Unit 16 Social and personal

发布时间:2016-1-15编辑:互联网

【知识点】

Ⅰ. 单词和词组

 四会:preparation , affect , show sb around , so long as ,

 三会:have a gift for , easy-going , fun-loving , tourism , workmate

Ⅱ. 交际英语

 Apologies , regrets and responses

 1. I'm sorry …

 2. I apologize …

 3. Please excuse me …

 4. I'm afraid …

 5. I shouldn't …

 6. I ought to do …

 7. What a shame !

 8. That's nothing . / Never mind . / It's not important . / It doesn't matter .

/ That's all right . / That's OK .

 9. Don't worry .

 10. Forget it .

Ⅲ. 语法学习

 复习被动语态的用法。注意现在完成时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时的被动语态。

【单元词汇总结】

 1. take a part-time job 兼职

 take a full-time job 全职

 2. be on one's / the way to a lecture在去听报告的途中

 注意:on one's / the way to doing即将

 He is on the way to becoming a doctor .

 3. ask sb for directions = ask sb the way问路

 4. go in the direction of朝……方向去,如:

 I saw her go in the direction of the bus stop .

 5. have a gift for在……方面有天赋

 As far as I know , she has a gift for music .

 6. make … lively and interesting

 You are supposed to make your speech lively and interesting , which is of great

importance .

 7. at lunchtime在中饭时

 注意类似词组:at dawn在黎明时,at supper在吃晚饭时,at work在上班,等。

 8. start one's own business开始经营自己的行业

 9. offer guide services to tourists向游客们提供导游服务

 10. lead / live an active life积极地生活。如:

 To my great disappointment , he didn't lead an active life .

 11. in a difficult position = in trouble碰到麻烦

 12. have nothing to lose不会有任何情况

 13. catch sb stealing当场抓住某人偷东西。如:

 Later , the salesgirl was caught stealing the goods .

 14. in my personal opinion在我个人看来

 15. play a trick on作弄某人。如:

 It's impolite for them to play tricks on the foreigners .

 16. call in the police叫来警察

 17. turn out better结果会更好些

 18. set up a company建立一个公司 19. warn sb about / of sth提醒某人当心…… 。warn sb against sth = warn sb not to do sth 。

 20. in the course of 在……期间

 He fell sick in the course of the discussion .

 21. write a reply to sb = write a letter of reply to sb给某人回信

 22. have a great / happy weekend= have a good time at weekend过个非常愉快的周末

【词语辨析】

1. 辨析example与instance:

  这两个词都表示例子。example例子,实例,普通用语,主要指在同类事物中具有代表性、典型性的例子,能简明扼要地说明问题。example在教学中用得相当多,如:in the following example.在下例中/in the above example在上例中/Further examples are needed.需要进一步举例说明。instance例子,事例,实例,与example 极为接近,常可以交换使用。但instance多指事实,诸如过去的某事件或例外的事实等,不像example那样强调代表性、典型性。没有通例的意思,只是举出一孤立事实说明问题。for instance也是常用语,仅指举例说明,for example却是从诸多事物中选出一例,说明一般。如:I can't think of an instance when mother was unfair.我想不出一件事例能说明母亲不公平。

2. 辨析hard与hardly:

  这一对词语在词义差异甚大。hard 是常用语,含义较多,在句子中可充当形容词或副词。注意hard在下列句子中的词性及含义:This material is so hard that it can be used for cutting steel.这种材料很硬,可以用来削切钢材。(形容词:硬的)/Though he finished his work, yet he found it hard.他虽完成了工作,但觉得很难。(形容词:困难的)/This problem demands a lot of hard thinking. 这个问题可伤脑筋了。(形容词:努力的)/The chemist tried very hard to make his analysis accurate.那化学家设法使他的分析准确。(副词:努力地)/It was a winter night. It was raining hard.那是个冬天的夜晚,雨下得很大。(副词:猛烈地)/hardly 简直没法(不能),几乎不,副词。scarcely和barely是它的同义词。例:It is hardly possible that such a thing could have happened.发生这样的事不太可能。hardly也作刚刚,恰好解。例:He had hardly gone out when he was called back.他刚走出门就被叫了回来。

【语法-被动语态】

一、被动语态的基本用法

  当谓语表示一个动作时,主语和它可以有两种不同 关系;主动关系或被动关系。

  在表示主动关系时(即主语为动作的执行者时),谓语的形式称为主动语态(the Active Voice)。在表示被动 关系时(即主语为动作的承受者时),谓语要用另一种形 式,称为被动语态(the Passive Voice)。在被动结构的句 子中,动作执行者可以由介词by引起的短语表示。

