Warming up / Listening / Speaking
1.happen vi. 发生
happen to sb./ sth. 发生在某人(某物)身上…
e.g. If anything happens to him, let me know.
happen to do (be, be doing ) 偶尔(碰巧)在做…
e.g. He happened to be out then.
注意: happen 作 “发生”讲时是不及物动词,不能用于被动语态,其过去分词不能用作形容词. The accident was happened last night.(F)
The accident happened last night.
happen, take place, occur都表示 “发生”,都不能用于被动语态.
1). happen 指事情的发生,往往带有 “偶然”或 “未能预见”的意思.
2). take place 指事先布置或策划好而后发生,没有 “偶然”意味.有时有 “举行”的意思.
e.g. Great changes have taken place in our school.
When will the football match take place?
3). occur 当主体指具体或确实发生的事件时, occur可与happen换用.但在表示否定时最好用occur.
e.g. The accident happened (occurred) yesterday.
注: occur 表示 “想起,产生”时,不可与happen互换.
e.g. It occurred to me that I had forgot to bring money.
2. It really hurts.
hurt, injure, wound 这三个词都表示 “使…受伤”. 作及物动词, 在表达 “受伤”时,一定要用被动语态.
e.g.他受伤很严重.
He badly hurt (injured, wounded ). (F)
He was badly hurt (injured, wounded).
1). hurt “伤” 可以指精神上的或肉体上的 “伤害”, 含较强的 “疼痛” 意味, 通常与badly, slightly, seriously 等连用,表示受伤的程度.
e.g. He fell and hurt his arm. 他摔了一跤,摔坏了胳膊.
2). injure “伤” (=hurt). 指在意外事故或事件中, “负伤, 受伤害”.
e.g. He was injured in a fire. 他在一场火灾中受伤.
3). wound “伤”指用外界暴力引起身体 “创伤”, 尤指刀伤, 枪伤, 剑伤等.
e.g. The bullet wounded him in the left leg. 子弹打伤了他的左脚.
用法上的区别:
1). 身体内部的受伤不能用 wound
e.g. His internal organs were injured/hurt .(不能用wound)
他的内部器官受伤了.
2). injure, wound 的过去分词可以作定语; hurt的过去分词不能.
e.g.他受伤很严重.
I saw an injured (a wounded) man.
I saw a hurt man.(F)
3). hurt 可作不及物动词, 表示 “疼”, “难受”. 其他两个词不能.
e.g. My left foot hurts. 我左脚疼.(可能是鞋夹脚的原因,不一定是伤)
3. It was a bit green.
a bit 一点点,有点 a bit of +不可数名词
a bit of salt= a little salt
a bit hungry (angry) 有点饿(生气)
e.g. I’m not a bit hungry. 我一点也不饿.
I’m not a little hungry. 我很饿了.
not a bit = not at all 一点也不
not a little= very 很,非常
4.Was the peach ripe or green?
桃子是成熟的还是生的？
句子中的green作“没有成熟的”解，是ripe（成熟的）的反义词。
e.g. Green fruit is not good to eat.
The cherries(樱桃)are still too green to pick.
表示常用颜色的形容词往往可以引申出与颜色有关联
的其它意思：
red（暴力的，流血的 ） black（邪恶的，不吉利的）
yellow（胆怯，靠不住的） blue（沮丧） white（幸运的，吉利的）
e.g. a red battle血战
I always knew you were yellow! 我早就知道你胆小怕事。
He looks blue. 他看上去情绪低落。
Things look black.
5. And I advise you not to eat fruit that isn’t ripe in the future.
我劝你以后不要吃不成熟的水果。
1）advise作“劝”、“建议”解，常用于下面两种结构：
（1）后面可以跟不定式构成的复合结构，即advise sb. (not) to do sth. ，意为劝某人干/不干某事。
e.g. The doctor advised me to take more exercise.
医生建议我多做运动。
He strongly advised me not to do so.
他坚决劝我不要那样做。
（2）后面可以跟that引导的宾语从句，从句用虚拟语气should do, should可以省略，即advise sb that sb (should) do sth.
e.g. I advised him that he should attend the meeting.
我劝他参加这次会议。
The teacher advised us that we read more books about English literature.
老师建议我们多读些英国文学方面的书。
Advise sth. 建议某事
~sb. (not )to do sth 劝告某人
~doing sth. 建议做某事
~sb+疑问词+不定式 建议某人怎么样
~(sb.) that +主+(should) do sth 建议某人应该做某事
He advised an early start.
me to start early
starting early
(me) that I (should) start early
Could you advise me what to do next?
