Useful expressions
1.学习21课的对话，可以复习日常交际用语中“打电话”的常用语。
电话铃响了，接电话的人通常先报自己的姓名或自己的电话号码，如：Hello, this is Tom speaking. 或 Hello, Tom 或Hello, 8433156.
如果对方找的就是Tom，则会马上说出自己是谁，如：Hello, this is Mary speaking 或 This is Mary. 或It’s Mary here .接着就讲所要谈的事情。如果对方找的不是Tom，而是Peter，对方可能询问：Is Peter in ?或 Is Peter there ? 或 Is Peter at home ?或者提出要同Peter通话的要求，如：May/Can/Could I speak to Peter ,please? 或 I’d like to speak to Peter, please.
如果Peter在家，你要去叫Peter来接电话，你要对方稍等一会，通常说：A moment, please. 或Hold on, please.
如果Peter不在，你可以告诉对方，并请他留下口信。你可以说：Sorry, Peter isn’t in ./ Peter is out. / Peter isn’t here right now. Can/Could I take a message for you ? 或 Would you like to leave a message ? 或者叫他晚些时候再打电话，并告诉他Peter可能回来的时间。
如：Can you call later? He’ll be back at about…… 例如：
A: Hello, this is Charlie Green 喂，我是查理格林。
B: Hello, it’s Jack here, Could I speak to Peter, please? 喂，我是杰克。请彼得接电话好吗？
A: Sorry, he isn’t here right now .Can I take a message for you? 对不起，他现在不在,要我给你带个口信给他吗?
B: Yes, please tell him I’ll go and see him this evening. 好的, 请告诉他我今天晚上要去看他。
A: Sure, I will。 Anything else? 我一定转告，还有什么事吗？
B: No, Good-bye! 没有，再见！
A: Good-bye!再见！
2. Excuse me for ringing you so late in the evening.对不起，晚上这么晚了我不给你打电话。
That’s OK.没关系。
“Excuse me”是表示歉意的交际用语。后接介词短语for……，表示失礼的原因。回答时通常用That’s OK（没关系。） That’s all right .没什么。）Never mind.（不要紧。）例如：
A: Excuse me for ringing you so early in the morning.对不起，早上这么早给你打电话。
B: That’s OK.没关系。
3.You had it when I last saw you. 我上次见到你时，看到你有鸡年的邮票。
last在这儿用作副词，表示“最后”、“上一次”、“最近地”(most recently）。
例如：
When did your elder brother last write to you ?
你哥哥最近一次给你写信是什么时候？
I last saw him two months ago.
我上次见到他是两个月前。
4.Oh! What a pity! / What a shame! 嗳！太遗憾了！
这两个句子都是表示遗憾的交际用语，a shame(=a pity)作“遗憾的事”解。例如：
1)A: There will be a good film at the People’s Cinema tonight. 今晚人民电影院放映一部好电影。
Will you go to see it with me? 你和我一起去看吗？
B: No, I will have an important meeting to attend 不行，我有个重要的会议要参加。
A: Oh dear ,What a pity! 啊，太遗憾了。
2)A: I’m sorry I can’t join you in the travel.
对不起，我不能参加你们的旅行了。
B: What a shame! / What a pity. 真遗憾！
3)It’s a pity (that) you missed the lecture given by Professor Smith.
很遗憾，你没有听史密斯教授的讲座。
这是由形式主语it引导的表示遗憾的用语，即由It is a pity +that clause（从句）构成，由that 引导的主语从句表示遗憾的具体内容，连词that常可省略。又如：
It’s a pity (that) he cannot join us in the travel 很遗憾，他不能参加我们的旅行了。
5. Later, another type of coin was used, with holes in it ,and these were used for the next 2000 years, that is ,from 221 BC until 1916.
后来使用另外一种中间有孔的硬币，这种硬币以后用了2000年，即从公元前221年开始到1916年为止。
1) with holes in it 是一个with的复合结构，由with+ n.+介词短语组成，作定语，相当于一个定语从句（……which has holds in it），对先行词coin 作补充说明。例如：
John’s family used to live in a wooden house, with trees round it.
约翰一家过去住在一座木头房子里，四周都是树木。
This is a new type of machine, with lots of metres on it.
这是一种新型机器，上面有很多仪表。
In the cave he found a coin, with a man’s head on it.
在这个洞里，他发现了一枚硬币，币上有一个男人的头像。
这种with的复合结构也可用作方式状语。例如：
The teacher came into the classroom, with a book in his hand.
老师走进教室，手里拿着一本书。
He is deep in thought, with his head in his hands.
他陷入深思，两只手捧着头。
2) “that is”意思是“这就是说”、“也就是”。在句中作插入语，用以对上文补充说明。
插入语的前后通常用逗号同句子的其他部分分开。例如：
John lived in London for nearly 10 years, that is, from 1986 to 1996.
