本章教学目标
(1)提高交际能力，掌握表示对过去事物的推测的日常用语；
(2)学会使用本单元重点单词、词组和句型；
(3)学会动词-ing形式作定语和状语的用法，提高语言运用能力。
重点难点突破
【对话】
1．The guards couldn't have been watching very carefully.卫兵不可能一直进行严密地监视。
(1)couldn't have been watching是由could(can)+not +have +done构成，表示对过去发生的动作的否定推测。例如：
He can't(couldn't)have watched TV yesterday for he knew he would have an exam.昨天他不可能看电视，因为他知道快要考试了。
情态动词的完成结构可归纳如下：
(2) must +have +done表示说话人对过去已经完成的动作或状态合乎情理的逻辑推断，是显然或必然的结论，或确有把握的推测。例如：
It was wet on the road. It must have rained last night.路上很湿。昨天晚上一定下雨了。
(3)can +have +done表示过去的一种确定无疑的可能性，多用于疑问句和否定句。例如：
--Where can John have put the matches?约翰把火柴放哪了?
--He can't have thrown them away.他不可能把他扔掉的。
(4) could +have +done表示本有可能完成的动作，但是由某种原因而未完成。例如：
You could have been more careful.你本能够更细心些的(事实上并不细心)。
(5)might／may +have +done表示说话人对过去可能已发生的动作或存在的状态的一种怀疑或推测。例如：
He seems to know the city quite well. He may／might have been there before.他似乎对那个城市很熟悉。他以前可能去过那里。
(6) should／ought to +have +done表示过去应当做的事情，但是并没有做到，常常带有一种后悔、埋怨或责备的口气。ought to比should的口气更强。例如：
I should have told you my telephone number.我本应该把我的电话告诉你。
You oughtn't to／shouldn't have laughed at his mistake.你不该取笑他的错误。
(7)needn't +have +done表示过去不必干或不需做却做了的事
You needn't have woken me up；I don't have to work today.你本来不必叫醒我，今天我可以不去上班。
2．So it was easy to stay hidden.容易躲藏。
hidden是过去分词，作stay的表语。例如：
The little boy was hidden behind the door, eating the cake.(=He hid himself behind the door，eating the cake)这小男孩躲在门后吃蛋糕。
Hidden in the forests，the thief couldn't be found easily.小偷藏在树林里，所以很难找到。
I'm sure that the murderer must be hidden on the mountain.我确信凶手一定藏在山上。
【课文】
1．One day he had been called out to attend a young peasant and his sister.有一天请他出诊，给一个年轻的农民和他的姐姐看病。
(1)句中的attend作“治疗／看护”(look after ,give medical care to)。
例如：
In his last illness he was attended by Dr.Carson.他上次生病时是由卡尔医生治疗的。
The patient has three nurses and doctors attending him.这位病人有三个护士和医生照顾。
(2)attend to意为“注意”、“用心”。而attend on／upon译为“伺候，照看”。
He was so ill that two nurses attended on him.他病得那样重，有两个护士照顾他。
Tom，could you attend to the customers，please?汤姆，照应一下顾客，好吗?
