1．reach 的用法
reach [ri:tM] vt. 到达，抵达。表示到达之意的还有 arrive at (in) , get to 等。例如：
① The president reached Beijing by special plane yesterday.
总统昨天乘专机到达北京。
② We reached here Thursday morning. 我们是星期四早晨到达这里的。
③ Dr Bethune arrived in Yanan in the spring of 1938．
白求恩大夫于1938年春到达延安。
④ When did you arrive in Europe? 你何时到达欧洲？
⑤ She was always the first to arrive at the workshop. 她总是第一个来到车间。
⑥ They arrived at the station at two o'clock. 他们两点钟来到车站。
⑦ We must get to the airport before 8．我们必须在八点钟前到机场。
⑧ When did you get home yesterday? 你昨天什么时候到家的？
⑨ “When did the train arrived?” “Half an hour ago.”
火车何时到达的？半小时之前。
【注意】在指到达一个洲、国家、城市等大地方时，arrive后多用in；而在指到达一个小地方时，多用at。但如将一个城市当作一个点看待，也可用
at。例如：
① Mary arrived in Shanghai last month. 玛丽上月到达上海。
② We arrived at the small village in the evening. 我们傍晚到达那个小村庄。
③ The train arrived at Jinan at ten o' clock. 火车十点钟抵达济南站。
2．discover 的用法
discover [dis'k)v+] vt. 发现(已存在但并不为人所知的事，通常指地方或科学事实)；知道。discover的基本用法如下：
1)跟名词或代词：
①It was Madame Curie who discovered the element radium.
是居里夫人发现了镭元素。
② Columbus discovered America in 1492．哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。
2)跟从句：
① It was discovered that our food was running short. 我们发现粮食快完了。
② We discovered that he was an enemy spy. 我们发现他是一名敌特。
3)跟带连接词的不定式：
① We never discovered how to open the box. 我们找不出打开盒子的方法。
4)跟复合宾语：
① We discovered him to be an enemy spy. 我们发现他是一名敌特。
② We discovered them sitting around a fire talking.
我们发现他们围坐在篝火旁谈话。
3．both [b+uI] 的基本用法
1)both 用作连词。通常与and连用，构成“both…and…”形式，意为“……和……两者都”，使用时，both和and后面一般都跟着相同词类的词。例如： ① She both plays the piano and sings. (both+ 动词+ and+ 动词)
她既弹钢琴，也唱歌。
② She plays both the piano and the guitar.
(both+名词；and+名词)
她既弹钢琴，也弹吉他。
2)both用作代词。常位于连系动词之后，或实义动词之前；但若当动词是由几个部分组成时，both则放在第一个助动词之后。此外，它可用作主语。如：
①They are both absent. (同位语)他们俩都缺席。
②They both agree to stay. (同上)他们俩都同意留下来。
③We have both studied French.
我们两个人都学习过法语。
3)both还可作形容词。其用法和either相似，但both后面接复数名词，either后面只接单数名词。如：
①New cities came into being on both sides of the Great Wall. (=New cities came into being on either side of the Great Wall.)
长城的两边出现了崭新的城市。
4)both的全部否定，应用neither或not…either；而both…not却是部分否定。如：
①Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard.
(=Either of them was not in good health, but both worked very hard.)
他们俩身体都不好，但都努力地工作。 ②Both of them are not teachers. 他们俩并非都是教师。
4．room [ru:m] 的基本用法
1)room可以用作不可数名词，意为“(未占用的或可利用的)空间；地位；余地”。例如：
①Is there room for me? 还有我的地方吗？
②It's polite for the youth to make room for the old in the bus.
在公共汽车上为老人让路是有礼貌的。
③There's plenty of room for the desks. 有足够的空地方放课桌。
④There's room for three more. 还有三个人的位置。
⑤I haven't much room to move here.
我这儿没有多少活动余地。 ⑥Can you make room for another?
你还能腾出一个(或一件东西)的地方吗？
⑦This table takes up too much room----we'd better put it out. 这张桌子占的地方太大，我们最好把它搬到外头去。
2)room可以用作可数名词，意为“房间，室；一套房间；寓所”。例如：
①How many rooms are there in this hotel? 这家饭店里有多少房间？
②This room is a very pleasant one. 这个房间很舒服。
【注意】与room常合成的词有：bathroom 洗澡间；sitting-room 起居室；dinning-room 饭厅；schoolroom教室
5．prepare的用法
prepare [pri'p#+] vt. ＆ vi. 准备
1)跟名词或代词(可有较活译法)：
①Please prepare the table for dinner. 请摆好桌子吃晚饭。
②Mother is preparing us a meal. 母亲正为我们做饭。
2)跟不定式：
①They are busy preparing to go on holiday. 他们正忙着准备休假。
3)prepare for引起的短语表示“为……做好准备”。
①We were given two days to prepare for the examination.