约翰在伦敦住过将近十年，也就是从1986年到1996年。
Bruce is a New Yorker; that is ,he lives in New York.
布鲁斯是纽约人，也就是说，他现在住在纽约。
6.Coins may be of different sizes, weights, shapes, and of different metals.
硬币可能大小、轻重、形状不同，铸造的金属可能不一样。
句中of所引起的介词短语作表语，表示coins的特征。be of +n.结构用法如下：
1) be of +表示种类、年龄、颜色、形状、价格等名词，有“属于；归于”之意。例如：
The twelve of the stamps were of the usual kind.
这些邮票中的12枚属普通类。
The two girls are of an age / the same age.
这两个女孩年龄一样大。
Join is of a different way of thinking.
约翰的思维方法与众不同。
2) be of+抽象名词，表示主语的性质或特征，相当于be +相应的形容词。例如：
They are of great help to learners of English.
他们对英语学习者帮助很大。
The meeting is of great importance.
这个会议非常重要。
Sport and games can be of great value.
体育运动可能具有很大的价值。
7.The earliest coins in the west were made of gold mixed with silver.
西方最早的硬币是用金银的合金制成的。
mixed with silver 是过去分词作短语，作定语，修饰gold。作定语用的过去分词短语通常都是置于它所修饰的名词后面，在意思上大体相当于一个定语从句。例如：
They cleaned the floor with water mixed with a chemical.
他们用渗有一种化学药剂的水擦洗地板。
These are the coins collected by the old man.
这些就是那位教师收集的硬币。
The girl dressed in red is his younger sister.
穿红衣服的女孩是他的妹妹。
但单个的过去分词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词前面。例如：
I can finish the work in the given time.
我可以在规定的时间内完成这项工作。
He is a respected and beloved leader.
他是一位受人尊敬和爱戴的领导。
8.It contained 54,951 coins dating from the years 260-275 AD.
（在英格兰发现的）那一堆硬币共有54，951枚，制币时间是公元260年至275年之间。
It指上文的 the collection of coins found in England. -ing短语dating from……作定语，相当于一个定语从句……which dated from the years……，修饰先行词coins。这里的date是不及物动词，作“起始”、“兴起于”解，常用介词from一起构成短语动词date from，意思是始于……时期“（come from a certain time）”。例如：
The castle dates from the 17th century.
这城堡始建于十七世纪。
The friendship dating from our childhood will never be forgotten.
我们童年结下的友谊是决不会被忘掉的。
His interest in stamp collecting dates from his teens.
他集邮的兴趣产生于他十几岁的时候。
9.The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies,all of them over 600 years old.
英格兰发现的最大一堆硬币是20万枚银制的便士，它们都是600年前制作的。
collection n. group of objects that have been collected and that belong together. 收集品
This museum has a large collection of ancient pictures.
这家博物馆收藏一大批古代绘画。
The collection of the data for this report took me a lot of time.
我花了相当多的时间收集这份报告的资料。
10.It is possible that one of them kept a kind of bank where the workers could keep their money safe.
其中有一个人可能开了一种钱庄，工人们可以把钱安全地存放在那里。
这是一个由形式主语it引导的句子，其句型结构为：It is +adj.+that clause.真正的主语是后面的that从句。例如：
It is possible that it will rain tomorrow.
明天可能会下雨。
It was clear that they hadn’t made a decision.
很明显，他们还没作出决定。
keep a bank开办银行。keep是及物动词，作“经营”、“管理”、“养活”解，后跟名词作宾语。如：keep a hotel 经营旅馆，keep a shop 开商店，keep the house 管理家务，keep a family 养家糊口。
keep the money safe 使钱存放安全。这里的keep也是及物动词，作“使保持（某种状态）”解，后跟带形容词的复合结构（keep +n.+adj.）。例如：
You should keep you room clean and tidy.
你们应保持你们的房间整洁。
Keep the food cool, or it will go bad.
把食物冷藏起来，否则会坏掉。
11.It is known that thousands of Chinese worked in the gold mines in the late 19th century.
据了解，有几千名中国人在十九世纪后期曾经在这儿的金矿做过工。
It is known that……是由形式主语it引导的句子，类似的句型还有：
It is said that ……据说,……
It is believed that……据信，……
It is reported that……据报导，……
It is announced that……据宣布，……
12.Possibly this person died without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden.(=It is possible that after the death of this person, no one knows where the coins were hidden.)
可能这个人去世后就没有人知道这批硬币藏在什么地方了。
……without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden是一个介词短语，在句中作状语。在knowing后还跟一个宾语从句。又如：
He is too serious without anyone getting near to him.
他太严肃了，没有人亲近他。
He hid the money without anyone knowing where it was.
他把钱藏起来了，没有人知道钱在什么地方。
介词without作“毫无”、“没有”解，后跟名词或-ing形式，作状语，除表示结果外，更多的是表示方式或条件，可以有灵活的译法。例如：
He looked at me without expression.