You must attend carefully to these pieces of advice.你必须认真倾听这些忠告。
2．fortune作名词。
(1)fortune作名词。可数名词或不可数名词“机会，运气，命运，成功，巨富”。
短语:
be in good fortune 运气好 have fortune on one's side 走红运
a man of fortune 富人 make one's fortune 发财,致富
try one's fortune 碰运气 tell sb.his fortune为某人算命、看相
(2)fortunate作形容词“幸运的，运气好的，吉利的，带来好运的”。
You were fortunate to escape being injured.你没有受伤，真幸运。
He was fortunate enough to have a good income.他很幸运，有一笔好收入。
3．The peasants had to pay heavy taxes and suffered greatly from hunger．农民们要负担重税，还要忍饥挨饿。
(1)suffer from“受痛苦、受折磨、受损失”。例如：
I'm sure you have suffered from overwork.你肯定是劳累过度了。
For much of the time he suffered from bad health.在大部分时间里，他的身体都不好。
The old man is suffering from loss of memory.这老人苦于丧失了记忆力。
(2)另suffer作及物动词时，其宾语常是pain，loss，defeat，punishment，hardship，injustice，discouragement等。
He suffered great pain／heavy loss.他受到痛苦煎熬/很大损失。
4．Come to达到，发生，合计，苏醒，归结为。
In a moment she carne to (herself).过了一会，她突然苏醒过来。
He thought it over, but could come to no conclusion.他认真考虑过，但没有得出结论。
This new term has come to end.这学期结束了。
Their scheme came to nothing.他们的计划落空了。
His earnings come to$6000 a year.他年收入为六千美元。
5．On reading it，he found that a servant of the family in France had been putin prison，through no fault of his own 。 看了信，他得知他法国家中的一个仆人被无辜地关进了监狱。
On hearing the news，he burst into tears.(As soon as he heard the news，he...)一听到这消息，他就哭了。
On his arrival in Paris，he was arrested.( As soon as he arrived in Paris，he was...)一到巴黎他就被捕了。
on+(V+ing)表示“一……就”，类似的表达法还有：as soon as, the moment ,immediately, no sooner...than, hardly...than, hardly...when, directly等。
On arriving there，they set about doing the experiment.一到那儿他们便开始做实验了。
=The moment they got there，they set about the...=Immediately they got there，they set about...=No sooner had they got there than they set about...=Hardly had they got there when they set about...
6．Strangely ,they looked as if they were twins.说起来奇怪，这两个人看上去像孪生兄弟。
strangely副词，“奇怪地”，在句中作评注性状语。
Personally I don't think he will interview you.(wrong)
(R:Personally，I don't think he will interview you.) 我个人认为他不会采访你。
评注性状语不与它所评论的句子在结构上紧密结合，通常位于句首(间或也可在句中或句末)，并常用逗号与句子隔开。
Honestly, I think you are wrong.说实在的，我认为你错了。
strangely enough，the man didn't take the diamond away.真奇怪，那人没有拿走这钻石。
另外，评注性状语也用介词词组、非限定动词来表达。例如：
In my opinion，you'd better go home.我认为你最好回家。
Judging from his accent，he is from Britain.从他的口音判断，他是英国人。
7．bring up①教育，养育；②呕吐；③提出(话题)
All children should be brought up to respect their parents.应教育所有的孩子尊敬父母。
He was brought up by his grandparents in the small village.他是爷爷奶奶在这小村子里带大的。
The patient brought up what he had eaten.这个病人把吃下的东西全吐出来了。
His new suggestion was brought up at the meeting.他的新建议在会议中被提出。
8．Under an English name以一个英国名字作掩护
under在此短语中的意思是“以……作掩护，伪装，庇护，假借”。
The prisoner escaped under the cover of night.囚犯趁着夜色的掩护逃跑了。
You may take a two-day leave under the teacher's hand.经老师签名，你可以休假两天。
He cheated me under the mask of friendship.她借朋友之名欺骗了我。
【重点难点解析】
1. They had come from England, having heard the strange news that Dr Manette, Lucie's father, was alive and was living in Paris.
他们从英国来是因为听说了一个惊人的消息--露西的父亲莫奈特医生仍然活着，而且还住在巴黎。
本句中的that从句为news的同位语从句。分词短语作原因状语。
2. The poor of the cities and the peasants in the country, having lived such a hard life for so long, took up their guns and knives and began to kill the rich nobles.
城市贫民和乡村里的农民由于长期过着非常艰苦的生活，都拿起刀枪开始枪杀富有的贵族。
这里分词短语作原因状语。
3. Dr Manette had been put in prison for no good reason.
莫奈特大夫被关进监狱是没有正当理由的。
①be put into/in prison(被关进监狱), be sent to prison(被送进监狱), be in prison (在坐牢)，上述词组中的prison前皆不加冠词，词义不再指具体的“监狱的房子”了，而被抽象化指“被监禁”的状态，类似的词组有：
go to school/college/church/hospital
②for. . . reason 为了……缘故/原因，如：
for some reason, for a simple reason
for the reason of health, for no reason
for no good reason
4. The guards couldn't have been watching very carefully.
卫兵们不可能一直认真站岗。
can't/couldn't+have been doing sth. 表示“想必不可能一直做某事”又如：
It's very hot today. They can't have been working in the sun.