I ____ him to give up smoking, but I failed.(C)
A. preferred B. hoped
C. advised D. suggested
解析: prefer 与题意不合; hope to do sth/wish sb. to do sth. ; suggest (sb.) doing sth.
另注: advise sb. to do sth. “劝说某人做某事”但不一定劝说成功.
advise (v.) →advice (un.)
give (some) advice on sth/how to do…;
advice column;
advice line;
ask for (a piece of ) advice;
follow/take sb.’ s advice
2) in future (from now on) “今后”
in the future (in time yet to come)“将来”
e.g. You’d better not go out alone in future. 今后你最好不要单独外出。
No one knows what will happen in the future. 没人知道将来会发生什么事情。
Reading
1.Traditional diets often have too much fat and too many calories for the 21st-century person.
对21世纪的人来说，传统的饮食往往含有太多的脂肪和卡路里。
1)diet和food都可以作“食物”解
diet:习惯的食物或特定的食物，特指维持健康的定量或定质的食物，如病人的疗养饮食。
food是一般的词语，凡能吃喝的东西都可以称为food.
e.g. The doctor has ordered me a special diet. 医生给我安排了特殊的饮食。
They gave us plenty of food and drink. 他们给了我们大量食物和饮料。
Proper _diet___and exercise are both important for health.
适当的饮食和运动对健康都是很重要的。
This _diet___only allows you to eat fresh fruit.
按照这份指定食谱你可以吃新鲜水果。
Milk is the natural _food___for young babies.
奶是婴儿的天然食物。
We must have _food___to eat and clothes to wear.
2) too many +可数名词
too much +不可数名词
much too +形容词/副词
3）calorie= calory,指食物产生的热量，也可以作热量单位。
e.g. One thin piece of bread has 90 calories. 一片薄面包有九十卡路里的热量。
While you are at school, or walking home, your body is burning up 100 calories an hour. 你在学校上课或者走路回家的时候，你的体内每小时要消耗100卡路里。
2. Stores offer all kinds of food and snacks and we have to make many choices.
商店里有各种各样的食品和点心，我们得做出选择。
1）food一般用作不可数名词，表示“各种食品”的意思，在英语中，有些不可数名词也可以用复数形式，表示“许多种类”。
What fruits are in season now? 现在哪些水果上市了？
有些不可数名词的复数表示“大量的”意思。
e.g. the upper waters of Yangtze River 长江上游
on the sands在沙滩上
有的不可数名词的复数表示与原词不同的意思。
works of literature and art 文艺作品
Don’t put on airs with me.不要在我面前摆架子。
2）make a choice
He made a careful choice. 他作了慎重的选择。
Now that you know all the facts, you can make many choices.
既然了解了实情，你可以作出多种选择。
3. Some nutrients help build our body and make it stranger.
1) help (n.)
[U] 帮助，帮忙 Thank you for your help.
[C] 助手，帮手
The girl is now quite a help to her mother.
help (Vt.)
He often helps me. (帮助)
Help yourself to some fish. （奉以食物，饮料）
help (Vi.)有效用，有帮助
The medicine helps a lot.
这药非常有效。
常用短语
help out 帮助克服困难，帮助从……里出来
help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事
can’t help doing… 禁不住……
help yourself to… 请自己动手……
can’t help but do 不由得
with one’s help (with the help of) 在……帮助下
help sb. (to) do sth.帮助某人做某事
help( to )do sth.有助于
典型例题:
When he heard that his mother died, he couldn’t help but___.(D)
A. crying B. to crying
C. cried D. cry
2) make
make +宾语 + 形容词 “使某人/某事成为……”
The interesting story made him very happy.
The smoke made the room dirty.
4. We should also eat carbohydrates, the main fuel for your body.
我们还应该吃碳水化合物，这是身体的主要养料。
1) main (adj.) (无比较级) 主要的；重要的；大陆的；本土的（作定语）
Can you follow the main points of his speech?
你听懂他说话的要点了吗？
2) main (n.) 主要部份（常用复数形式，表示铁路，电等的干线）
The new house is not yet connected to the mains.
