Warming up
To be，or not to be-that is the question.
生还是死--这是个问题。
点拨：这句话是莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》中的一个名句。意思可以理解为:To live or not to live-that is the question.对与这种名句名言类的，在平时写作中可以采用仿拟的修辞手法，给人印象深刻。根据家喻户晓的成语或谚语，临时更换其中的某个部分，造成新的成语或谚语；或者根据古今名言警句，在保持其原句不变的情况下，更换其中部分词语，这种修辞方式叫仿拟。
e.g.1.To lie or not to lie-the doctor’s dilemma.
撒谎还是不撒谎--医生的难题。
e.g.2.To do it or not to do it is not the only question.
做还是不做这事不是唯一的问题。
Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
戴王冠的头是不能安于他的枕席的。
点拨：lie:平卧；摆放；处于……状态存在；内含；位于，延伸。
e.g.1.He is lying under a tree sleeping.他正躺在树下睡觉。
e.g.2.The dust has lain undisturbed for years.尘土积在那儿很多年了。
e.g.3.Mary has lain sick in bed for years.玛丽已经卧病在床多年。
e.g.4.The solution lies in research.答案在研究中。
e.g.5.The lake lies beyond this mountain.翻过这座山就是湖。
e.g.6.Our land lies between the hill and the river.
我们的土地位于这座山和那条河之间。
联想：lie的常用短语
（1）lie down 少有作为，一事无成
Jack is lying down on the job.杰克在工作上一事无成。
（2）lie with 由……决定，取决于，视……而定
e.g.Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student.
许多老师认为学生应该自己负责自己的学习(而不是完全依赖老师)。
点拨：wear 表示“穿（衣服）、戴（衣帽、首饰、纪念章）”时，强调状态；还可以表示“留着（胡须、头发）”“表现出（样子）”等。可以用于进行时态。如:
e.g.1.He is tall and wears glasses.他个头高,戴着眼镜。
e.g.2.She wears beautiful long hair.她留着一头美丽的长发。
e.g.3.She wears a string of pearls around her neck.她的脖子上戴着一串珍珠项链。
e.g.3.She was wearing an innocent smile.她带着天真的笑容。
联想：wear的常用短语
（1）wear out 穿破/旧,逐渐耗尽;使疲惫不堪;使虚弱,使衰老
e.g.1.Cheap socks wear out quickly.便宜的袜子很快就会穿破。
（反义句:These socks wear long.这些袜子很耐穿。）
e.g.2.His patience wore out at last.最后他的耐心消失了。
e.g.3.He was worn with care and anxiety.忧虑和操心折磨着他。
（2）wear away 磨损,(时间)消逝
e.g.1.Time wore away.时间逐渐消逝。
考考你：
今天她穿着一件红毛衣。
She a red sweater today.
答案：is wearing
Words,words,only words,no matter from the heart.
空话，空话，只有空话，没有一点真心。
点拨：这句话出自莎士比亚的剧作TROILUS AND CRESSIDA。原句为:Words,words,mere words,no matter from the heart.其中no matter from the heart在此表示没有一点真心，matter在这里表示“实质的东西”。
联想：no matter还可以作“不论，不管”解，常用于引导让步状语从句，用于下列句式中:no matter+what (when,how,who,where等)引导的从句＋主句。由 no matter引导的让步状语从句也可以放置在主句之后。
e.g.1.No matter what Jenny says,don’t believe her.
不管詹妮说什么，都不要相信她。
e.g.2.You’ll always be welcome,no matter when you come.
不管你什么时候来，你都是受欢迎的。
e.g.3.I won’t let you in,no matter who you are.
不管你是谁，我都不会让你进来。
e.g.4.No matter where they went,they found people friendly.
不管他们走到哪里，都发现人们很友好。
辨析：no matter+wh-和wh-+ever的用法区别
“特殊疑问词＋ever”引导让步状语从句时，可用“no matter＋特殊疑问词”来替换。但是，前者还可以引导名词性从句，这时不能替换。
e.g.1.Do whatever you please.你喜欢做什么就做什么。
e.g.2.However (=No matter how) he did it,it was very clever.
