第二单元English around the world
重点句型：
1）While
一、while意为\"当......时候\",指一段时间,不能用来表示一个时间点。
Someone knocked at the door while I was cooking.
While the discussion was still going on, George came in. 当讨论还在进行时,乔治走了进来。
二、while意为\"而;然而\",表示转折。可以用作并列连词，表示对比意义，译为“而”，“却”。
Jane was dressed in blue, while Mary dressed in red. 珍妮穿蓝色衣服，而玛丽却穿红色衣服。
三、while意为\"虽然;尽管\",表示让步。=although
While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings. 尽管我承认他的优点,但我还是能看到他的缺点。
四、while意为\"只要\",表示条件。
We can surely overcome these difficulties while we are closely united. 只要我们紧密地团结一致,一定能克服这些困难。
五、while从句中的省略。
当while从句中的主语与主句的主语一致,且含有be的某种形式时,从句中的主语连同be可同时省略。
While listening to the radio, she fell asleep. 她在听收音机时睡着了。
While in London, he studied music and painting. 在伦敦时,他学习音乐和绘画。
While on his way here,在来这里的途中
He never dreams while asleep.他睡觉时总来不做梦。
六、while还可以用作从属连词，作“在……期间”，“当……时候”讲，使用时应注意它与用作从属连词的when的区别：
when引导的时间状语从句，即可表示“一段时间”，又可表示“一点时间”，因此从句的谓语动词既可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的。如：
①I hope to see you when(while)I stay in Beijing on business. (一段时间)当我出差北京时，希望见到你。
②When the clock struck twelve, all the lights went out. (一点时间)当钟敲响十二下时，灯全部熄灭了。
【注意】while引导的时间状语从句只能表示“一段时间”所以 while从句的谓语动词应是延续性动词(或状态动词)。例如：
①While I stayed(or was) in Shanghai, I saw her three times. 我在上海期间见到她三次。
如果从句的谓语动词是延续性的，可以用while也可以用when。例如：
②While(When) we were having a meeting, a stranger came in. 我们在开会时，一个陌生人走了进来。
七、while可用作名词,意为\"一会儿;一段时间\"。
作名词用时,主要用于短语中:
1. all the while一直，始终
2. all this(long) while长久,这阵子all this time；有好久for a long time
3. after a while过了一会儿
4. a short/little while ago方才
5. for a while=for a moment一会儿
6. in a little while不久, 没一会儿
7. between whiles时时；时常
8. once in a while=sometimes偶尔,间或
9. at whiles有时, 时常
10. every little while (=at whiles)有时, 时常
11. it’s worth (sb.’s) while to do(doing) sth.值得做
12. while the time away 消磨时间[while v.=pass]
13. make it worth your while=pay(you)
I haven\'t seen her for a long while.我好久没有看见她了。
Where have you been all this while?这一阵子你到哪去了?
He usually goes to work by bike, but once in a while he goes by bus. 他通常骑自行车上班,但偶尔也乘公共汽车。
I looked everywhere for the letter, but it was in my pocket all the while. 我到处找那封信,却不知它一直在我口袋里。
2）What is it that Joe can’t find in the bathroom?
用It is／was…that／who…句型表示强调。
被强调的部分（通常是句子的主语、状语、宾语或宾语补足语）放在is／was的后面，如被强调的是人，则后面可用who，whom等代替。例如：
He met an old friend in the park yesterday. 他昨天在公园碰见一个老朋友。
上述句子可以通过强调句型对除谓语以外的不同成分进行强调。如：
It was he who/that met an old friend in the park yesterday. (强调主语)
It was an old friend that/who he met in the park yesterday. (强调宾语)
It was in the park that he met an old friend yesterday. (强调地点状语)
It was yesterday that he met an old friend in he park. (强调时间状语)
