts．这不符合事实。
[拓展] fit作及物动词，可表示“安装”；作形容词，可意为“适合的，得当的，相称的”。
fit a new lock on the door在门上安把新锁
fit on试穿
fit in with适应，与……处得融洽
fit sb．for．．．使某人能适合或胜任．．．．．
fit sth．to．．．使 ．．．． 与．．．． 相符合／适合
be fit for．．．胜任，适合 ．．．．．
▲ aid，n．援助，支援，帮助；有助益之物，辅助手段，助手
v. 援助，帮助，资助
The UN will go to their aid soon．联合国很快就会去救援他们的。
They got over a11 the difficulties in the end with his aid．
在他的帮助下，他们终于克服了所有的困难。
The dictionary is a good aid in my studies． 这本词典对我的学习很有帮助。
I aided her to continue her study．我帮助她继续她的研究。
(词组)
come／go to one's aid来／去帮助某人
with the aid of．．．在..．． 的帮助下
in aid of．．．作为对”．．”的帮助，起 ..．．作用
first aid急救
teaching aids教具
hearing aid助听器
II. 词组：
▲ act as扮演；担当；充当
A trained dog can act as a guide to a blind man．
经过训练的狗可以给盲人充当向导。
act as 后面所接的名词常可不加冠词。
He acts as manager．他担任经理。
He acted as chairman in my absence．我不在场的时候他来担当主席。
One of his friends acted as go-between．他的一个朋友扮演中间人。
▲ despite prep．不管；不顾；任凭
He came to the meeting despite his serious illness．
他不顾重病还是来出席了会议。
He is very active despite his age． 他年纪虽大，却很活跃。
despite相当于in spite of，但比in spite of更正式。
The boy went out in spite of his father's orders．
那男孩无视父亲的命令，径自出去了。
She can't see very well in spite of her glasses．她尽管戴着眼镜还是看不清楚。
▲ set aside储蓄，保留；搁置(一会儿)；(暂时)把……放在一边
I've set aside some money for this journey． 我为这趟旅行存了一些钱。
Each week he tried to set aside a few dollars of his salary．
每周他都尽量从工资中存下几美元。
Let's set aside our personal feelings． 我们先暂时抛开个人的情感。
Peter set aside the papers and reached for a cigarette．
皮特放下手中的文件去摸烟。
▲ according to“根据，按照’：为短语介词，与名词、代词、动名词连用。
According to this book，a tiger is really a big cat．
按照这本书的说法，老虎实际上就是一种大猫。
The fine weather will keep up for a few days，according to today's paper．
根据今天的报纸，好天气会持续几天。
(提示)若其后跟着的是句子，则不能使用according to，而应使用according as.
You will be praised or blamed according as your work is good or bad．
将依照你工作的好坏而受到奖惩。
The thermometer rises Or falls according as the air is hot or cold．
寒暑表随空气的冷热而升降。
▲made of wood = which is made of wood在句中作后置定语，表示木头做的
be made of 由……制成(制成品能看出原材料来)
be made from 由……制成(看不出原材料)
be made out of 由……制成，由……改制成
be made up of 由……组成
be made into 被制成
be made in 制造于
以上词用于主动时为：make…of．．． 用……制 ……”，make…from, make…out of…,
make up “组成“， make …into “把…制成… “
The world is made up of seven continents and four oceans． 世界是由七人洲四大洋组成的．
The seven people made up a team. 那7个人组成了一 个队。
▲find “发现，找到”，表示 “发现，觉得” 之意时常用于以下结构：
find sth. /sb. + 介词短语或副词
+ doing
+ done
+ 形容词
find + that 从句
How did you find the talk this morning? 你认为今天上午的报告怎样?