不管他是怎么做的，他做得很聪明。
e.g.3.No matter what (=Whatever) happens,we’ll meet here tonight.
不管发生什么事情，我们今晚都在这儿碰头。
e.g.4.He seems to make enemies wherever (=no matter where) he goes.
他看上去总是到处树敌。
考考你：
1.You will realize breaks the law will be punished.
A.that those that B.those whoever C.that those who D.whoever
2.Please give the present to wins the first prize.
A.whom B.whoever C.whomever D.who
3.No matter hard it may be,I’ll carry it out.
A.however B.what C.whatever D.how
答案：1.D 2.B 3.D
Listening
What must Antonio give Shylock if he can’t pay back the debt？
如果安东尼奥没有能力偿还贷款，那么他要付给夏洛克什么？
点拨：pay back(=pay off,pay out,serve out)报复；偿还；偿付
e.g.1.I’ll certainly pay you back for what you did to me!
你那样对待我,我一定会回敬你的!
e.g.2.How can I pay you back for all your kindness?
你的这番好意我该怎么报答呢?
辨析：pay off，pay out，pay up
（1）pay off 还清；偿清；报复；偿还,结清工资解雇（某人）；成功
e.g.1.He finally paid off all the debts.最终他终于还清了所有的贷款。
e.g.2.He finally paid off the crew of a ship.他最终发清了全船船员的薪水。
e.g.3.Did your plan pay off?你的计划成功了吗？
e.g.4.Our plan certainly paid off;it was a great idea.
我们的计划当然成功了,那是个很好的主意。
(2)pay out 花费；支出
e.g.I paid out a lot of money for that car.
为了那辆汽车我花了不少钱。
(3)pay up（不情愿地）付清；还清（债务）
e.g.If you don’t pay up,I will take you to court.
如果你不还清欠款，我就到法院告你。
Speaking
What makes a play a masterpiece is that the ideas behind the play are about problems which are still important to people of different ages in modern times.
一部戏剧之所以能成为著作，关键在于这部戏剧里所探讨的是各年龄阶段的现代人所关心的问题。
点拨:表语从句:放在系动词后，这些系动词有:be,look,remain,seem等。另外，还要特别注意常用的“the reason…that”(不用because)和“it (this,that) is because…”结构。
e.g.1.The lesson we can learn from Chuck is that friends are teachers.
我们从查克身上明白了朋友就是老师。
e.g.2.The reason why he was late for class was that he got up late.
他迟到的原因是因为他起晚了。
e.g.3.The problem remains that we can’t get so many volunteers.
我们无法找到这么多志愿者，这个问题依然没解决。
点拨：people of different ages表示所属关系“(属于)……的”；表示“关于……的”；表示同位关系；表示性质、内容 、状况等。
e.g.1.man of that time 那个时代的人
e.g.2.I am really into long stories of adventure.我非常喜欢看长篇冒险故事。
e.g.3.The city of Rome has a long history.罗马市历史悠久。
e.g.4.The name of Tom is a very common boy name.
汤姆这个名字是个很常见的男孩名字。
e.g.5.He wears a look of pity.他脸上露出令人哀怜的神色。
e.g.6.Jack is really a man of ability.杰克真是个能干的人。
e.g.7.a mountain of great height（= a very high mountain）一座高山
有时介词可以省略:
e.g.8.He is a boy（of）your age.他和你同龄。
e.g.9.She wears shoes（of）the size of yours.她穿的鞋和你的尺码一样。
点拨：in modern times
times在此处的意思是“时代，时期”。
e.g.1.in ancient times 古代
e.g.2.ahead of one’s time 思想超时代的
e.g.3.behind the times 落伍，跟不上时代
Despite the fact that nobody really likes Shylock,the Duke does not want to kill him.