5. On reading it, he found that a servant of the family in France had been put in prison, though no fault of his own.
读完信后，他得知他法国家中的仆人被关进了监狱，尽管他本人没有任何罪过。
①On reading it=as soon as he read it.
on/upon doing(或+n. )当……，一……就
a. On hearing the news, the students burst into shout with joy.
b. On his arrival in Paris, he was recognized as a noble.
②through表示原因“由于”。如：
He failed to pass the exam through his carelessness.
We were lost in the forest through not knowing the way.
核心知识
【常用单词积累】
let in in peace put. . . in prison for no good reason keep silent over fall in love with make sure of suffer from come to under an English name take up set fire to burn. . . to the ground or rather do wrong sentence. . . to death be eager to do a good deed
【基础知识精讲】
1. I spoke to her and persuaded her to let me in.
我同她谈起话来，并说服她让我进去了。
句中的let in意思是“让……进入”。e. g.
①Open the window and let in some fresh air. 把窗户打开，让新鲜空气进来。
②The baby is afraid of the dog. Don't let it in. 孩子怕狗，别让它进来。
习惯搭配
动词let的常见搭配形式：
let. . . out(of) 放出，发出，泄露；let. . . off 让……上岸或下车；放过(不追究)； let. . . alone 不干涉，不管；let alone 更别说；let. . . be 听任，不打扰； let. . . down 让…… 失望
①Mother won't let us out when it rains. 天下雨时，妈妈不让我们出去。
②Who let the air out of my tyre ? 谁把我的车胎气给放了?
③Hearing the good news, the boy let out a cry of joy. 男孩听到好消息，发出高兴的叫声。
④It was Tom who let out the secret. 是汤姆泄露的机密。
⑤I asked the captain to let me off at the next port. 我请船长在下一个港口让我上岸。
⑥Let me alone. 别管我。(让我一个人呆着)。
⑦Let her be; she has a headache. 别打扰她，她头疼。
2. Dr Manette had been mentally disturbed by his long years alone in prison and his hair had turned white.
由于多年被单独关在牢房里，曼奈特医生精神失常了，头发也变白了。
句中的mentally为副词，作“精神上，智力上”解。disturb是及物动词，意为“搅乱，弄乱”。mentally disturbed意为“精神错乱”。另外，disturb还可作“打扰，干扰，使(某人)烦恼或不安”等解。e. g.
①Don't disturb the papers on my desk. 别把我桌子上的文件弄乱了。
②A light wind disturbed the surface of the water.
一阵轻风吹来，水面荡起层层涟漪。
③She opened the door quietly so as not to disturb the sleeping child.
她轻轻地开门，以免惊扰了睡着的孩子。
④There was a sign on the door, saying “Don't disturb! ”
门上挂着个牌子，上面写着“请勿打扰! ”
⑤She was disturbed to hear about her mother's sudden illness.
她获悉母亲得急病后感到心神不安。
3. One day he had been called out to attend a young peasant and his sister.
有一次他被叫去出诊，给个年轻的农民和他的姐姐看病。
(1)call out常作“大声叫唤”解，此处意为“请出”。e. g.
①She called out with pain. 她疼得叫了起来。
②Doctors are often called out in the middle of the night.
医生常常在半夜被请去出诊。
(2)句中的attend为及物词，作“看护，照料，服侍”解，相当于look after。作这个意思解时，也可用作不及物动词，与介词on/upon连用，即attend on/upon sb. ，意为“照料、看护或服侍某人”。e. g.
①She had two nurses attending(on) her. 有两位护士看护着她。
②If you go out, who will attend the baby? 你要是出去了，谁来照料孩子?
(3)attend作及物动词时，常作“出席，到场，参加”解。attend a meeting/conference(出席会议)、attend school/classes(上学)，attend a lecture(听报告)，attend a party(出席宴会)，等等。e. g.
