高一下知识归纳（U19）
1．effect n. 结果；影响；效果
[举例](1)Do you think the medicine will have any effect? 你认为这药有效吗?
(2)His new way of teaching produced a good effect.
他的新教法产生了良好的效果。
(3)Scolding sometimes brings bad effects on a child.
责骂对小孩有时造成负面影响。
(4)The medicine had a good effect on me. 那种药对我有良好的疗效。
2．cause vt．引起，造成
[搭配] cause sth．引起(造成)……
cause sb. sth．= cause sth．to sb．对……造成……
cause sb．to do sth．使某人做某事
[举例](1) What caused his death?是什么原因造成他的死亡?
(2) He caused his parents a lot of trouble. = He caused a lot of trouble to his parents. 她对父母造成很多麻烦。
(3)The drought caused the plants to die. 久旱造成植物枯萎。
[拓展]cause作“使引起”时为使役动词，后面接不定式作宾语补足语，但不可按动词原形、形容词、 副词或分词等作宾语补足语，例如：
What caused him to be so sad? 是什么使他如此悲伤?
但上句不可用 What caused him so sad?
[比较]cause和reason作为名词，都有“原因”的意思。cause指客观存在的“原因”与effect(结果)相对；reason指推理上的理由，即是说明一种看法或行为的“理由”。
[举例](1) Give me your reason for refusing?告诉我你拒绝的理由。
(2) The cause of the fire was carelessness.失火的原因是不谨慎。
2．raise vt．提示；增加；抬起；举起；饲养；抚养；种植
[举例](1) Raise your hand if you want to ask a question.
如果有问题要问，请举手。
(2) Raise the temperature.把温度升高。
(3) The farmer raised many sheep and crops.
那位农民饲养了很多绵羊，种了很多庄稼。
(4) He raised the children by himself after his wife's death.
他妻子去世后，他一人独自抚养了孩子。
[辨析]lift，raise，rise
lift，raise，rise这几个动词都有“由低处向高处举起或升起”的意思，但它们的含义和使用情况有所不同。lift是指用体力或机械力把某物从地面举到一定的高度。
[举例] Can you lift the basket of earth from the ground?
你能把这筐土从地上提起来吗?
raise强调抬高动作的姿势。
[举例] raise one's hand/a flag / a stone / ones voice / prices
举手／升旗／搬起石头／提高嗓门／提高价格
一般情况下raise和lift可以通用。
[举例]This is too heavy for me to raise (lift).这个东西太重我举不起来。
rise是“升起”，“站起来”的意思，是不及物动词，表示主语由低而高的变化过程。
[举例](1)The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
(2)She rose from her seat. 她从座位上站了起来。
4. feed vt. 喂；饲养；抚养
[搭配]feed sth. to sb. = feed sb. with (on) sth. 用……喂养
feed sb./sth. 抚养某人／饲养……
feed on... 以……为食
[举例] (1)How often do you feed your dog a day? 你一天喂狗几次?
(2)He has a large family to feed. 他要养活一大家人。
(3)We feed meat to our dog. 我们喂肉给我们的狗吃。
(4)Cows feed on hay during winter. 牛在冬天吃干草。
5. go against 违背；不利于；反对
[举例](1)The game is going against them. 比赛情况对他们不利。
(2)Man can't go against nature. 人不能违背自然规律。
(3)She asked the criminal patiently why he would always go against law.
她耐心地询问罪犯为什么他总要违反法律。
6. bring in
[用法](1)作“把……拿进来”(可分开用)
(2)(某人)赚人……；(资金等)生息；产生(利益)，获利。
[举例](1)Bring the washing in, it looks like rain.
把洗好的衣服收起来，好像要下雨了。
(2)More advanced machines have been brought in from abroad.
已从国外引进了更多的先进机器。
(3)He brings in an extra hundred dollars a month from his new job.
他的新工作使他每月多赚100美元。
7. harm n. vt.