尽管事实是没人喜欢夏洛克，但是公爵并不想处死他。
点拨：despite prep.不管；不顾；即使
e.g.1.Despite the bad weather we enjoyed our holiday.
尽管天气不好，我们的假期仍过得很愉快。
e.g.2.He remains modest despite his achievements.
尽管他取得了成绩，却仍然保持谦虚。
联想：同义词组:in spite of 虽然；尽管……仍
e.g.We went out in spite of the rain.尽管下雨我们还是出去了。
Reading
It’s useless trying to argue with Shylock.
跟夏洛克讲理是没有用的。
点拨：It’s no good／no use／no harm／no fun／useless／a waste of time＋动名词…做……是没有好处／无用／无害／无趣／无用／浪费时间的。
e.g.1.It is no use learning without thinking.学而不思则罔。
e.g.2.It’s no use your telling me not to worry.
你告诉我不要担心，但那是没用的。（我还是很担心）
e.g.3.It’s no good crying over spilt milk.后悔是没有用的。<谚语>覆水难收。
e.g.4.It’s no good my talking to him.我同他谈没有用。
If you offered me six times what you have just offered,I would still take my pound of flesh.
即使你愿意给我六倍于你刚才提出的钱数，我仍然要拿我应得的那一磅肉。
点拨:offer 既可作动词又可以作名词。表示主动提出，提供（一种东西或一项建议）；还表示出价,与介词for连用。不论用作何种词性，后面均可跟不定式。
e.g.1.As young men,we should offer the old our seats on a bus.
作为年轻人，我们应该在公交车上给老年人让座。
e.g.2.I offered him $1 000 for the coat.我向他出价1000美元买这件外套。
e.g.3.They offered their house for sale for thirty thousand dollars.
他们出售房子，要价三万美元。
e.g.4.He offered to pick us up on the way to the railway station.
他主动提出可以在去火车站的路上接我们。
e.g.5.Please make an offer for the bamboo shoots of the quality as that in the last contract.
请把上次合同中订的那种质量的竹笋向我们报个价。
点拨：time作“倍数”解释时，是可数名词，用time表示“A是B的几倍大（长，宽，高，深等）”“A比B大（长，宽，高，深等）几倍”，常见的句型如下:
(1)A is three (four,five,etc.) times the size (length,width,height,depth,etc.) of B.
e.g.1.The new road is four times the width of the old one.
这条新公路是旧路的四倍宽。
e.g.2.Asia is four times the size of Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
(2)A is three (four,five,etc.) times as big (long,wide,high,deep,etc.) as B.
e.g.1.The new road is four times as wide as the old one.
这条新公路是旧路的四倍宽。
e.g.2.Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍。
(3) A is three (four,five,etc.) times bigger (higher,longer,wider,etc.) than B.
e.g.The school is five times bigger than that one.
这所学校比那所大四倍。（这所学校是那所的五倍大。）
拓展：time表示倍数，一般只用于表示三倍或三倍以上的数，表示两倍不用two times,而用twice 或double。
e.g.My income is now double what it was.我的收入是以前的两倍。
How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none?
如果你不宽恕别人，你自己怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢？
点拨：hope for 希望，盼望
e.g.1.If you hope for the best,please prepare for the worst.
如果你抱最好的希望，就要作好最坏的准备。
e.g.2.We all hope for good results after hard working.
努力工作后我们都希望得到好的结果。
Enter Portia,dressed as the judge.
鲍西亚走了进来，扮成法官的样子。
点拨：dress vi.打扮自己，与介词as或like连用，或用dress up as sb.或 dress up for sth.
e.g.1.He dressed (up) as a soldier.他把自己打扮成士兵模样。
e.g.2.She dressed like a princess in the party.
在晚会上她把自己打扮得像一个公主。
Please be seated.
请坐。
点拨：seat vt.使就座，能坐（容纳）……人 n.座位，席位
e.g.1.These children seated themselves on the bench.