给了我们两天时间准备考试。
②Hope for the best and prepare for the worst.
[谚]存最好的希望，准备应付最坏的情况。
6．way的用法 1)way(意为“方法”)经常不用介词。例如：
①I think you're putting it together (in) the wrong way.
我认为你把它装错了。
②Do it any Way you like. 你爱怎么干就怎么干。
在有关从句的句子里，我们在way后面常用that来代替in which。
例如：
③I like the way (that) she organized the meeting. 我喜欢他组织会议的方法。
2)way后面可跟“带to的动词不定式”结构，也可跟“of+ -ing”结构。两者之间没有重要区别。例如：
①There's no way to prove he was stealing money. 无法证明他在偷钱。
②There's no way of proving he was stealing money.
无法证明他在偷钱。
3)不要混淆in the way和on the way：in the way是用来谈障碍--------阻止你到想去的地方的人或物；on the way意为“在途中”。试比较：
①Please don't stand in the kitchen door----you're in the way.
请不要站在厨房门口--------你挡了我的路。
②Let's not stop too often on the way. 咱们别老在途中停留了。
7．offer的用法
offer作为及物动词，有以下几种意思：
1)提供，提出。如：
①The young man offered the old woman his own seat.
那位年轻人把自己的座位让给那位老大娘。 2)出价，开价(常与介词for连用)。如：
①I offered him ￡10,000 for the house.
我出价一万英镑向他买那座房子。
②I offered him the house for ￡10,000．
我以一万磅的价格把那座房子卖给他。
3)表示愿意做某事(常与不定式连用)如：
①We offered to go with him. 我们表示愿意和他一道去。
▲另外，offer也可作为名词用，意思是“提供”，“提供的事物”。如：
①You ought to accept the offer. 你应该接受这个提议。
8．turn 一词的几种常见用法
1)Take turns to do, take turns at doing 或do …by turns 都表示“轮流做某事”的意思。It's one's turn to do… 表示“轮到某人做某事”。注意表达时turn 一词的单复数形式。如：
①Take turns to offer each other the foods in Part 2 in pairs.
两人一组，轮流请对方吃第二部分列出的食物。
②They took turns to keep watch.
他们轮流站岗。(=They kept watch by turns.)
③We take turns to make/ at making dinner.
我们轮流做晚饭。(=We make dinner by turns.)
④The two drivers took turns at driving the truck.
两个驾驶员轮流开车。(=…drove …by turns.)
⑤It's your turn to recite the passage. 轮到你背诵这篇短文了。
⑥Whose turn is it to speak now? 现在轮到谁发言了？
【注意】 Wait your turn是“等着轮到你”的意思，这里wait后不能接for。
Wait your turn = Wait until it is your turn.
2)turn = become，用作连系动词。如：
①In autumn the leaves turn brown. 秋天树叶变黄。
②Ice turns into water when (it is) heated. 冰加热变成水。
③Three years later, he turned thief/ doctor.
三年后他变成了贼/医生。
【注意】句③中，turn接表示主语身份的名词时，该名词前不带冠词。
▲说“情况变得更糟了”，英语是 get worse 或 turn for the worse，而个说 turn worse.
3)turn out表示“结果……”，如：
①The project turned out (to be) a failure.
计划结果失败了。(to be可省略)
②The day turned out to be a fine one. 结果那天是个晴天。
③I hope everything will turn out fine/ well/ all right. 我希望一切都会好的。
4)turn up = appear, be found 表示“出现”。如：①He promised to come, but so far he hasn't turned up yet.
他答应来的，可到现在还没出现。
②I expect the missing watch will turn up one day.
我希望那块丢失的手表哪一天会出现。
③Tom is always waiting for something to turn up.
Tom总是等待着好运会降临。
5)其它turn所用于的情况：
①Don't always turn to the dictionary when you come to a new word.碰到生词时不要总是查词典。
②Don't turn to him for help. 不要求助于他。
③He turned the key in the lock. 他用钥匙开门。
④Turn over the page. 翻过一页。
⑤The doctor turned him over and looked at his back.