①They attend school five days a week. 他们每周上学五天。
②The dance was well attended. 这次舞会参加的人很多。
(4)attend还可作不及物动词表示“注意，专心，倾听”的意思，常跟介词to连用， 即attend to(专心于，倾听)。e. g.
①You must attend to your work. 你必须专心于你的工作。
②Attend carefully to what she's saying. 注意听她说。
习惯搭配
attend与join, join in和take part in的区别：这几种表达都有“参加”之意。但attend指“参加(会议等)，出席，到场”；join指“参加(组织、集体，成为其中一员)”；join in 和take part in都指“参加(活动)”。e. g.
①Did you attend the meeting yesterday? 你出席昨天的会议了吗?
②She intends to join that club. 她打算参加那个俱乐部。
③All the students joined in/took part in the discussion. 所有的学生都参加了讨论。
④Won't you join us in the game? 不和我们一起玩游戏吗?
4. After the return of Dr. Manette to England, two men fell in love with Lucie Manette, Charles Darnay and Sydney Carton.
在曼奈特医生回到英国后，有两位男士，一个叫查尔斯达尼，一个叫悉尼卡尔登，都爱上了露西曼奈特。
句中的fall in love with意为“爱上(某人)”。其中fall的意思是“变为，变成，(不知不觉地或突然地)进入……状态”。e. g.
①They've fallen in love. 他们已坠入爱河。
②He fell in love with her at first sight. 他对她一见钟情。
③I fell in love with the beautiful place. 我爱上了那个风景优美的地方。
习惯搭配
fall in love与be in love的区别：
be in love也可作“爱上”解，是指“在相爱”的状态；fall in love是“爱上”的行为变化过程。e. g.
They fell in love with each other when they first met on a train. They've been in love for 5 years. 他们在火车上第一次遇见时就爱上了对方，至今已经相恋五年了。
联想迁移
由fall构成的词组常见的还有：
fall asleep 入睡；fall ill 生病；fall into the habit of 形成……习惯
5. In the country the revolutionaries set fire to the noble' s castles and burnt them to the ground.
在乡村里革命者放火烧毁了贵族的城堡，把它们夷为平地。
(1)句中set fire to (sth. ) 是“放火”、“使……着火”的意思，也可以用set(sth. ) on fire来表示，其意义相同。e. g.
①Who set fire to the house? (或Who set the house on fire? )
是谁放火烧房子的?
②The waste paper should be set fire to.
这些废纸应当烧掉。
(2)burn…to the ground意为“烧毁(房子等)”。e. g.
Their houses, too, were burnt to the ground.
他们的房子也被烧毁了。
语法讲解
burn. . . to the ground中的介词to意思是“到，直到(……状态/程度)”。类似的用法常见的还有：
①burn/beat/starve. . . to death 烧/打/饿死
②She sang the baby to sleep. 她唱歌哄婴儿入睡。
③He tore the letter to pieces. 他把信撕碎了。
④I was moved to tears. 我被感动得流泪。
6. When the people in the court heard this, there was no doubt in their minds that the St. Evremonde family had done much wrong.
法庭里的人们听到这件事后，他们脑子里都认为埃弗雷蒙家庭实在是罪孽深重。
句中的do wrong是动词词组，作“做错事，做坏事，做得不对”解。其中的wrong是名词， 是“(使别人受损害/委屈的)错事”，与此相应的词组是do right，作“做得对”解。e. g.
①I hope you'll never do wrong. 我希望你永远都不要做坏事。
②You did quite right to accept the invitation. 你接受邀请是对的。
语法讲解
类似的动词词组还有：do good(做好事，有好处)，do harm(有害处)，do one's best(尽最大努力)等。e. g.
①You should do good all your life. 你应当一辈子都做好事。
②Any kind of pollution will do harm to health. 任何污染都会危害健康。
③We have done our best to help him. 我们已经尽了最大努力来帮助他。
【单元知识纲要】
类 别
语 言 项 目
词 汇
disturb, noble, tax, deed, suffer, eager, light a fire, have a test , call for help, all day long, fall in love with, take up
日常交
际用语
The guards couldn't have been watching very carefully.
You must have been mad to speak to the servant.
She might have called for help.