这些孩子在长凳上坐下了。
e.g.2.The hall can seat three hundred people.这个礼堂可容纳三百人。
联想：seat有关的词组还有take one’s seat.
e.g.Everybody,take your seat please.We are about to start.
各位，请就座。我们马上就要开始了。
I’ll pay him back with all my heart.
我要以整个心偿还他的债务。
点拨：pay sb. back with sth.用某物偿还某人
e.g.1.We should pay kindness with kindness.我们应该以德报德。
e.g.2.The thief was paid with four-year prison life.
盗贼换来了四年的铁窗生活。
Integrating skills
Antonio has promised to give you a pound of his flesh.
安东尼奥许诺给你他身上的一磅肉。
点拨:promise (1)vt./vi.允诺，答应，作出保证。用于promise to do sth.;promise (sb.)+that clause;promise sb.sth.等结构中。
e.g.1.He promised to give my money back as soon as possible.
他答应尽快还我钱。
e.g.2.Tom promised that he would finish all the work on Sunday.
他保证会在星期天完成所有工作。
(2）n.允诺，诺言;有希望，作不可数名词。
e.g.1.She shows promise as a pianist.她渴望成为钢琴家。
e.g.2.The news brings little promise of peace.这消息使和平无望。
联想：与之有关的词组有:
make a promise 作出承诺;give a promise 许诺，承诺； keep one’s promise 遵守诺言；break one’s promise 食言，违背诺言； carry out one’s promise 履行诺言
考考你：
Father made a promise I passed the examination he would buy me a new bicycle.
A.if B.whether C.that if D.that
答案：C
点拨：flesh 和 meat 的异同
flesh和meat都可以作“肉”解，但是含义不同，flesh通常指人或动物身上的肉，也可指供食用的兽类身上的肉（区别于鱼或禽的肉）。meat是指供食用的肉的总称，通常不包括鱼和家禽，在具体指明“牛肉”“鸡肉”“羊肉”“猪肉”等时应用“beef”,“chicken”,“mutton”或“pork”。
e.g.1.Tigers live on flesh.老虎以肉为主食。
e.g.2.I like meat while my brother likes fish.我喜欢吃肉而我哥哥喜欢吃鱼。
e.g.3.Have you ever tasted the flesh of the snake?你曾吃过蛇肉吗？
You wanted justice,so you shall get justice,more than you wanted.
你要求公正,那么就让你得到公正,比你要的还要多。
点拨：该句中，shall用来表示“允诺、承诺”。so you shall get justice=then I’ll let you have justice或then I promise to give you justice。
shall用于第一人称，可以表示将来。
e.g.We shall arrive tomorrow.我们明天到。
shall用于第二、三人称，表示决心、规定、命令、警告、允诺、要求、义务等。
下文中有一段话多次出现shall的这种用法:The law of Venice says that if anyone tries to kill or murder any citizen of Venice,everything that he owns shall be taken away from him.One half of his money and his goods shall be given to the city of Venice and the other half shall be given to the person he has tried to kill.His life shall be at the mercy of the Duke。
以上四个shall表示“规定”或“警告”。
e.g.1.You shall leave now.你现在该离开了。
e.g.2.He shall answer for his misdeeds.他应当为他的错误行为负责。
e.g.3.The penalty shall not exceed two years in prison.
惩罚不应超过两年监禁。
e.g.4.Don’t worry.You shall get the answer this evening.
别着急，你今天晚上就可以得到答复了。
e.g.5.You shall have a nice present for your birthday.
你过生日时将会得到一份精美的礼物。
e.g.6.Nothing shall stop us from carrying out this plan.
什么也不能阻止我们实现这项计划。
拓展：shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句，表示说话人征求对方意见。如:
Shall we go now?我们现在走可以吗？
Shall he come in?可以让他进来吗？
His life shall be at the mercy of the Duke.
他的生命全凭公爵处置。
点拨：at the mercy of 任由……摆布，在……的掌握（支配）中
e.g.1.The ship hit a rock and sank down.The crowd were at the mercy of the winds and the waves.
