语法专项系列之一
冠词
1. 种类: 不定冠词和定冠词及零冠词.
2．用法：
2．1不定冠词
1） 表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。例如：
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 有位姓凌的先生在等你。
2） 代表一类人或物。例如：
A knife is a tool for cutting with. 刀是切割的工具。
3） 组成词组或成语，
a few, a little, a lot of, a bit, a couple of,all of a sudden(突然), as a matter of fact(实际上), in a hurry(匆忙的), in a word(简言之), have a good time(玩得愉快), do sb. a favour(帮忙), pay a visit to(访问), as a rule(惯例), as a whole(总之), in a day or two(一两天), in a way(在某种程度上), of a size(大小相同), have a word with sb.(与…交谈), make a living(谋生), take a pride in(自豪), take a walk(break, bath, seat)(散步(休息、洗澡、就座)), a great deal of(大量), be a pity(遗憾), have a cold(headache, fever)(感冒(头痛、发烧)), many a(许多), catch a cold(感冒).
2.2 定冠词的用法
1）特指双方都明白的人或物。例如： Take the medicine.把药吃了。
2）上文提到过的人或事。例如：
He bought a house. I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
3）指世上独一物二的事物，如the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth等。
4）与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。
5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面。例如：
Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。
That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。
6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体。例如：
They are the teachers of this school.（指全体教师）
7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如：
She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。
8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如：
the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国
9）用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如： She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。
10） 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如： the Greens 格林一家人 （或格林夫妇）
2.3 零冠词的用法
1） 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary。
2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词。例如：
They are teachers. 他们是教师。
3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。例如：
Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。
4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词。例如：
Man cannot live without water.离开水人就无法生存。
5）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词。例如：
We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。例如：
The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词，如have breakfast，play chess。
8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。例如：
I can't write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。
9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词，如by bus，by train。
10） 特定词组中不用冠词
①. turn/ go 后作补语的名词
turn writer/ go socialist = become a writer/ socialist
②. 在 引起的让步状语从句倒装结构中
Child as he is, ----
Hero as he was, ----
③. 在某些独立结构中.
He entered the room, book in hand.
但加上with 后用限定词.
He entered the room, with a book in hand.
④. 序数词作副词,或作名词表 “名次”时
First read fast.
He came first in the game.
⑤. 形容词最高级作表语只用来同本身做比较时, 并无一定范围.
Vegetables are best when they are fresh.
⑥. 常见词组:
at war/ peace/ table/ work/college/ sea
by force/ air/ sea/ train
in bed/ hospital/ peace/ ink/ public/ time of
take possession of
lose heart
2． 4有无冠词, 意义不同的词组:
in course of 正在进行中 in the course of 在---期间, 在过程中
out of question 没问题 out of the question 不可能
in charge of 负责,掌管 in the charge of 在---的主管下
in possession of 拥有 in the possession of 被---拥有
at table 在吃饭 at the table 坐在桌旁
in front of 在前面（外部 ） in the front of在前面（内部）
by sea 坐船 by the sea 在海边
in case of 假使, 万一 in the case of 就---而言, 至于
by day 在白天 by the day 按日, 按天
on watch 值班,守望 on the watch 看守着, 提防着
2.5 冠词位置
1） 不定冠词位置
不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：
a. 位于such，what，many，half等形容词之后。例如：
I have never seen such an animal. 我从来没见过这样的动物。
Many a man is fit for the job. 许多人适合这岗位。
b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。例如：
It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 我从未这么高兴过。
So short a time 如此短的时间 Too long a distance 距离太远了
c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可，如：rather a cold day/a rather cold day。
d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后。例如： Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。
2） 定冠词位置
定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。例如：
All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。
3． 练习：
3.1 翻译下列短语
1 进餐
在桌子旁
2 住院
在医院里
3 乘船（由海路）
在海边
4 当水手
去海边
5 从今以后，将来
未来
6 究竟
在地球上，在世上
7 上学（做礼拜…）
到学校（教堂）去
8 在…（外部的）前面
在…（内部的）前面
9 发生
代替
10 毫无疑问，一定
不可能
11 大体上，一般地
全部地，整体
12 一个重要的会议
最重要的会议
13 又一次
第三次
14 稍远一些
在远处
15 许多
…的数目
16 一会儿
目前，暂时
17 负责…
由…负责，在…掌管之下
18 在白天
按日计算
19 拥有
为…所有
20 他仍在执政
他仍在办公室里
3． 2翻译下列句子
1） 许多人都持相同的看法，在当前国际贸易交往中，英语知识是必备的知识。
2） 我每天早晨上班前．吃点简单的早餐。
3）车祸是7月底的一个星期天发生的。
4）再学一门语言是多么重要啊!