新房子（的水电）还没接上总管道。
5. But the choices we make are not just about nutrition.
但我们所做的选择不仅和营养有关。
not just = not only
e.g. His lecture not just referred to the cultural difference between America and China. 他的演讲不仅仅涉及到中美之间的文化差异。
The cuts will affect not just this school but also other schools in the area.
这些削减（项目）不仅会影响这所学校，而且会影响区内的其它学校。
6. Many people today make choices about their eating habits based on what they believe.
1) n. [C]
In 1894, he went to England and made London the base for his revolutionary work. 在1849年，他去了英格兰并将伦敦作为他革命工作的基地。
2) Vt. The story is based on a true story.
3)base one’s opinion (up) on the facts.
把自己的观点建立在真实的基础上
典型例题：
There’s a house ____ the base of the mountain. (C)
A. in B. over C. at D. by
7.…environmentally friendly food, or “eco- food”, is produced by companies who have tried to use green and clean ways to grow it.
对环境有利的食品，也就是“生态食品”，是公司尽量使用绿色干净的食品制作方式生产的。
green表示“对环境无害的”
8. It is probably better, however, if we spend our time and money on building good food and keeping a balanced diet.
不过，如果我们把时间、金钱花费在选择健康食品和保持平衡饮食上可能会更好.
however (无比较级) adv.
1) (作how的强调形式) 怎么会,竟会
However did you make such a mistake?
你怎么竟会犯这样的错误.
2) (作连接性副词)不管……如何;多么……(可修饰adj./adv.后必须紧跟adj./adv.句子应该半倒装=no matter how)
However hard he tried, he couldn’t remember the text.
3) (起副词作用) 但是;可是; 不过(多插在句子中间,有时可放在句首或句尾,多用逗号与句子隔开.)
e.g. The Einsteins, however, couldn’t pay for the education that young Albert need.
然而爱因斯坦夫妇付不起小阿尔伯特所需学费.
I’d like to go with you, however, my hands are full.
我很想和你一块儿去,但是我忙不过来.
conj.怎么样……都行(引导壮语从句)
He can go however he likes. 他爱怎么去就怎么去好了.
9. Instead of eating expensive diet foods or going on unhealthy diets, we can simply try to eat less fat and sugar and exercise more.
不用吃昂贵的食疗食品,或者进行不健康的节食,我们只需尽量少吃脂肪和糖,多运动.
instead of “代替,而不是”
instead of sth./ doing
e.g. Can you have the meeting on Thursday instead of Saturday?
你们能星期四而不是星期六开会吗?
Instead of just complaining all the time, why don’t you do something about it!
别老是光发牢骚,你干嘛不做点儿什么?
2) simply在句中不是“简单地，简易的”，而是作“仅仅，只不过”解。相当于just/ only
e.g. I’d like to help. It’s simply a question of money.
我很乐意帮忙，那只不过是钱的问题。
Grammar
Modal verbs (1)-had better, should, ought to
1. had better ( ’d better)
had better +动词原形，意为“最好…;还是…为好”,指现在或将来,不指过去,无人称和数的变化,语气比should, ought to 更委婉.
e.g. You’re tired, you’d better get some sleep.
你累了,最好去睡一会儿.
I’d better not disturb him.
我最好不去打扰他.
注意:使用had better 时应注意以下几种形式:
1). 肯定句: had better + 动词原形
e.g. You’d better leave here now.
2). 否定句: had better not +动词原形
e.g. You’d better not leave here now.
3). 疑问句: had +sb.+ better…? (肯定)
e.g. Had you better leave here now?
had +sb.+ better not ..?
hadn’t +sb.+better…?
4). 反意疑问句:
e.g. You’d better not leave here, had you?
2. ought/ should
ought + to do 语气比should 强,侧重反映客观情况.
should + 动词原形 表说话人的主观看法
e.g. You should call on Mary next week.你应该在下个礼拜去看望玛丽.(强调说话人的态度)
You ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will.
明天按理我们应该去看望玛丽,但是我认为我们不会去.(ought to 反映客观情况)
ought not to 不许可
should not 不应该
e.g. Such things ought not to be done.
such things should not be done.
ought to have + 过去分词 ; should have +过去分词,表示过去本来应该做,而实际上未能实现的动作.
e.g. I told Rose how to get here, but perhaps I should have written it out for her.
我告诉了罗斯如何到那里,但是或许我应该写下来给她.(表示本来应该写出地址,而实际上没有写出来)
Integrating skills
1.Even if we choose nutritious food for our main meals, the probably still need to refuel now and then.