如果强调的是特殊疑问句，要用“特殊疑问词+is/was + it + that +…”结构，表示“究竟是谁……，到底在哪里……”等等。例如：
1. It is from the sun that we get light and heat.
2. It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.
3. It was playing computer games that took the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lesson.
4. Who was it that you want to see? 你究竟想见谁？
5. Where was it that you saw the teacher? 你到底在哪里看见老师的？
6. How was it that you found out the accident which happened a month ago?
7. Where was it that you met the foreigner from Canada ?
8. Why is it that you want to change your mind? 你究竟为什么要改变主意？
9. What is it that Joe can’t find in the bathroom?乔治在浴室里找不到的是什么？
3）Businessmen and tourist often come to China without being able to speak Chinese.来中国的商人和游客往往都不会说汉语。
1. Her face was without expression.她的脸上没有表情。
2. he went out without being seen by the others.他走了出去，没有被人看见。
3. He left the room without a word.他一句话没说就走出房间。
4. We will have to begin without you.我们只好不等你来就开始了。
5. I can't do it without your help. 没有你的帮助，我不能做这件事
6. Please don't leave without me.请让我和你一起去。
7. He can’t speak English without making mistakes.他一讲英语就出错。
8. They never meet without quarreling.他们一见面就要吵嘴。
9. Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.世上无难事，只怕有心人。
10. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.不犯错误者一事无成。
11. Nothing so bad but might have been worse.塞翁失马，焉知福祸。
12. Nothing is so certain as the unexpected.天有不测风云。人有旦夕祸福。
13.
4）复合宾语
1.with + O. + doing(phrase)
She felt very nervous with so many people looking at her.这么多人瞧着她，她感到非常紧张。（原因状语）
With everyone supporting us we will certainly succeed.大家都支持我们，我们一定能成功。（条件状语）
He lay there with his eyes looking at the sky, lost in deep thought.他躺在那儿，眼望天空，陷入了深思。
2. with + O. + done( phrase)
With all work done, they went home.全部工作做好了，他们就回家去了。（原因状语）
The thief was brought in with his hands tied back.小偷被反绑的手带来。
3.with + O. + to do to do 表示目的、或者将发生、未发生的事
We arrived at the station, with five minutes to go before the last train left.在末班车还有五分钟开车的时候我们来到了车站。（时间状语）
With those tractors to help them, the peasants will finish working on the land.有了那些拖拉机的帮助，农民人就能干完地里的活。（条件状语）
I can’t go out with all these dishes to wash.我有这么多盘只要洗不能出去。
4. with + O. + prep. phrase
The guards stood at the gate with guns in their hands.卫兵持枪站在大门口。（方式状语）
To my surprise, I saw her with a splendid necklace around her neck today.使我惊奇的是，我看见她今天脖子上带着一条光彩夺目的项链。（宾语补足语）
The teacher came in with some books under his arm.老师j夹着几本书走了进来。
5. with + O. + adj.
He sleeps with the windows open even in winter.即使在冬天她也开着窗户睡觉。（方式状语）
With the weather hot, most of the people can’t sleep at night.由于天气太热，许多人晚上睡不着觉。（原因状语）
Don not talk with your mouth full.嘴里塞满东西的时候不要讲话。
6. with + O. + adv.
He remained silent with his head down.他低着头一言不发。
He went out with his hat on.他戴着帽子出去了。
Do you know the man with no hat on?你认识那个没在帽子的人吗？（定语）
With the breakfast over, the boy hurried to school.吃完早饭，男孩子匆忙去上学。
7. with + O. + n.
He was carried into the hospital, with his face a mass of bleeding flesh.他被抬进医院时，面部血肉模糊。
The brave man fought the tiger with a stick his only weapon.这位勇士与老虎搏斗时，一根木棍是他唯一的武器。
Having finished his homework, he went out to play.
= With the homework done, he went out to play.
=The homework done, he went out to play.
= after he had finished his homework, he went out to play.她做完功课后便出去玩了。
1. With lots of waste water to be poured, the drinking water will be badly polluted.
2. With his mother helping him, he is getting on well with his work
3. Tom is coming. With him to help me, I’m sure I will finish the work on time.
4. With your help, I have made rapid progress in my English study.
5. The girl sat there quite silent and still with her eyes fixed on the wall.
6. With so much electrical equipment, wood and water in one place, there is a danger of fire.
7. For miles around me there was nothing but a desert, without a single pant or tree in sight.
8. With the 28th Olympics held in Athens over, all players from different countries were prepared to return to their own home land.