[用法](1)harm作名词指“(物质上或精神上的)害、伤害、害处”，经常构成短语
do... harm (伤害……，危害……，对……有害处)
(2)作及物动词为“伤害……，为害……，对……有害”。
[举例](1)I mean no harm. 我并无恶意。
(2)There's no harm in calling him. ．打电话对他并没有什么害处。
(3)Smoking does great harm to your health. 吸烟有害你的身体健康。
(4)I harmed my eyes by reading in dim light.
我在昏暗的灯光下看书伤害了眼睛。
[拓展]harm 的形容词为harmful (有害的), harmless(无害的), 可构成短语 be harmful /harmless to…“对……有害／无害”。
[举例](1)Too much rain is harmful to the crops. 降雨过多对农作物有害。
(2)These insects are harmless to the crops这些昆虫对农作物无害。
8．depend on 取决于…, 随…而定
[举例](1)The time of departure depends on the weather.出发时间视天气而定。
(2)Our success depends on whether everyone works hard or not．
我们的成功取决于每个人是否努力工作。
[注意] depend on的这种用法不能用被动语态。
9．1atest adj．最近的；最新的(= recent)
[举例] (1)the latest news最新消息
(2)There were several clashes before this latest incident.
在这次事件发生之前有过几次冲突。
[搭配] at the latest(=no later than) 至迟，最晚
Passengers should check in one hour before their flight time at the 1atest．乘客至迟应在班机起飞前-小时办理登机手续。
[比较] latest／1ate／later／1ately
(1)late adj. & adv．晚、迟
(2)late adv．“以后；后来”，单独用或放于一段时间之后。
(3)lately adv．近来；不久前
[举例] (1)Because of the cold weather the crops are late this year.
因天气寒冷，今年的作物成熟很晚。
(2)It happened late last century in 1895, to be exact.
事情发生在上个世纪末一准确地说，在1895年。
(3)At first things went on well, but later we ran into trouble.
起初事情进展得很顺利，但后来我们遇到了麻烦。
(4)We've been doing a lot of gardening lately.
近来我们做了许多园艺工作。
10. not．．．but．．．不是……而是……
[用法] not…but个连词词组，作 ”不是……而是……”解，连接两个并列的成分，表示意思上的转折。
[举例](1) He is not English, but American.
他不是英国人，而是美国人。(连接两个表语)
(2) The servant can't read and write in English, but can speak English fluently.
这个仆人不能读英浯和写英语，但却能流利地说英语。(连接两个谓语)
(3) They need not money but farm labourers.
他们不需要钱，而需要劳动力。(连接两个宾语)
(4)Not the students but the teacher is hoping to go there.
不是学生而在老师希望去那儿。(连接两个主
[注意]”not…but”连接两个主语时，谓语动词要与紧靠它的主语在人称和数上保持-致。
[举例] Not the teacher but the students are hoping to go there.
不是老师而是学生希望去那儿。
11. extra adj.额外的；特别的；另处的；adv．特别地；格外地；非常
[举例] They need some extra money.语)他们还需要一些钱。
He got extra pay for extra work.他由于加班而得到额外的报酬。
You've done a good deal of extra work recently.你最近大量加班。
Dinner costs 3 yuan, and wine is extra. 饭钱3元，酒钱另算。
The coffee is extra strong this morning. 今早的咖啡非常浓。
I have to be at the office extra early tomorrow morning.
我特地明天一大早上班。
He works extra hard. 他特别努力。
12. "no matter + 疑问连词 + 让步从句 + 主句” 的用法
[用法]no matter+ 疑问连词”用来引导让步状语从句；当主句用一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时。
[举例] (1)No matter what the matter may be, do your best.
无论是什么事，尽你的能力去做吧。
(2)No matter how difficult the task may be, We must finish it on time.
无论任务有多艰巨，我们必须按时完成。
(3)No matter who comes, I'll not stay at home.
不管谁来．我都不呆在家里。
13. lead to prep. 引起；造成；导致(后接名词、代词或 -ing形式)
[举例] The accident led to many deaths. 那次事故使许多人死亡。
His carelessness led to his failure. 他的粗心大意导致了他的失败。
Sleeping late at night leads to his being late for work.