医生把他翻过来查看他的背。 ⑥Turn it round and let me see the other side. 把它转过来，让我看另一面。⑦Turn away from the light. 背过光去。
⑧Turn down the radio/ light. 把收音机音量放小些/把灯调暗些。⑨Turn your pocket inside out. 把你的口袋翻过来。
⑩Turn the bottle upside down. 把瓶倒过来。
(11)She was angry and turned her back to me. 她生气了，背对着我。(12)Turn your eyes this way. 朝这边看。
9．ship 作为动词的用法
1)ship作为及物动词，意思是“用船运送”、“运送”。如：
①They shipped the machine from Shanghai to Tianjin last week.他们于上星期用船把那台机器从上海运到天津。
②Did he ship the goods by train or by plane?
他是用火车还是用飞机运送那批货物的？
2)ship作为不及物动词，意为“上船”、“乘船”、“在船上工作”。如：①He said good - bye to his family and shipped out for England.他向家人道别，乘船到英国去了。
②He shipped as cook. 他在船上当厨师。
重要词组短语
1．be made into, be made of, be made from 和be made up of 的用法区别
1)be made into意思是“被制成”。如：
①In many parts of the world corn is made into powder.
在世界许多地方玉米被制成粉。
②We can make glass into different kinds of things.
我们可以把玻璃制成各种东西。
2)be made of原为 be made out of， out常被省略。这一短语表示成品制成后，仍保留了原材料的形状，制作过程仅发生了物理变化。如：
①The desks and chairs are made of wood. 这些课桌都是木头制成的。
②The cloth is made of cotton. 这种布是用棉花制成的。
3)be made from 表示制成的东西完全失去了原材料的外性和特性，原料在制作过程中发生了化学变化，从成品已无法辨认。如： ①Gas is made from coal. 煤气由煤制成。
②This kind of wine is made from rice. 这种酒是米制成的。
4)be made up of是“由……组成”的意思。如：
①The article is made up of four parts.
这篇文章由四部分组成。
②The sports team is made up of twenty members.
这支运动队有二十人组成。
【注意】be made of，be made into和make …into…许多时候可互换使用。
如：
①Bread is made of flour.
=Flour can be made into bread.
=We can make flour into bread.
=We can make bread (out) of flour.
2．help oneself 的用法
help oneself是固定用法，可单独使用，也可和介词to连用。主要有四种含义：
1)serve oneself (with food or drink) 自用(食物等)。如：
①There is some bread on the table. You may help yourself to it. 桌子上有面包，你自己拿去吃吧！
②----Can I have a drink?
----Help yourself.
“我可以喝点吗？”
“别客气(随便喝吧)！”
③“Jill, help yourself to the pancakes. They are delicious”. 吉尔(自己)拿些煎饼吃吧！非常好吃！
2)take for (oneself), esp. dishonestly, 擅自取用。此时，to后宾语不一定是食物类，而可以泛指其他各种物品。如：
①The money was on the table and no one was there, so he helped himself (to it). 桌上有钱，左右无人，于是他就拿走了。
②Before leaving, father warned me against not to help myself to the medicine in the box on the shelf. 出门前，父亲再次警告我不要拿放在架子上盒子
里的药。
【注意】 help sb to sth表示“替别人取食物等。”如：
①May I help you to some more meat? 我帮你再拿些肉好吗？
3．动词时态和by引起的时间状语
by引导的时间状语，有“在某时前、到某时为止”、“到某时”的意思，所修饰的谓语动词的时态既取决于by短语，指过去、将来还是现在，也取决于谓语动词是动作动词还是状态动词。详述如下：
1)by引导的时间状语表示过去某一时间
(1)如谓语动词是动作动词，该动作到by短语所示时间时已经完成，则用过去完成时。如：
①By the time he was ten, he had already built a chemistry lab for himself.
到了十岁时，他为自己建了一个化学实验室。
(2)如谓语动词是动作动词，该动作到by短语所示时间时尚在进行之中，则用过去进行时。如： ①By seven o'clock, the wind was blowing harder than ever.
到七点时，北风比以往吹得更强劲了。
(3)如谓语动词是状态动词，表示到by短语所示时间时存在的状态，则用过去时。如：
①By that time the Japanese were already very near.
到那时，日本人已经很近了。
②By then he knew what he wanted to be when he grew up.
到那时，他知道他长大后要干什么。
(4)如谓语动词是状态动词，表示到by短语所示时间时该状态已延续若干时间，则用过去完成时。这时，另有一个表示一段时间的状语，说明该状态延续的时间长度。如： ①By the end of last month, my brother had been on that ship for two years.