即使我们选择有营养的事物作为主食,我们可能仍需要时不时地补充能量.
1).even if “即使,虽然”引导让步状语从句,有时可用even though来替换.
e.g. Even if me could afford it, we wouldn’t go abroad for our holidays.
即使我们有能力,我们也不会出国度假.
Even if you lose the match, you shouldn’t lose heart.
即使你输了比赛,你也不该丧失斗志.
2).now and then 作 “有时,不时”讲,有是可用every now and then或now and again表示,意思上相当于sometime.
e.g. Although Phil is busy, he e-mails to me now and then.
虽然菲儿很忙,她偶尔还是会给我发电子邮件.
We haven’t seen each other for years, but we chat online now and then.
我们已有很多年没见过面了,但是我们有时会上网聊一聊.
2. There are many recipes for simple and healthy snacks that taste great and keep us going.
taste--tasty adj. 美味的
1).作行为动词 “品尝”, “尝味”
e.g. Taste the fish and tell me whether you like it or not.
尝尝这条鱼,告诉我你是否喜欢.
2).作系动词 “尝起来…”, “有…味道”后接adj.作表语
e.g. This kind of food tastes good.
3).作名词 “味道” “味觉” “兴趣”
e.g. I’ve get a cold and so I have no taste. 我伤风了,尝不出味道.
She has a taste for foreign travel. 她有到外国旅游的爱好.
Modern art is not to everyone’s taste. 现代艺术不见得合所有人的口味.
注意: 类似的系动词还有:sound, look, small, feel这些系动词没有被动语态,也不能用于进行时.
e.g. The music is sound wonderful.(F)
The music sound wonderful.
Unit 13 Exercises
一.选择
1 .You must be strict with yourself_____.(B)
A. in the past B. in the future
C. ever since then D. in future
2. In you homework exercise you made ____(B)
twenty spelling mistakes.
A. plenty of B. as many as
C. so many as D. a lot of
3. She was not ____frightened; in fact, she was nearly frightened to death.(C)
A. a bit B. at all C. a little D. much
4. There are ____snow on the ground, if you go(C)
____fast, you will fall over.
A. too much; too much B. much too; much too
C. too much; much too D. much too; too much
5. This book ____a lot of important information.(A)
A. contains B. considers
C. suggests D. advises
6.---Are you coming to Jeff’s party?(D)
---I’m not sure. I ____ go to the concert instead.
A. must B. would C. should D. might
7. We thought of selling this old furniture, but we’ve decided to _____it. It might be valuable.(A)
A. hold on to B. keep up with
C. turn to D. look after
8.---you don’t look very____. Are you ill?(B)
---No, I’m just a bit tired.
A. good B. well C. strong D. healthy
9.Allen had to call a taxi because the box was____ to carry all the way home.(A)
A. much too heavy B. too much heavy
C. heavy too much D. to heavy much
10. A left-luggage office is a place where bags ____ be left for a short time, especially at a
railway station.(B)
A. should B. can C. must D. will
11. We _______ last night, but we went to the concert instead.(C)
A. must have studied B. might study
C. should have studied D. would study
12. The food is ____fat, sugar and salt, so you must eat ______.(B)
A. rich in, much B. high in , little
C. poor in , less D. bad for, much
13.The doctor often advised my father _______.(A)
A. to stop smoking B. to stop to smoke
C. stops smoking D. stopped to smoke
14. The doctor advised the patient to take _____ in the open air.(A)
A. exercise B. exercises
C. medicine D. part
15. Be _____ for every eventuality if you go on a visit.(A)
A. well prepared B. well preparing
C. fully preparing D. very prepared
二.填空
1. I advised her ___ ___ ___ ___ it ___ ___.(not to think about ; any more)
(我建议她别再想那件事了.)
2. ____ (一旦) you’ve got fat, it’s very hard to ____ _____.(减肥) (once; lose weight)
3. You ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____. (今后更加小心) (should be more careful in future)
4. Ice cream is ____ ____(垃圾食品) because it has a lot of ___ ___ ____ (脂肪和糖), while vegetables are good because they ____ ____ ____ _____ .(含有许多维生素)
(junk food; fat and sugar; contain lots of vitamins )
5. Even if we choose ______ _____(营养食物) for our main meals, we probably still need to ____ ____ ____ ____ .(不时的补充能量) (nutritious food; refuel now and then)