I'm so glad to find you in，看到你在家我很高兴。
When l came to，I found myself in prison．我醒来时发现自己在狱里。
When l got there，I found the work done．
当我到那里时，我发现工作已经做完了。
I found them playing football there． 我发现他们在那边踢足球。
I find this book really interesting．我觉得这本书实在有趣。
I find it impossible to finish the work in such a short time．
我发现在这么短的时间内完成这项工作是不可能的。
I found him to be a liar．我发现他是一个骗子。
(提示)现在分词作宾语补足语时表示主动意味(如④)，而过去分词作宾语补足语时则表示动作的被动或完成。
find oneself．．．“发现自己(处于某种状态)，不自觉地……”其后可以接现在分词、过去分词、介词短语等。
He found himself more and more interested in her．他发现自己对她越来越感兴趣。
He found himself walking in the direction of the schoo1．
他不自觉地朝着学校走去。
Then he found himself surrounded by a group of boys．
他发现自己被一群男孩子围着。
Suddenly l found myself face to face with my boss．
突然我发现自己与我的老板面对面。
She found herself out of condition that day． 她发现自己那一天身体不太好。
▲ go against违反，违背(意愿、原则等)；不利于
I’m not go against my own family. 我不会背离我自己的家人的。
He was afraid that the battle would go against them．
他害怕那场战斗会对他们不利。
▲take内含“吸收，利用”之意；example则意为“实例，样本”。
His designs take examples mainly from flowers and plants．
他设计的图案主要是花卉图样。
[拓展]
follow(copy)the example of以．．．．为榜样
for example 例如
let this be an example to sb．把这作为给某人的一个警告
set sb．an example为某人树立榜样
take．．．for example以……为例
▲full of．．．为形容词短语作定语，相当于一个定语从句which is full of．．．。
(提示)be full of充满……的，装满……的(表状态)
be filled with装满……的(既可表状态又可表动作)
fill．．．with．．．把……装满……
Her eyes were full of tears．她的眼里饱含着泪水。
The hall was filled with angry people．大厅里满是愤怒的人们。
He filled each of the stockings with Christmas presents．
他把每只长袜塞满圣诞节礼物。
▲ fill up
(1)(＝fill in)填写
fill up the form填表
(2)盛满，装满，占掉(时间)
fill up the bottle(＝fill the bottle up)把瓶子装满
I filled the room up with furniture．我把房间里装满了家具。
Homework fills up almost a11 my spare time every day．
每天家庭作业几乎占掉了我所有的业余时间，
(3)fill up 也用作不及物动词词组，意为“变得满起来，淤积’。
The theatre filled up soon．剧院里很快就坐满了人。
The room soon filled up with people．房间里很快就挤满了人。
The river would soon fill up with mud if not dealt with properly．
如果不妥善处理的话，这条河很快就会积满了淤泥。
▲ join．．．to．．．把 …和…连接在一起，使 ．．．． 与 ．．． 结合在一起
You should never join an electric wire to a water pipe．
你永远也不要把电线连接到水管上。
The island is joined to the mainland by a bridge．
一座桥把那座岛屿与大陆连接在一起。
▲ keep the rain out 遮雨
keep out挡住，使进不去；不要进来
The coat is too thin to keep out the cold．大衣太薄挡不住寒气。
They have shut the door and mean to keep us out．
他们关着门，也就是不想让我们进去。
At the gate，they saw a notice which said，“Keep out!”
在门口，他们看到一则通告，上面写道：“切勿入内”。
You should keep the dog out of the room．你应该别让狗到房间里来。
[拓展]keep out of可表示“不牵扯进去，不惹事，避开”。
You should keep out of these things．你应该避开这些事情。
I warned him to keep out of it，but he wouldn't listen．
我警告他让他别惹事，但他不听。
▲set aside把……放在一边，搁置；拨出，留出；不理会，取消
He set aside the book and turned off the light．他把书放在一边关上了灯。
Each week he tried to set aside a few dollars Of his salary．
每周他都设法从工资中留出几美元。
The judge set aside the decision of the lower court．
这位法官取消下级法院的决定。
He set a11 their offers aside．他拒绝接受他们所有的提议。
[拓展]aside adv．到一边， 向旁边
Move the table aside．把桌子挪向一边。
He opened the door and stood aside for her to pass．他打开门站在一边让她过去。
(短语)aside from 除了…… lay aside 存蓄
Aside from being fun and good exercise，swimming is a very useful skill．
除了既有趣又是一项很好的运动外，游泳还是一种非常有用的技能。
⑧She had managed to lay aside 100 dollars。 她设法存出了100美元。
III.句型：
▲ A is to B what C is to D．是一个句型，意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”。
Air is to us what water is to fish．
空气之于人就如同水之于鱼一样重要。
Engines are to machines what hearts are to animals．
发动机对机器之关系犹如心脏对动物之关系。
We are to them what fish is to water．我们和他们的关系好像鱼儿和水一样。
Reading is to mind what food is to the body．读书之于头脑如同食物之于身体。
An individual is to a country what a screw is to a machine．
一个人对于国家的作用，就如同螺丝钉对于机器一样。
有时也可把what从句放在句首。
What the blueprint is to the builder the outline is to the writer.
写作提纲之于作家，就如同蓝图之于建筑师一样。
What the leaves are to the forest the children are to the world.
儿童之于世界，就像树叶之于森林一样。