他毫无表情地看着我。
Fish can’t live without water.
鱼离开水就不能生存。
He left the room without saying anything.
他二话没说离开了房间。
He came to the party without being invited.
没被邀请他也来参加了晚会。
13.The ones which you decide not to keep can be traded with other people.
(=You can give the stamps which you don’t need to other people in exchange for new ones.)
那些你决定不保留的邮票可以同别人交换。
短语动词trade with sb.作“与（某人）做买卖”(have dealings with sb.)、“同（某人）交换”(exchange goods with sb.)解。例如：
Britain trades with many European countries.
英国与许多欧洲国家有贸易往来。
They are stamp collectors; they often trade stamps with each other.
他们是集邮者；他们经常互相交换邮票。
I’d like to trade this knife for your book.
我想用这把刀换你的书。
14.However, do keep the envelope if it is the first date when that particular stamp is used.
但如果那种邮票是第一天启用的，就一定要把信封保存起来。
句中的do是助动词，表示强调，有“务必”、“一定要”的意思。例如：
Do keep quiet in class. 上课时一定要保持安静。
Do come to the meeting on time. 务必准时到会。
句中when是关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰先行词date，例如：
Do you remember the date when your little sister was born?
你记得你小妹妹出生的日期吗？
I’ll never forget the day when I first came to this city.
我将永远忘不了第一次来这个城市的那一天。
15.Sooner or later you will decide that you want to collect a certain kind of stamp.
迟早你会决定要收集某种邮票。
He is always telling lies; he will be punished sooner or later.
他老是撒谎，迟早会受到惩罚的。
Sooner or later Taiwan will return to our country.
迟早台湾会回归祖国的。
You should tell him the secret, because sooner or later he will find it out.
你应该把这个秘密告诉他，因为迟早他会发现的。
16.You can then look for new ones to add to your collection.
那么你可以再收集新邮票来充实你的邮集。
add to 短语动词，作“增添”解（increase）。例如：
Her sickness added to the family’s troubles.
她的病增添了家中的困难。
The newly built bridge added to the beauty of the city.
新建的大桥给这座城市增添了一道风景。
17.Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you can afford. (=Go to the place where stamps are sold ,and buy any stamps that you have enough money to buy.)
到邮票销售点去，把你能买得起的邮票买下来。
stamp sales=stamp sales department. 邮票销售部，邮票销售点（the place where stamps are sold）.
sale的复数形式sales常用来作定语，或构成合成语。例如：
a sales talk 销售洽谈； the sales department 销售部；
salesgirl/salesman/saleswoman推销员，售货员。
whatever 是连接代词,意为“凡是……的”、“所……的东西”（anything that），用来引导名词从句。本句中的whatever you can afford 就是用作及物动词buy 的宾语（……and buy anything that you can afford ）.例如:
Whatever he said was true .(=Anything that he said was true.)
他所说的（事）都是真实的。（主语从句）
You have to do whatever you are told to. (=You have to do anything that you are told to do.)
叫你干什么你就得干什么。
此外，whatever还可作“无论什么”解，=no matter what用来引导状语从句，表示让步。例如：
Whatever you do ,do your best.(=No matter what you do, do your best.)
无论你干什么，总要尽最大努力。
Don’t change your mind whatever happens.
(Don't change your mind no matter what happens.)
无论发生什么情况，不要改变你的主张。
afford vt 花得起，买得起（have enough money to pay for.）。例如：
The house for sale is at such high price that we can’t afford it.
那座待售的房子价格太高，我们买不起。
This kind of car costs a lot of money, but he can afford (to buy )it.
这类小汽车要花很多钱，但他买得起。
18.You can often pick up packs of used stamps very cheaply.
你经常可以很便宜地买到大量用过的邮票。
短语动词pick up在本句中作“用较少的钱买到”解（buy sth. with less money than usual/ obtain sth. cheaply）。例如：
Can you tell me where I might pick up a good used car?
你能告诉我在哪儿可买到一辆好的旧车吗？
I picked up a valuable coin at a very low price.
我用很便宜的价钱买到一枚很有价值的硬币。
Language record
In this unit I have learned to say in English:
Useful Expressions:
在电话里谈论邮票 鸡年邮票
买到大批用过的邮票 成堆的硬币
尽可能多地收集邮票 和某人交换某物
首日封 充实你的收藏
Sentences:
1.我没有早想到这件事，真可惜！
2.硬币可能大小、重量、形状不同，铸造的金属也可能不一样。
3.通常在硬币的一面有一个名人的头像。
4.据了解，成千上万的中国人在19世纪后期曾经在这个金矿里劳动过。
5.这些硬币的制币时间是公元260年至275年之间。
6.这儿有几点意见供你参考。
7.去邮票销售点，把你能买得起的邮票买下来。
8.集邮是一件乐事！