9. The programs put on last night, of which this was one example, were all well played.
5）that’s why---那就是……的原因[实际上表示结果]
that’s because ---那是因为---[从句表示一种动作或状态的根本原因]
He didn’t study hard. That was why he failed in the exam.
He failed in the exam. That was because he didn’t study hard.
The reason why he hasn’t come is that he has to send his mother to hospital.
Don’t make the same mistake as you did last time.
I want to use the same hammer I used yesterday.
She is the same woman who came last week.她与上周来的那位妇女是同一个人。
I don’t like such books he likes.我不喜欢他喜欢的那些书。
the same as = the same + (n.)+ as
the same as/the same…as 和……一样
same 前面必须加定冠词the; as 表示“与……, 和……”,不能用with 或like。例如:
My dictionary is the same as yours. 我的字典跟你的一样。
We will do the same experiment as they did yesterday.
我们将做和他们昨天做的一样的实验。
注意区别下面的句子:
This is the same pen as he lost. 这支钢笔跟他丢的那支
钢笔一样。
This is the same pen that he lost. 这就是他丢的那支钢笔。
the same as 表示“同样的”，the same that 表示“同一的”。
Mary looks the same as before. Mary和以前看上去一样
He is about the same age as my father.他们和我父亲岁数一样大。
Just as
He came just as I was leaving.我正要走，他来了。
It is just as you said.事情正像你说的那样。
Electricity flows along a wire just as water flows through a pipe.
You must be very hungry now.
She must be waiting for me.
It must have rained last night.
6）“除...外... ”表达辨析 except for, except, except that, but, besides 和 apart from 的中文意思均为"除...外"，但其具体用法不尽相同。
except （排它的含义）; besides （附加的含义）
except for 不是同类事物 except 为同一类事物
1．besides 除……以外，（还有）。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。
Well all went to the cinema besides Tom.除了Tom外，我们都去了电影院。
It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.
②except除去，除……之外（不再有）。
We all went except John.我们都去了，约翰没有。
He has always been in good health except in the past days.他一向都是很健康的，这几天除外。
He never came except when he was in trouble.除了遇到麻烦，否则他总也不来。
在否定句中，两词可以换用，如：
He has no other hats except / besides this one.
③except for除了……（对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明）后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与except that + 句子意思相同。
The road was empty except for a few cars.除了几辆车外，这条路空荡荡的。
He was very clever except for carelessness.
He is a good man except for hot temper.=He is a good man except that he has hot temper.他是个好人，除了脾气不好而已。
④except that … 除了……一点以外。
He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.
⑤but与except
but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：
①前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。
All but one are here.
Nobody but I likes making model ships.
②后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。
He has nothing to do but wait.（前有do,后省to）
③but与一些固定结构连用。
have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for … 如不是……
1.except for: 用于非同类事物，它的宾语与前述对象完全是两回事。
例如： The room was very cold and, except for Jack, entirely empty. 这个房间很阴冷，而且除了杰克，完全是空荡荡的。 本句中，前述对象是"房间"，而除去的对象是"Jack"，两者毫无关系。
2.except:指同一类事物的总体中除去一部分，强调的是除去。
如： He gets up early everyday except Sunday. 除星期天外，他每天早起。
有时except与except for可以换用，
如： Except for(=except) John, the whole class passed the test. 全班同学除约翰外，全都通过了考试。
3.表达的语意与except近似，只是后面要跟从句。
如： He has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days.除了在过去几天里有些头痛之外，他身体一直很好。
4.but:常可与 except互换，强调"不在其中"。
例如： Everyone attended the meeting but Mary. 大家都出席了这次会议，但玛丽不在其列。
5.besides:强调"除此之外，还包括"。
She can speak French and Japanese besides English. 除英语外，她还会讲法语和日语。
6.apart from:其含义主要依据上下文而定，有时可与except换用，有时可代替besides.
Apart from the coat, the hat doesn't suit me. 除价钱太贵，这帽子也不适合我戴。
but 经常用在下列词之后：
i. any(+n.), anything, anyone, anybody, anywhere
ii. every(+n.),everything, everyone, everybody,everywhere
iii. no(+n.) nothing, no one, nobody, nowhere
iv. what who where
v. all
but 和except 后面可接不定式，当前有动词do; does; did时，不定式符号to 省去，反之，则一般带to.