到上月底，我兄弟在那艘轮船上已有两年了。
2)by短语表示将来某一时间
(1)谓语动词如果是动作动词，则用将来完成时或一般将来时，表示到by短语所表示的时间时该动作将完成。如：
①Quite often you'll find the unknown word comes again, perhaps several times and by the end of the chapter you'll have guessed its meaning.
你常常会发现，那个不认识的单词会再次出现，也许会多次出现。到全章快读完时，你就会猜出这个词的意义了。
②We will have the work completed by noon tomorrow.
到明天中午我们将把工作做完。
在主动词为过去式的宾语从句中则用过去将来时。如：
③Mrs Adams thought the movie would be finished by 10:30 p. m. 亚当斯认为电影到晚上十点半会结束。
(2)如谓语动词是状态动词，则用一般将来时，表示到by短语所示时间将出现的状态。如：
①Your son will be all right by supper time.
到吃晚饭时你儿子(的病)就会好了。
②He won't be here by this time tomorrow.
明天这个时候他还不会到这里。
3)by短语表示现在
如谓语动词是动作的动词，则用现在完成时，表示到现在该动作已完成。如： Perhaps she's recovered by now. 也许现在她已恢复健康了。
4．be able to与can的用法区别
be able to表示能力，意思上与can没有区别，但can只有现在式和过去式(could)，而 be able to则有更多的形式，体现在be的时态变化上。例如：
①No one is able to do it. (= No one can do it.) 没人能做这件事。
②We shall be able to finish the work next week.
我们下周将能完成这项工作。
③I haven't been able to find the book. 我没能够找到那本书。
常用句型结构
1．as…as…中第一个as是副词，第二个as是连词，其基本用法如下：
1)如果我们要说两个东西在某方面是一样的，同我们就可以用as…as… 加一个原级形容词或副词。如：
①It's as cold as ice. 它象冰一样冷。
②He drove as fast as he could. 他尽可能快开。
在非正式文体中，第一个as往往省略。美国英语尤其如此。例
如：
③She's bard as mails. 她冷酷无情。
如果第二个as后面跟的是人称代词，可以用主格(I，he，we等)，也可以用宾格(me，him，us等)。在正式的文体中多用主格(as clever as I)，但在非正式的讲话或文字中，宾格较为普通(as clever as me)。
【注意】在作否定的比较时，可用not as…as…，也可用not so…as…。在现代英语中，两者都是正确的。例如：
④She's not as/ so nice as her sister. 她不如她姐姐好。
2)如果涉及数量，我们可以用as much …as…或as many …as…加一个名词。
例如：
①I haven't got as much money as I thought.
我没有原来想象的那么多钱。
②We need as many records as possible.
我们需要尽量多弄到一些唱片。
▲as much和 as many也可用作代词，后面不跟名词。如：
③I ate as much as I could. 我放开肚子大吃了一顿。
④He didn't catch as much as he'd hoped.
他没有得到预期的那么多。
▲as much还可以用作状语，来修饰某个动作或状态。如：
⑤You ought to rest as much as possible. 你应当尽量多休息。
3)as…as还可以与twice，three times等连用，也可以与half，a quarter等连用。例如：
①I'm not going out with a man who's twice as old as me.
我不愿意和一个年纪比我大一倍的人一起参加社交活动。
②We got three times as many people as expected.
来的人超过我们预料人数的两倍。
③You're not half as clever as you think you are.
你可不象自己想象的一半那么聪明。
2．“too…to…”意为“太……以致于不能……”。例如：
①He's too old to work. 他太老了，不能工作了。
②It's too late for the pubs to be open.
天太晚了，酒馆不会营业了。
③It's too heavy for you to lift. 太重了，你提不起来。
【注意】当glad，eager，easy，pleased等形容词放在“too…to…”结构中的“too”后时，其后的不定式短语往往含有肯定意义。例如：
①I am too eager to join the Youth League. 我非常渴望加入共青团。
②I am too glad to meet you. 见到你我非常高兴。
3．感叹句的两种形式
感叹句由 What或 How引导。What后接名词；How后接形容词或副词。构成以下句型：What＋a(an)＋(adj.)＋可数名词单数；What＋(adj.)＋可数名词复数或不可数名词以及How＋(adj. ＆ adv). ＋句子。例如：
①What an interesting film we saw yesterday!
昨天我们看的电影真有趣！
②What delicious beancurd you offered me!
你给我的豆腐真好吃！
③How delicious the soup is! 这汤真香！
④How hard the farmers are working in the fields!
农夫们在田野里干得多起劲！