船撞上礁石下沉了，人们在风浪中随波逐流。
e.g.2.The cat’s life is at the mercy of its master.
猫的生命在它主人的掌握之中。
Therefore,go down on your knees and beg the Duke for mercy.
因此你快快跪下请求公爵开恩吧。
点拨：go down on one’s knees 跪下，屈膝，其中go可以用get代替，即get down on one’s knees.
e.g.1.Never go down on your knees before enemy.在敌人面前决不能屈膝。
e.g.2.He went down on his knees and asked for his father’s forgiveness.
他跪下来请求他父亲的原谅。
点拨：beg (sb.) for mercy 请求宽恕
e.g.1.Her difficulties were so grave that she went personally and begged the king for mercy.
她遇到的麻烦如此严重，所以她只好亲自去国王那里请求宽恕。
Shylock must promise to leave the money upon his death to his daughter and her husband.
夏洛克必须答应在他死后把这笔财产留给他的女儿和女婿。
点拨：upon prep.（其意与 on相同，但语气较为正式，在口语中多用 on）在高处；逼近;接触；紧接着
e.g.1.The village stands upon/on a hill.那个小村庄位于一座小山上。
e.g.2.Upon/On his death,the Duke’s house and other properties passed to his son.
公爵去世后,房子和其他财产便传给了儿子。
e.g.3.The enemy was upon/on us.敌人逼近我们。
e.g.4.Once upon a time,there was a political leader who wanted to start a war.
很久以前，有位政治领袖想要发动一次战争。
练习：1.暴风雪已逼近我们。
2.圣诞节马上就要到了。
答案:1.The snowstorm is upon us.
2.The Christmas holiday will soon be upon us.
Bassanio told Antonio that he was in love with Portia,a rich and beautiful lady,and that she also loved him.
巴萨尼奥告诉安东尼奥他爱上了鲍西亚，一位富有、漂亮的女子,而且她也爱上了他。
点拨：be in love (with sb.) （与某人）相爱；恋爱；爱上（强调状态）
e.g.1.Tom and Mary are in love with each other.汤姆和玛丽相爱了。
e.g.2.Jesica has never been in love before.杰西卡以前从未恋爱过。
e.g.3.How long have they been in love with each other?他们恋爱多久了？
e.g.4.I’ve been in love with Egypt since I was 13.
从我13岁起，我就爱上了埃及这个国家。
联想：fall in love with sb.爱上；喜欢上（强调动作）
e.g.1.John fell in love with Kate at the first sight.
约翰第一眼看见凯特就爱上她了。
e.g.2.Do you still remember that when we fell in love we were young and innocent?
你还记得吗？我们恋爱时还很年轻，也很天真。
e.g.3.The Smiths fell in love with the house as soon as they saw it.
史密斯一家一见到这所房子，就喜欢上它了。
点拨：宾语从句的引导词that的省略问题
在由that引导的宾语从句中，由于连词that只具有引导作用，并无具体意义，而且不在句中充当成分,因此在口语或非正式文体中常可省略，省略之后对原句并无影响。
e.g.She said (that) she couldn’t go with him because she had a lot to do that night.她说因为那天晚上她有很多事要做，所以不能和他一起去了。
但是，在下列情况下，that最好不要省略:
1.主从句之间有插入语时。
e.g.It says here,on this card,that it was used in plays.卡片上写着，它过去是演戏用的。
2.若出现两个或两个以上的that宾语从句，且由并列连词连接时，如所给的文中的句子，只有第一个连接词that可以省去，其余需保留。
如例文中的句子可以变成:
Bassanio told Antonio (that) he was in love with Portia,a rich and beautiful lady,and that she also loved him.
e.g.Linda said (that) she would go to meet Tom in person and that she wouldn’t tell anyone about the appointment.
琳达说她会亲自去见汤姆，并且不会告诉任何人这次约会的事情。
考考你：
-I believe you’ve done your best and things will improve.