除外
There are ten people in the queue apart from me.除我之外，还有十人在排队。
Hiking is good exercise as well as fun.徒步旅行除了好玩外，还是很好的运动。
There is no one here but me.这儿除我外，在无其他人。
Expecting Sunday the stores are open daily.
His composition is good, expect for some spelling mistakes.
I know nothing with the exception of what I read in the papers.除了我在报纸上所读之外，其余一无所知。
In addition to these English, he has to study a second foreign language.第二外语
Do you have any special interests other than your job?除了工作之外，你还有其他特殊兴趣吗？
7）first time first of all“首先，最初，首要” 用来强调中重要性；at first”起初，当初”用来强调时间发生的顺序或时间的先后
1． They were invited to an important meeting for the first time.
2． For the first time in his life, he read this kind of horrible book.有生以来第一次，
3． The first time I met him, he was a young man.l.我第一次见到他时，
4． This is the first time that he has left home.这是他第一次离开家。
5． It was the third time you had visited our school.
6． It is (high,about) time you had your breakfast.你该吃早饭了。
7． By the time 到……时候I had been there for two hours by the time you arrived./I will have finished my work by the time(that)you come back.
8． I had no time to finish my homework.
9． It is time that children should go to bed.=It is time that children went to bed.=It’s time for children to go to bed.
10． Each time he came to my city, he would call on me. [every time]
11． By this time到此刻；到现在
12． Every time 1.每次，总是2.无论何时，每当3.毫无例外地，当然
13． Each time每当/next time下次/any time任何时候/the second time第二次+从句 [例如] The second time we met, he replied to many questions./I will lend you the book any time you like.
14． For the time being 暂且；暂时；眼下
15． For a time = for the time being一度，暂时[用于过去时态
16． For some time=for a period of time表示动作持续的“一段时间”
17． From time to time =At times有时；间或= sometimes = now and then=occasionally不时；间或；偶尔now and then 1.not often, occasionally有时候 2.from time to time时常 irregularly, on and off，off and on
18． all the time 1.(在该时间内)一直continuously 2.always向来，一向at all times, first and last
8）They must have finished the second book by the end of last month, hadn’t they?
He must be in the room, isn’t he?
He must have gone to Beijing, hasn’t he?
He must be waiting for me.
a number of ; the number of
a number of + 复数可数名词”作主语时，如果说话人把此结构当作集合体看待，谓语动词也可用单数形式。
A number of new products have(has) been successfully trial-produced.许多新产品已经试制成功。
A number of students are(is) absent today. 今天有些学生缺席。
A large number books is(are) lent at the library every day.图书馆每天借出许许多多的书。
An increasing number of students has made use of the library.更多的学生使用了图书馆。
“the number of + 复数可数名词”作主语，指数量的总和时，谓语动词应用单数单，但当前面有形容词的比较级和最高级时，谓语动词也可以用复数
The largest number of lakes are in Hubei. 湖北省的湖泊最多.
The greater number of them are vilely housed.他们大多数是通过卑鄙手段获得房子的。
9）
the majority of people 大多数人
most students
most of the students
mostly young
1. the majority of + n. 名词单数动词单数/名词复数动词复数 [minority少数]
2. the majority 做主语，动词或单或复数
3. The majority of students is good.[整体]
4. The majority of students are playing on the ground.[个体]
5. a thin majority of 50 votes50票的微弱多数
6. be in majority占多数
10）
a great/good many: a large number of许多。修饰可数名词复数。
I’m quite busy. I have a great many things to do. 我很忙，我有很多事要做。
若复数名词前有限定词或其修饰的为代词时应加of .
①A great many of the books have been sold out. 已经卖了很多书了。
②A great many of them are out of work.他们很多人失业了。
a great many = a good many = many
a good/great many = a good few +
many a good student = many good students= a good many good students
not a little =quite a little=much
not a few=quite a few=a good few=many
not a bit=not in the least一点也不
only a little=little
only a few=few
more or less somewhat; rather; mostly ; fairly ; nearly ;about
more or less (about,not exactly, almost,nearly) 大约,或多或少,大体上。
I have more or less succeeded and they haven't.我大体上成功了,他们还没有。
It is a mile, more or less, from his home to the school.( It is about a mile,not exactly.)