晚上睡晚了使他上班迟到。
[拓展] look forward to (盼望)；get used to (习惯于)；pay attention to (注意)；get down to (开始做某事)；stick to(坚持)等词组中to均为介词，其后接sth．或doing sth．
14. advanced adj. 高等的；先进的；超前的
[举例]advanced studies高深的研究
have advanced ideas 有先进的思想
advanced experience 先进经验
[拓展] advance n. & v. 前进；推进；促进
[举例]recent advances in medical science 医学上的新进展
The general advanced his troops at night. 将军夜里将部队向前推进。
Our troops have advanced two miles. 我们的部队已经前进了两英里。
[搭配]in advance ( of sth) (习语)预先；事先；事前
The rent must be paid in advance. 租金须预付。
It's impossible to know in advance what will happen.
预知未来发生的事是不可能的。
15. year after year
[用法]year after year 作“年复一年地”“一年又一年地”解，常表示每年重复。
[举例](1)Do not make the same kind of tools year after year.
不要年复一年地生产同一品种的工具。
(2)We used to go to the mountain village for a holiday year after year.
我们以前年年都去那个山村度假。
(3)Year after year we have had a Christmas card from Dick.
我们年年都收到迪克寄来的圣诞卡。
[辨析] year by year作“一年一年地”“逐年”解，常表示逐年的转变。因此准确地说，year after year 是“年年(重复)”的意思，而year by year是“逐年(变化)”的意思。
[举例](1) The boy grows taller year by year.
这男孩长得一年比一年高了。(逐年在变)
(2) Year after year the boy comes to see me on my birthday.
这男孩年年在我生日时都来看我。(年年如此)
16.本单元的语法重点是学习it的另一用法：作为强调句型的引导词。
1. 用于强调句中除谓语以外的任何一成分，其句型为It + is／was+被强调部分+that(强调部分指人也可用who／whom)十句子其他成分。如:
It was Tom who／that met your brother in the park yesterday．(强调主语Tom)
It was your brother whom / that Tom met in the park. (强调宾语your brother)
It was in the park that Tom met your brother yesterday.(强调地点状语in the park)
It was yesterday that Tom met your brother in the park. (强调时间状语yesterday)
使用强调句型应注意下列几点：
①无论被强调部分是什么，总是用his／was．．．that．．．(强调指人的主语that可换成who，指人的宾语可换成whom)
It was they who (that) built the house last year.是他们去年盖了这座房子。
②强调主语时，谓语动词必须和原主语一致。如：
It is I who am to blame.是我应受到责备。
③注意此句型与定语从句的区别。如：
It was in this factory that my father used to work.
我父亲过去是在这个厂工作的。(强调句型)
It was this factory that my father used to work in.
这就是我父亲工作过的那家工厂。(定语从句)
另外，it还经常用于构成下列句型，在学习过程中应多加注意。如：
① It's... since .... It's five years since we last met.
从我们上次见面至今已有五年了。
② It's... before .... It won't be long before we meet again
不久我们会再见面的。
2．在学习过程中，我们经常遇到one，it, that作代词的用法要注意分析、比较它们的用法，辨别它们的不同处。
在英语中为了避免重复上文的某个名词，常用心one或that来代替。让所指的事物和前面提到的事物是同一件事物，所以让代表的名词属于特指的。
I bought a knife and lent it to him.我买了一把小刀，借给他了。
I drank some ice tea but it made me more thirsty.我喝了点凉茶，却更渴了。
one所代表的名词和前面所提到的名词只是同一类，并非指同一个，而且指同类中的任何一个，不是只指其中某一个。所以one所指的名词属于不定的，单数用one，复数形式为ones，而且one所替代的名词必须是可数名词，不能替代不可数名词。
Mary needs a new dictionary. She is going to buy one.
玛丽需要一本新字典，她打算买一本。
This watch is too expensive, show me a cheaper one, please.
这块表太贵了，请给我较便宜的一块。
I don't want these green apples; I want the red ones.
我不想要这些绿苹果；我要红的。
that和one都是指同一类事物而不是指同一个事物，但that替代有定冠词的名词。为特定的，而且还可以替代不可数名词。
The cost of oil is less than that of gas.石油的价格低于天然气的价格。
The voice of a woman is sweeter than that of a man.
女人的声音比男人的声音悦耳。