-Thank you.
A.that;/ B./;that C.what;what D./;/
答案：B
Antonio told him that all his ships were at sea and he had no money at present.
安东尼奥告诉巴萨尼奥他的所有船只都在海上，现在他手上一点钱都没有。
点拨：at sea 在海上；在航海中
e.g.1.All his ships had been lost at sea.
他所有的船都在海上遇险失事了。
e.g.2.He spent a whole year alone at sea.
他在海上独自一人度过了一整年。
e.g.3.Titanic hit on icebergs and buried at sea.泰坦尼克撞上了冰山葬身海底。
at sea不知所措；茫然；迷惑（前面常用all、completely、quite修饰）
e.g.1.I am quite at sea in regard to his explanation.
他的解释使我如坠入迷雾中。
e.g.2.I am all at sea.I’ve no idea what he means.
我很茫然，不知他说的是什么意思。
e.g.3.Susan tried to understand the instructions,but she was completely at sea.
苏珊尽力想看懂那些说明文字，却全然不知所云。
辨析1:by sea 和by the sea
by sea 表示“经由海路；乘船”， by the sea 表示“在海边”。
e.g.1.Did your father go to Hawaii by sea or by air?
你父亲去夏威夷是搭船还是搭飞机？
e.g.2.Once upon a time,in a kingdom by the sea,lived a lovely Miss Annabelle Lee.
很久很久以前，在一个海边的王国里面，住着一位可爱的小姐，名叫安娜贝尔李。
辨析2:go to sea 和go to the sea
go to sea 表示“去当水手”(be a sailor)。go to the sea 意思是“去海滨”（度假或野餐游玩）。
e.g.1.He went to sea when young.他年轻时当过水手。
e.g.2.Mike said,“ I want to go to sea when I grow up.”
迈克说:“我长大了要去当水手。”
e.g.3.Our class will go to the sea next Sunday.我们班下星期天去海边玩。
辨析3:on the sea和in the sea
on the sea表示 “在海边；在海滨”（at the seaside）；in the sea 表示 “在海里”。
e.g.1.The city is on the sea.那个城市在海滨。
e.g.2.They like swimming in the sea.他们喜欢在海里游泳。
However,he agreed to lend Antonio the money on one condition.
然而，他还是同意借钱给安东尼奥，但是有一个条件。
点拨：on one condition规定一个条件；在一个条件下。 on condition (that)＋从句:在……条件下；如果。从句中可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气。
e.g.1.I’ll let you borrow it on one condition (that) you lend me your walkman in return.
我借给你也行，但是有一个条件，你得把随身听借给我。
e.g.2.You can go out on condition that (= provided that) you come back before six o’clock.
你可以出去，但是，前提是六点之前回来。
e.g.3.He may borrow the book on condition that he returns/(should) return in time.
他可以借这本书，条件是必须及时归还。
联想：相关短语有:on this/that/what condition,在这种/那种/什么条件下或情形下
on no condition 决不；无论在什么情况下都不
make it a condition规定一个条件 ；以……为条件(动词词组)
be in good/poor condition 处于好的/坏的状况
be out of condition 健康状况欠佳
e.g.1.This data will be used for needs of our customer administration only and will on no condition be given to third parties.
数据将仅用于我们的客户服务部，决不会透露给第三方。
e.g.2.On no condition must you go alone.你绝对不可以一个人走。
e.g.3.On what condition will you do it?在什么情况下你会做这种事？
联想：so (as) long as（只要），only if（只要）
as (so) long as可置于主句之前或之后。条件句的时态，用一般现在时表将来。
e.g.1.You can use it as(so) long as you look after it well.
只要你能爱护它，我可以借给你。
only if 意思是only on condition that 只要；只有。引导从句。
e.g.The right answers can be obtained only if the right questions are asked.
只有问对了问题才能获得正确答案。
He is young,but I never know so young a body with so wise a head.