John made some mistakes on the test,but his answers were more or less right.
(He did rather well, not very poorly.
Betty believes more or less fairies.( Betty doesn’t believe fully , but more than a little.)
a great many=many=a great number of +n.(pl.)
a great many of them
a great many of the(these, those) books
a great many + 名词／of代词，这里一个固定搭配用法，作“许多”，“非常多”解（=a large number of ）. many在句中可用作形容词，也可用作代词。
例如：
A great many workers went on stride last week . 上周许多工人举行了罢工。
Now a great many of them are out of work . 现在他们当中许多人都失业了。
a great many等表示“许多”的词语
英语中有许多词语可用来表示“许多”，根据性质可分为三大类。
1)修饰可数名词复数形式的有 many, a good/great many, quite a few, a large (或great)/small number of等，其后的谓语动词用复数形式。如：
①A great/good many words and expressions have come into the language from American English.美国英语中的许多单词和短语进入了这门语言。
②Many have come to visit the old temple. 许多人来是为了看看古庙。
③Quite a few people didn\'t understand this. Very few would accept it. 有许多人不明白这一点。很少有人愿意接受。
④A great/small number of new factories have been set up in my hometown. 我们家乡建立了许多新的工厂。
Many a man believes the story. 许多人都相信这个故事。 Many a time=many times许多次
A good many men believe the story.许多人都相信这个故事。
▲many和few, a few在句中可作定语、主语，但不能作表语。如只能说I have many/few books, 而不能说 My books are many/few.
▲very many相当于a great/good many, 在程度上比many要强。
▲a number of修饰主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，the number of…作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：
⑤A number of students have done the work well. 许多学生作业做得很好。
⑥The number of the students in our school has risen this year. 今年我们学校学生的数量上升了。
句⑤的 A number of作定语修饰主语 students。句⑥的介语短语 of the students in our school作定语，修饰前面的主语 the number, 表示特指，students 前的冠词the不能省。
2)修饰不可数名词的有much, a great deal of, quite a little, an amount of等。其后的谓语动词用单数形式。如：
①He has spent much/quite a little/a great deal of/a large amount of money on his new house. 他在新房子上花费了许多钱。
②Much/A great deal/Quite a little has been done to stop the noise. 已采取了许多措施来制止污染。
▲much, a great deal和 many一样，可作定语或主语，而不能作表语，我们一般说 He has much/a great deal of money, 而不说 His money is much(或a great deal)。
▲a great deal后面不接名词时，不能用介词of。
3)既能修饰可数名词，又能修饰不可数名词的有 a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great quantity of等，谓语动词根据主语是可数或不可数决定单复数形式。如：
①There are a lot of/lots of people in that room. 那个房间里有许多人。
②There\'s a lot of/lots of rice in the bag. 那只口袋里有许多大米。
③They don\'t have plenty of(=enough)rooms to live in/food to eat.
他们没有足够的房间住/没有足够的食品吃。
a good[great] many很多, 相当多
as many一样多的, 同样数目的
as many again两倍的, 加倍的; 同样多的
as many as1.; 整整(一般指数目字而言) 2.接动词, 作 all who 解)凡...都...
be(one) too many for sb.胜过[优于]某人
half as many again多半倍, 一倍半
like [as] so many象许多人一样; 象同数的...一样
many a [an, another][后接单数名词]好些, 许多
many a time多次
many's the time曾有多少次
not so many as没有...那么多, 少于
Develop vt.1.发展……，使发育
He said it was right to develop heavy industry in this city.他说在这个城市发展重工业是合适的。
Having sports will develop your health.运动会增进健康。
Milk will be helpful in developing a child’s body.牛奶对孩子身体发育有帮助。
2.开发，启发
It’s important to develop the mind of students in our teaching.在我们地教学中启发学生的思维是很重要的。
We must develop our good points and overcome our shortcoming.发扬优点，克服缺点
3.产生，逐步显示出
Don’t let your children develop such a habit.别让你的孩子养成这样的习惯。
He developed an interest in gardening.他显示出对园艺的兴趣。
He developed an interest in collecting stamps.她养成了集邮的习惯。
4.冲洗
Films used to be developed in a chemist’s in the past.过去胶片常在药房中冲洗。
5II. vi.发展，发育，发达
The business is developing rapidly.生意正在快速的发展中。
An interest in cookery developed in Mary when she was ten.在玛丽十几岁的时候就有了对烹调的兴趣。
Plants develop from seeds.植物从种子长大。
Develop the friendship with sb.