 1.被动语态的构成

 被动语态由助动词be加过去分词构成,时态通过 be表现出来。

 1)一般现在时

 You're wanted on the phone.有人给你打电话。

 2)一般过去时

 The book was finished last week. 这书是上周写完 的。

 3)一般将来时

 You'll be allowed to go out tomorrow. 明天让你出去。

 4)现在进行时和过去进行时

 The building is being built. 这幢楼正在建设之中。

 The bikes were being repaired. 那时正在修自行车。

 5)现在完成时和过去完成时

 This book has been translated into English. 这本 书已被译成英语。

 The car had been repaired. 这时汽车已修完了。

 2.被动语态主要的用法

 1)我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁(这时 都不带由by引起的短语)。

 The book is written for teachers. 这种书是为教师写的。

 2)动作的承受者是谈话的中心(这时可带有by引起的短语)。

 The shop is run by a young man.这家商店是由一个年轻人经营的。

 3)出于礼貌措辞等方面的考虑不愿说出动作的执行者 是谁。

 It is generally considered not advisable to smoke here.一般认为在这儿吸烟是不妥当的。

 4)被动结构能使句子得到更好的安排。

 Liu Dehua appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.刘德华在台上出现,观众给予了热烈的掌声。

 5)在汉语中被动结构的句子是很多的,有些带有"被"、 "受"、"由"等词,译成英语时较易想到用被动结构。

 他被选为我班班长。He was elected monitor of our class.

 但在更多情况下却不带这类标记,这种情况值得特别注意。

 运动会什么时候开? When will the sports meet be held?

二、被动语态的特殊形式小结

一)介词形式,被动意义

 This new railway is still under construction . 这条新铁路仍在建设中。

 本句中的under construction "正在建设中"。介词under构成的短语,如果它的宾语是表示动作的名词,通常含有被动意义,意为"在……过程中"。它可改换为被动语态。但介词结构使句子言简意赅,避免过多地使用被动语态。这种介词短语在句中常作表语,也可作补足语或定语。例如:

 Your suggestion is still under discussion . 你的建议正在讨论中。

 He is said to be under arrest for stealing . 据说他由于偷窃被捕了。

 The house under repair is our classroom building . 正在修建的房屋是我们的教学楼。

 常见的这类under短语还有:

 under attack在进攻中,under arrest在关押中,under consideration在考虑中,

 under construction在建设中,under contact在联系中,under discussion在讨论中,

 under examination在审查中,under investigation在调查中,under repair在修理中,

 under review在审议中 under treatment在医治中,under trial在受审中

二)主动形式被动意义

(一) 不定式主动形式表被动意义

  1 . 当不定式用在作表语的形容词后,在句中作状语,而句中的主语又是不定式的逻辑宾语时,通常用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。如上述句1句2。能带主动语态的不定式而表达被动意义的形容词常见的有:easy、difficult、heavy、hard、nice、bitter、dangerous、light、interesting、important、expensive、fit、comfortable、pleasant、impossible等。其句型为S + link v + adj . + infinitive ( 主动语态 ) ,类似这种貌似主动实为被动的系表结构的又如以下例句。

  Habits are easy to make but hard to break . ( Habits是to make、to break的逻辑宾语 ) 。

  The water is fit to drink .

  The picture is pleasant to look at .

  2 . 当不定式所修饰的名词或代词是动词的宾语,而句子的主语也是不定式的逻辑主语时。例如:

Mathilde only has a small cold room to live in . ( Mathilde是to live in的逻辑主语 )

He bought some magazines to read . ( He是to read的逻辑主语 )

  3 . 当不定式所修饰的名词或代词,是及物动词的直接宾语,而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时。例如:

Mother always gives her little daughter some picture books to read . ( Her little daughter是to read的逻辑主语 )

  The teacher gave the students some paper to write on . ( The students是to write

on的逻辑主语 )

(二) 在动词want、need、require等后面常用动名词表示被动含义,等于不定式的被动形式。再如:

  The bike needs ( wants ) repairing ( = to be repaired ) . 自行车需要修理了。

(三) worth后跟动名词主动形式表示被动,但是不跟不定式的被动。再如:

  This novel is well worth reading。这本小说很值得阅读。

(四) 有些动词不及物动词,只有主动形式,常视为主动表被动。如:

  1 . take place、happen、break out等。

  A big fire happened / took place / broke out last night .

  2 . 感官动词 ( taste ; feel ; smell ; sound ; look ) 用主动形式表示被意思。

  How sweet the music sounds !

  Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth .

  3 . write、read、sell、keep、prove、weigh、number、drink、wear、pay、wash、open常用主动形式表被动意义。请看下面句子:

  The book sells well. ( 这本书销路很好。 )

  The door will not open. ( 这扇门就是打不开。 )

  This dress washes better. ( 这衣服较耐洗。 )

  The sign reads as follows . ( 这牌子告示如下。