他很年轻，但我从来不知道有这么年轻又这么聪明的人。
点拨：so+adj.+a/an+n.意思相当such+a/an+adj.+n.与此类似的结构还有as/how/too+adj.
+a/an+n.
e.g.1.She is so clever a girl that everyone likes her very much.
她是那么聪明的女孩，人人都喜欢她。
e.g.2.Allen is as clever a boy as Mike.艾伦和迈克一样聪明。
e.g.3.How interesting a book it is ! 这本书真有趣啊！
e.g.4.That is too difficult and too boring a question to answer.
那个问题回答起来既麻烦又枯燥。
注意:如形容词前有such、what修饰时，结构是such/what+a/an+adj.+n.
e.g.1.It is such a good chance that we can’t lose it.
这是个大好机会，我们不能错过。
e.g.2.What an interesting book it is! 多么有趣的书啊！
考考你：
1.It’s that I’d like to go out for a walk.
A.too nice a day B.a nice such day
C.so nice day D.such a nice day
2.She is such a lovely girl is liked by everybody.
A.as B.that C.what D.which
3.She is such a lovely girl she is liked by everybody.
A.as B.that C.what D.which
答案：1.D 2.A 3.B
Writing
下面的提示帮助你完成此文：
1.欢送词开头要先有称谓Dear friends,
2.In the past two years,he…
3.He was strict with…and…help us with patience
4.…his classes lively and interesting…
5.Our English has been improved…
6.Wish him…
Grammar
复习直接引语变间接引语
1.人称变化
e.g.He said,“I like it very much.”他说:“我非常喜欢它。”
-He said that he liked it very much.他说他非常喜欢它。
2.时态变化
(1)一般现在时变成一般过去时
e.g.He said,“I’m afraid I can’t make it.”
-He said that he was afraid he couldn’t make it.
(2)现在进行时变成过去进行时
e.g.He said,“I am doing my homework.”
-He said that he was doing his homework.
(3)现在完成时变为过去完成时
e.g.He said,“I haven’t finished my homework.”
-He said that he hadn’t finished his homework.
(4)一般过去时变成过去完成时
e.g.He said,“I saw the movie with her.”
-He said that he had seen the movie with her.
(5)一般将来时变成过去将来时
e.g.He said,“I’ll do it after class.”
-He said that he would do it after class.
3.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化
(1)this改成that
e.g.She said,“I’ll finish the work this morning.”
-She said that she would finish the work that morning.
(2)these改成those
e.g.He said,“These books are mine.”
-He said that those books were his.
(3)now改成then
e.g.He said,“It’s nine o’clock now.”
-He said that it was nine o’clock then.
(4)today改成that day
e.g.He said,“I haven’t seen her today.”
-He said that he hadn’t seen her that day.
(5)yesterday改成the day before
e.g.He said,“I went there yesterday.”
-He said that he had gone there the day before.
(6)tomorrow改成the next/following day
e.g.He said,“I’ll go there tomorrow.”
-He said that he would go there the next/following day.
(7)ago改成before
e.g.He said,“Jake left 20 minutes ago.”
-He said that Jake had left 20 minutes before.
(8)here改成there
e.g.He said,“She was here one week ago.”
-He said that she had been there one week before.
(9)come改成go
e.g.She said,“I’ll come here this evening.”
-She said that she would go there that evening.
注意:
(1)直接引语如果是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
(2)如果在当地转述，here不必改为there，动词come不必改成go。如果在当天转述，yesterday，tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。
4.句式变化
(1)肯定祈使句:to do
e.g.He asked the clerk to change his dirty uniform.
(2)否定祈使句:not to do
e.g.He told him not to smoke in the room.
注意:要根据句子意思在不定式之前加上tell，ask，order等动词。
(3)肯定句:that
e.g.He told me that he wanted to meet me sometime next week.
(4)一般疑问句:if/whether
e.g.I asked him if he had seen the film.
(5)特殊疑问句:I asked her what material this matter was made of.
注意:要把原来的疑问语序改为陈述语序。