Develop a business开发业务
Develop the mind启发思维
Develop the natural materials开发自然资源
Develop a film冲洗胶卷
Develop the habit of 养成……的习惯
Develop an interest in 对……产生兴趣，养成对……的兴趣
Develop into 成长为……
Develop(take)……attitude to(towards)对……采取……态度
With the development of 随着……的发展
undeveloped country 不发达国家
developing country发展中国家
a developed country发达国家
1. He developed a cough.他咳嗽了。Show signs of (illness)开始（生病）灵活翻译
2. I develoed a cold this week.这星期我感冒了。灵活翻译
3. He seems to be developing an illness.他好象要生病。灵活翻译
4. The is a motor which develops 100 horse power.这是一台100马力的发动机。灵活翻译
5. lung fever develops from flu.肺炎是由流行性感冒引起的。
6. He is developing into a good soldier.他在成长为一名好战士。
7. We must develop the nature resource of our country.我们必须开发我国的自然资源。
8. Fresh air and exercise develop healthy bodies.新鲜空气和运动有助于身体健康。
9. When will the film be developed?胶卷什么时候冲洗出来？
10.
n. 成就、事物（表示发展的结果）
Jets are a new development in aviation.喷气式飞机是航空事业上的新成就。
This is a new development in social problem.这是社会问题中的新事物。
be tired with(from)体力上的“疲劳”表示原因 因……而疲乏
be tired of (be no longer interested in )精神上的“厌倦、讨厌”；对……厌倦
be tired of厌烦、厌倦
get/be tired of厌倦于、腻烦，疲倦极了
tire sb. out“使精疲力尽”，使累坏，使疲惫”
I’m tired of persons like him.我讨厌他这样的人。
We are all tired our after a long walk.走了很长的路之后我们精疲力尽了。
I am tired with carrying these boxes.我因办这些盒子而很累。
too much 1.作主语 2. 修是不可数名词 3.
Much too 只能修饰形容词和副词的原级 much too expensive
Be too much for sb. 对……来说太
bring in : to allow or invite someone to be in a discussion, ect. 意思是“带进来”，“请进来”，“赚得”，“带来收入”。
A new topic was brought in yesterday. 昨天一个新的话题被提出来。
The newcomers brought in new customs and new habits.新来的人带来了新的习俗和习惯。
His vegetable garden brings in $ two a year.他的菜园一年可赚得500元。
They have brought in experts to advise on the project. 他们请来的专家就这项工程提意见。
His job will bring him in two thousand yuan a month.他的工作使他一个月可赚2000元
They have brought in a very good harvest this year.今年他们获得了好收成。
We’ll bring in a professor to give us a lecture on the difference between American English and British English. 我们准备请一位教授来给我们讲一讲美国英语和英国英语的差异。
Don’t bring Peter in .He will do nothing to help us . 不要请Peter来，他不会帮我们什么忙的。
His orchards bring(him)in ＄2000 a year . 他的果园每年可赚二千美元。
He does odd jobs that bring him in ten to twelve pounds a week . 他做零工每月可赚十至十二英镑。
14. end up结束，告终
15. end up as成为
16. end up +adj.
17. end up doing sth.