语 法
动词-ing形式作定语和状语。
典型例题
【基础题】
★例1 When I got back home I saw a massage pinned to the door_____“Sorry to miss you, will call later.”
A．Read B．reads C．to read D．reading
导析：“read”在本句中译为“读作，内容是”，充当前面名词message的定语，它们之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，故应选现在分词“reading”。答案：D
★例2 European football is played in 80 countries，_________it the most popular sport in the world.
A．making B．makes C．made D．to make
导析：本句译为“80个国家的人们踢欧式足球，这使得它成为世界上最流行的运动”。从语法结构来看，后面的“使得”应该作前面句子的结果状语，故答案应是现在分词“making”。答案：A
【易错题】
★★例1________，tears came into his eyes.
A．Moved by her words
B．moving by her words
C．He was moved by her words
D．Because he was moved by her words
导析：本句中的“感动”这个动作与主语“眼泪”没有任何主谓和动宾关系，故不能用分词作原因状语，又因C项少了一个从属连词，只有加一个“because”才能使前面句子成为后面句子的原因状语从句。答案：D
★★例2
--There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
--It________ a comfortable journey.
A．can't be B．shouldn't be
C．mustn't have been D．couldn't have been
导析：上句已表明动作发生在过去，只有D项正确。句意为“车上已经有5个人了，但是他们还是设法带上我，想必一定不是一次舒适的旅行了”
答案：D
【创新题】
★★例
--Nancy is not coming tonight.
--But she_________!
A．promises B．promised
C．will promise D．had promised
导析：该题是通过情景对话来考查考生的运用动词时态的能力。关键词“But”，上句虽说“今晚将不来”，可是“她答应过要来呀!”只能用过去时来表示。答案：B
【高考题】
★★★例(1994年，全国)I told sally how to get here，but perhaps I________ for her.
A．had to write it out B．must have written it out
C．should have written it out D．ought to write it out.
导析：该题意思是“我告诉她怎么到这儿，可是我本该为她写出这里的详细地址。”表达了一种懊悔的心情。答案：C
【阅读分析点拨】
‘As I stood in front of the grave(墓) of President Richard Nixon, I was thinking about the time 25 years ago when this president helped bring the United States and China closer together. Young people of our two countries should help this relationship grow. ’
This remark was made by a Shanghai student when speaking to his fellow students at the Nixon Library in California, USA. He was one of 80 middle school students from China attending a month long ‘Youth Summit’. The Summit was to mark the 25th anniversary(周年) of President Nixon' journey to China, which was the turning point in China US relations.
The Youth Summit was aimed at increasing understanding and friendship between young students of the two countries through visits and discussions. Seventy five American students were selected to visit China. They also visited the Nixon Library on July 21 before leaving for Beijing the next day. The head of the Library said he was pleased to see the American and Chinese students talking and laughing together.
One Chinese student said, ‘I didn't find it particularly difficult to talk with Americans. We have our differences, but we have a lot in common. Dialogue is good for us. ’
1. The words ‘Youth Summit’ refer to .
A. visits to the Nixon Library
B. the Chinese students' visit to the US
C. a meeting discussing relations between China and the U. S.
D. activities to strengthen the ties between the Chinese and American students
解析 为了纪念尼克松总统访华二十五周年，中美中学生互访，交流，故D为最佳答案。Youth Summit指的是旨在加强两国学生联系的一系列活动。而选项A与B都仅是其中的一个侧面，故可以排除。
2. The student from Shanghai thought about the time 25 years ago because it was when Nixon .
A. died
B. visited China
C. became US president
D. started building the library in his name
解析 从文章第二段The Summit was to mark the 25th anniversary(周年) of Predident Nixon's journey to China, which was the turning point in China-U. S. relations一句中不难看出，二十五年前尼克松访华，故B为最佳答案。