5）他的月收入是1000元。
6）我参观过长城好多次。 ’
7）卡尔马克思就怎样学好外语，提出了许多建议。
8）ニ成了国王
9）智慧胜于力量
10）那正是我要找的东西。
3．3 真题再现
1．Most animals have little connection with ____animals of_____different kind unless they kill them for food (2000)
A.the; a B./; a C. the ; the D./; the
2.Jumping out of _____airplane at ten thousand feet is quite_____ exciting experience.(2002)
A. /; the B. /; an C.an; an D. the; the
3.When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to _____: I can find you ____bed in my flat.(2004)
A. the; a B. the; / C. a: the D. a; /
4. He did it____ it took me (03 北京)
A. one-third a time B. one-third time C. the one-third time D. one-third the time
5.____ on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is _____ major concern of the country.(04北京)
A. The; / B. The; a C. An; the D. An; /
6.It is often said that _______teachers have ____a very easy life. (05北京)
A. /; / B./; a C. the; / D. the; a
7. A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ______ leg.(01上海)
A. a B. one C. the D.his
8. I earn 10 dollars ____ hour as___ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.(03上海)
A. a; an B. the; a C. an; a D. an; the
9.When he left___ college, he got a job as______ reporter in a newspaper office.(04天津)
A. /; a B. /; the C. a; the D. the; the
10. It is ___ world of wonders, ____ world where anything can happen(04福建)
A. a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. /; /
11. There was ____ time ___ I hated to go to school. (04湖北)
A. a: that B. a; when C. the; that D. the; when
12.For a long time they walked without saying ____ word. Jim was the first to break _____silence. (04湖南)
A. the; a B. a; the C. a; / D. the; /
13.While he was investing ways to improve the telescope, Newton made___ discover which completely changed ___ man’s understanding of color. (04广东)
A. a; / B. a; the C. /; the D. the; a
14. If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off____.(04四川)
A. a price B. price C. the price D. prices
15. Tom owns ___ large collection of___ books than any other student in our class. (04江苏)
A. the; / B. a; / C. a; the D. /; the
16. The most important thing about cotton in history is___ part that it played in ___ Industrial Revolution.(04重庆)
A./; / B. the; / C. the; the D. a; the
17. The Wilsons live in ____A-shaped house near the coast. It is ___ 17th century cottage.(04浙江)
A. the; / B. an; the C./; the D. an; a
18. I know ____John Lennon, but not____ famous one.(05 山东)
A. /; a B. a; the C /; the D. the; a
19.__________________, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. (05重庆)
A. A quiet student as he may be B. Quiet student as he may be
C. Be a quiet student as he may D. Quiet as he may be a student
20.If you go ____ train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get___ fast one.(05NMET)
A. the; the B. /; a C. the; a D. /; /
D. 21.05湖南
I can’t remember when exactly Robinsons left___ city. I only remember it was ____Monday.
A. the; the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a
C O5浙江
Mrs Taylor has _____8-year-old daughter who has ______gift for painting-She has won two national prize.
A. a; a B. an; the C. an; a D. the; a
答案
3．1
1 at table 进餐
at the table 在桌子旁
2 in hospital 住院
in the hospital 在医院里
3 by sea 乘船（由海路）
by the sea 在海边
4 go to sea 当水手
go to the sea 去海边
5 in future 从今以后，将来
in the future 未来
6 on earth 究竟
on the earth 在地球上，在世上
7 go to school (church…) 上学（做礼拜…）
go to the school (church…) 到学校（教堂）去
8 in front of 在…（外部的）前面
in the front of 在…（内部的）前面
9 take place 发生
take the place of 代替
10 out of question 毫无疑问，一定
out of the question 不可能
11 on the whole = in general 大体上，一般地
as a whole = altogether 全部地，整体
12 A most important meeting 一个重要的会议
the most important meeting 最重要的会议
13 A third time 又一次
the third time 第三次
14 at a distance 稍远一些
in the distance 在远处
15 A number of 许多
the number of …的数目
16 for a moment 一会儿
for the moment 目前，暂时
17 be in charge of 负责…
be in the charge of 由…负责，在…掌管之下
18 by day 在白天
by the day 按日计算
19 in possession of 拥有
in the possession of 为…所有
20 He is still in office. 他仍在执政
He is still in the office. 他仍在办公室里
3．2
1）Many people agreed that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.
2）Before I go to work every morning, I’ve a light breakfast.
3）The traffic accident happened on a Sunday towards the end of July.
4）How important it is to learn a second language!
5）His income is one thousand yuan a month.
6）I’ve visited the Great Wall a good many times.
7）Karl Marks give some advice on how to learn foreign languages well.
8) He became king.
9) Wisdom is better than strength
10）That's the very thing I've been looking for.
3．3 1.b c a d b 6.b c c a b 11 b. b b c b 16. c d b b b