He ended up as headmaster of the school.最后他成为了这所学校的校长。
Though he worked hard, he ended up unsuccessful.虽然他很努力，但是最后仍未成功
If you don’t watch the road more carefully, you’ll end up having an accident.如果你不特别留神马路，最后总要出事故的。
stay：连系动词“保持（某种状态）”
eg. The windows stayed open all night long . 窗户整夜开着。
（2）the same … as “和……一样”
eg. She used the same pen as I（do）她用的笔和我的一样
1. stay clean/fine/young/open/single[stay=remain,keep]stay停留，暂住，耽搁，中止站住，坚持
2. stay fine/clean/open/seated/in power/
3. stay hidden隐藏起来，藏或躲起来
4. stay closed关门，不营业或不开放
5. stay fine/awake/at home/away from sb. or sth./
6. stay for supper留下来吃晚饭
7. stay in呆在家里
8. stay away外出
9. stay on 继续停留
10. stay over过夜
11. stay up熬夜，不睡觉
18. stay awake一直醒着
19. stay young一直年轻 handsome; beautiful; single一直不结婚
20. stay still静止不动
21. stay open一直开着;
22. stay up不睡, 熬夜stop up
23. stay up vi. remain out of bed (not go to bed)熬夜,坐正,坐起来，挺住not fall down
24. stay up doing sth.(伴随动作)
25. sit up doing sth.(伴随动作)
26. stop up to do sth.
27. stay at home;
28. stay the night 过夜;
29. stay with sb. 与某人呆在一起;
30. stay in在家里, 不外出; 课后留在学校里
31. stay on继续呆下去 ;继续点燃下去 ;继续处于某种状态
32. stay out呆在外, 不在家 ;呆到...的结束
33. stay out of不参与...; 不插手; 置身于...之外
The man with broad forehead stared at the boy with wide eyes.那位宽额的人睁大眼睛盯着那男孩
His taste in literature is very broad.他在文学方面的兴趣是非常广泛的。[开明的，丰富的，广博的]
Broad宽 [侧重于幅面的宽广] 如：肩、背、胸、额
Wide [侧重于两线之间的宽] 河宽 、眼睛
come about发生; (风等)改变方向; 转帆, 转航向
happen强调偶然性
take place强调必然性或按计划而发生
break out指灾难性的战争、火灾、疾病等的爆发
occur指意想不到的事情发生
How did this accident come about?这个事故是怎样发生的？
They didn’t know how the change had come about.他们不知道这个变化是怎样造成的。
Sometimes it is hard to tell how a quarrel comes about.有时候很难说口角是怎样引起的。
How did the differences come about ? 这些差别是怎样产生的呢？
（1）come about “发生”“造成”
eg. The police are investigating how the accident came about .
警方正调查事故是怎样发生的。
（2）happen和take place , happen to do
It happens that …
eg. ① The car accident happened under my eyes .
② I happened to meet him in the street yesterday .
③ It’ll happen that I’ll go to your university for a visit .
④ I don’t believe that the accident happened to him .
⑤ The May Fourth Movement took place in 1919 .
1. compare notes about/on sth.=talk about sth.
2. compare notes对笔记,交换意见
3. compared to/with---- 与……相比[用于句首或句尾]
4. compare A to B把A比作B
5. compare A with B A和B相比
6. make a comparison between 把---比较There is no comparison between the two.两者根本不能相比.
7. beyond compare举世无双，无可比拟
8. by comparison相比之下
9. in comparison with与……比较起来
Diffculty 不可数 “困难、费劲”
(no, much, little) difficulty
trouble
have. problem in doing
fun
a hard time
a good time
当不强调是谁有困难时,也可以用
There is (was)some difficulty in doing sth. 这一句型。例如:
There is some difficulty in teaching such little
children. 教如此小的孩子有些困难。
I can’t see any difficulty in it.我看不出这有什么难的。
I find some difficulty in learning English. 我觉得学英语有些困难。
The book is full of difficulties.这本书有许多难点
They carried on the work in spite of the difficulties.尽管有种种困难，还是把工作进行下去
Here is a difficulty for you to get over.
I don’t have much difficulty with English grammar.我在英语语法上没有多大困难。
I have great difficulty with the boss.我和老板关系很僵。
Please come in and help me out of the (a ) difficulty.请进来帮我解围。
difficulty可数名词 “难事、难题”
1. 表示“遇到困难，面对困难，克服困难”
They met with many difficulties in the project.在这项工程中，他们遇到很多困难。
The book is full of difficulties.这本书上难解之处很多。
This paper is full of difficulties.这份考据难题很多。
2. 表示经济拮据常用复数
He is having financial difficulties.它目前手头很拮据。
I’m in difficulties, so I can’t buy a new bike.我手头拮据，所以不能买辆新车。
Be in difficulty(with)遇到---困难
Without difficulty轻而一举地
With difficulty艰难的
explain sb. (sth.)
how(what etc.) to do sth.
clause
that-clause
explain to sb. that-clause
shout;mention;introduce;announce;express;say;whisper;disclose
report/introduce sth. to sb.
explain ……as……
Please explain your idea to me.