3. The text mainly about .
A. the China US relations B. the Nixon Library
C. President Nixon D. the Youth Summit
解析 文章中涉及了中美关系(选项A)、尼克松图书馆(选项B )和尼克松总统(选项C)，但主要谈论的是中美两国中学生交流的一系列活动，即the Youth Summit，故D为最佳答案。
【课本难题解答】
Lesson 85
2. Hiding; hidden; waited; came; fetch; spoke; persuaded; was; knew; was; was; helped; (to)light; could be seen
说明：She helped him(to) light a fire that…miles后面的复合宾语中，“to”可以省掉，也可以保留。
3. 1)D 2)A 3)E 4)B 5)C 6)F
Lesson 86
2. 1)B 2)C 3)D 4)A 5)C 6)B 7)B 8)A
说明：1) the owner of which是由“名词+of+关系代词”结构的非限制性定语从句，which代替先行词shop。
2) having heard. . . 是现在分词的完成式，在句中作时间状语，它表示的时间发生在谓语动词had come之前。
4) having been kept. . . 是现在分词的完成被动式，在句中作定语，相当于一个定语从句。=who had been kept a prisoner. . .
Lesson 88
1. 1)revolutionary 2)mentally 3)fortunately; fortunate
4)arrival 5)prison 6)silence 7)death
2. a sleeping baby; a smiling face;
an interesting film; the rising sun;
the coming year; living things;
a developing country; a moving story;
boiling water; surprising; news;
a singing star; waving branches
说明：这个练习中的现在分词，都用作定语，修饰名词。它们与所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。例如：a sleeping baby=a baby who is sleeping
a developing country=a country that is developing
【有关"Unit 22 A tale of two cities" 的教学设计】
教学设计1. g2u22 A Tale of Two Cities 教案
学习目标：
本单元要求掌握
Lesson85
一、交际用语
1）You must have been mad to speak to the servant．
2）The guards couldn’t have been watching very carefully．
3）You might both have been caught and killed．
二、单词和词组
1）servant 2）stay hidden
3）let…in 4）call for help
5）light a fire 6）have a test
7）get a full mark
三、句型
1）It was the first time we had spoken togeth- er．
2）I took fifteen minutes to get home．
Lesson86－87
一、单词和词组
1）in peace 2）put…in prison
3）call…out 4）for no good reason
5）keep silent over… 6）make sure of
7）pay heavy taxes 8）suffer… from…
9）fall in love with… 10）in public
11）attend 12）take up one’s guns
13）burn…to the ground
14）set fire to… 15）address
16）or rather 17）on his arrival…
18）do wrong
19）sentence…to death
20）do a good deed
二、句型
1）Defarge was pleased at their arrival．
2）He hated the way they treated the peasant．
3）Dr．Manette had been kept a prisoner for many years．
4）On reading the letter，he found that a ser- vant of the farmily in France had been put in prison．
5）He would have his head cut off the next day．
三、语法
动词ing形式用作定语和状语。
1）They quickly moved the sleeping man out of the prison．
2）The poor of the city，having lived such a hard life，took up their guns．
Lesson88
一、单词和词组
1）the suffering peasants 2）for a start
3）date 4）oder a drink
二、听力
掌握大意和查找细节。
三、写作
1）连词成句。
2）连句成篇，形成书信格式。
教案内容：
内容1：教学重点与难点
内容2：同步练习
【关于“Unit 22 A tale of two cities”的常见问题】
常见问题1: Unit 22 A tale of two cities
问题：
It is the first time I your country.
A. that; had visited B. 不填；have visited
C. when; visit D. that; will visit
解答:
分析 答案为B。在这一句型中引导词用that(可省略)，不可用其它词，且后用完成时态。
常见问题2: Unit 22 A tale of two cities
问题：
-This is Tom speaking.
-Hi, Tom, please stay at home, I'll you at 6∶30 and we'll go to see the film together.
A. call on B. wait for
C. drop in on D. call for
解答:
分析 答案为D。call for意为“邀某人同往某处；(亲自)接；需要”，在此句中为第一含义。
常见问题3: Unit 22 A tale of two cities
问题：
-I have worked in Huanggang for twenty years.
-So you there for twenty years, you?
A. must live; didn't B. must have lived; haven't
C. can have lived; can't D. must have lived; mustn't
解答:
分析 答案为B。本句中must+have done是对过去到现在“20 年”的推测语气，因此本身是现在完成时，所以反意问句还是由完成时的助动词构成。