He explained how to use this machine.
why he was late for the meeting.
what this means.
that he had to leave at once.
know和know about的区别
know是vt. 后面跟名词，代词，意为“认识”“知道”指人与人之间直接的认识，了解；而know about（of）意为知道，了解关于……的情况，指间接地“了解”，或听说过某人，某物。
eg. ① I don’t know / about him . 我不认识/ 没听说过他。
② I know about（of）her , but I can’t say that I know her .
我知道有其人，但谈不上认识她。
know about = know of（知道）
hear of = hear about（听到）
learn of = learn about（得知）
speak of = speak about（说起）
talk of = talk about（谈起）
think of = think about（想到、考虑）
of 侧重提及而不涉及详细情况，不是主题。
about侧重详细情况，是议论得对象、主题。
原因状语从句表示主句动作发生的原因或理由。引导原因状语从句的连词有：because(因为)、as(由于)、since(既然)、now that(既然)等。例如：
I do it because I like it. 因为我喜欢我才干。
As(或Since、Now that)everybody has come, we can set off. 既然大家都到了，我们可以动身了。 As he is honest and modest, all his friends like him.因为他诚实、谦虚，所以他的朋友们都喜欢他。
1)because、since、as、for用法区别。
用because引导的原因状语从句时，主、从句可以体现出明显的因果关系，其重点在从句的原因上。because从句所表示的原因往往是人们不知道然而很想知道的原因。可放在句首或句末，并且语气最强，是唯一能回答why问题的连词。because从句也可以在对话中单独使用。例如：
He is absent today because he is ill.他今天缺席，因为他病了。
It was because he is ill that he is absent today.正是因为他病了，才没来。
since的语气比because弱，且其引导的从句多放在句首，其原因在说话人看来已很明显，或已为听话人所熟知，全句重点在主句上。since一般译为“既然”或“由于”。例如： Let's put off the meeting till tomorrow since so many people are absent.既然这么多人没来，我们就把会推到明天吧。
as和since引导原因状语从句，其含义差别不大，只是wince比as更正式。as表示原因的语气最弱，常用于口语中。例如：
Since(或As)I was afraid, I hid myself.由于害怕，我藏了起来。
As it is raining, you'd better take a taxi.既然现在下雨了，(所以)你最好乘出租汽车。
for常用作并列连词。它引导的句子只是对其前的内容加以解释或表示由产生的结果来推断造成这种结果的理由，而不表示直接因果关系。for一般放在全句后。例如：
It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. 昨夜下雨了，今早地都湿了。
(for引导的句子不表示“因为今晨地湿，所以昨晚下雨”的直接原因)
【注意】 相反，如果将原句改写成：
The ground is wet, for(或because) it rained last night.这里for和because都表示因果关系，可交替使用。
2)because一般不与reason连用，
一般不写成：The reason he is absent from work is because he is ill.
应写成He is absent from work because he is ill.或
The reason he is absent from work is that he is ill.他没上班，是因为他生病了。
3)以as、since、now that等引导的原因状语从句可以放在主句的前面或后面。放在主句前面是为了强调主句所表示的结果；放在主句后面，则强调从句所表示的原因。例如：
As he is working hard, he is likely to succeed.由于他工作努力，所以很可能成功。
He is likely to succeed as he is working hard.他大概会成功，因为他工作努力。
in that 既然，因为(引导原因状语从句)
Critism and self瞔ritism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes. 批评与自我批评是必要的，因为能帮助我们改正错误。
now that 既然(引导原因状语从句)
since 自从；因为(引导时间和原因状语从句)
It has been only forty years since television came to control American free time. 电视开始主宰美国人的空闲时间，至今也不过才40年。
Prof. Glom has named them skyscrapers since they seem to be scraping the skies. 格莱姆教授将它们命名为摩天大楼，因为它们似乎已经擦到了天。