单元目标
1．能用正确的语音语调朗读课文．
2．掌握及正确使用用餐时的日常用语．
3．模仿课文第14课第二段的结构写一篇文章解释某件事为什么重要或不重要，使用first，second，third．．．等．
名词性从句
1．名词性从句的结构大体相同，各种从句所使用的关联词也大同小异．结构和意义完全相同的名词性从句处于句子的不同位置可充当不同的成分．例如：
When the sports meet will be held is still unknown．
运动会什么时候开还不知道．（主语从句）
I don’t know when the sports meet will be held．
我不知道运动会什么时候开．（宾语从句）
The question is when the sports meet will be held．
问题是运动会什么时候开．（表语从句）
Have you got any idea when the sports meet will be held?
你知道运动会什么时候开吗?（同位语从句）
2．同位语从句与定语从句的区别
定语从句的引导词指代先行词并在从句中充当成分；同位语从句的引导词一般不充当成分，如充当成分，不指代其前面的名词．例如：
The news that our school basket team had won the game excited us very much．
我们校篮球队获胜的消息使我们激动不已．（同位语从句）
The news that he told me excited me very much．
他告诉我的那个消息使我非常激动．（定语从句）
核心知识
1．Have you ordered yet?你点菜了吗?
order v．点菜，定购，命令（常带复合结构）
I ordered a hamburger，a salad and a glass of beer．
我点了一只汉堡包，一份色拉和一杯啤酒．
He has ordered some new books from England．
他向英格兰订购了几本新书．
The doctor ordered him to stay in bed．医生嘱咐他卧床休息．
2．Right now I could eat one ox．（= I’m so hungry now that I could eat a whole ox．）
现在我吃得下一头牛．
could表示一种虚拟语气，是一种与事实不相符的夸张说法．
eat one ox类似的短语还有eat a horse．
3．I’m looking forward to that．我一直期待那件事情．
look forward to期待（to expect，to feel pleasure in） to为介词，后接名词或动词-ing形式．
I’m looking forward to hearing from you．我一直在期待你的来信．
The children are looking forward to the holidays．孩子们在盼望假期．
4．All the same I expect you’ll enjoy coming into town now and again．（ =Even though you will be quite a long way from your friend，I expect you’ll enjoy coming into town．）尽管如此，我还是盼望你常来城里．
1）all the same虽然……还是（even so）
You say the bridge is safe；I shall take care all the same．
虽然你说这桥很安全，但我还是要小心．
2）now and again有时，不时地（from time to time，at times）
I don’t think about my old home very much，only now and again．
我不是非常想老家，只是有时会想起．
5．It is thought a billion people，that is half the world’s workers，earn their living by farming．
据认为有十亿人，也就是全世界劳动人口的一半，是靠务农谋生的．
本句属于It + is／was + that从句．it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句．
例如：
It is thought that the food in this supermarket is cheap．
人们认为这个超市里的食品价格便宜．
It is reported in the papers that the President of the USA will arrive next Monday．
报纸报道美国总统将于下星期一抵达．
It is hoped that St Paul fire has taught us a lesson．
人们希望圣保罗大火给我们一个教训．
6．For one thing，two thirds of the earth’s surface is water，although this does provide a lot of food in the form of fish．
首先，地球表面三分之二是海洋，尽管海洋确实提供了大量可作食物的鱼类．
1）For one thing．．．（ = One reason why it is difficult to feed the world’s population is that．．．），意思是“首先”“理由之一”．例如：
The house was poorly built；for one thing ，the roof leaked．
房子造得很差，理由之一是屋顶漏雨．
I won’t buy the book．For one thing，I am not interested in it；for another，I have no money．
我不买这本书，一则是我对它不感兴趣，再则我没钱．
2）in the form of以……形式
I gave my advice in the form of a question．
我用提问的方式提出了建议．
Cars pollute the air in the form of waste gas．
汽车以排出废气的形式污染空气．
7．First，it is being built on．（ = First，buildings are being built on the land：）
第一，在耕地上搞建筑．
要注意，在被动语态的句子里，介词很容易被忽视，在这里介词on不能少．例如：
The patient is being operated on．
病人正在手术．
The children are being taken good care of．
孩子们被很好地照料．
8．The FAO has worked out that up to 30% of food is lost in storage．
联合国粮食及农业组织估算出，高达30％的粮食在储藏中损失掉了．
1）work out估算，合计，解出
I have worked out my travelling expenses at 250 yuan．
我的旅费算下来是250元．
Who can work out this physics problem?
谁能解答这道物理题?
2）up to达到（某数量，规格等）
There are up to eight fire engine at the fire．
在失火处共有8辆救火车．
Up to 10 people can sleep in the room．
这房间最多能睡10个人．
9．Every year about 40 million people starve to death．
每年饿死的人大约有4，000万．
starve to death（ = die because they do not have enough to eat）这是个习语，类似的词组还有put/do to death，译为“处死，杀死”．
10．Farmers can increase their corn crops three times simply by watering their fields．
农场主只需灌溉土地就可以使玉米作物的产量增加三倍．simply adv．仅仅（only）常放在被修饰语的前面．例如：
He failed simply because he was lazy．
他失败，只因他懒惰．
I don’t like driving．I do it simply to get to work each day．
我不喜欢驾驶，我每天开车只是为了上班．
11．Generally speaking，human race has the information and experience to do this．
一般来说，人类已有这方面的知识和经验了．
1）generally speaking为插入语，修饰主句．例如：
Generally speaking ，you can’t find green field where there is little water．
一般来说，凡是少水的地方，你就找不到绿色的田野．
2）human race人类
human beings，humans，man，mankind，people都是用来表示人类总称的．
12．In the European Union （EU） ，where 81% of the land is farmed，there is
plenty of food，in fact often too much．
在欧洲联盟有81％的土地用于耕作，那儿粮食充足，事实上，粮食常常是太多了．
1）where引导的非限制定语从句修饰先行词the EU．
2）百分数加名词做主语的句子，其谓语动词必须和介词of后的名词的数保持一致．
3）too much太多，在句中可作主语、宾语和定语．例如：
Don’t think too much of yourself．
不要自以为了不起．
Too much has been done．
已经做得太多了．
13．And the fact that farmers are also paid by the EU not growing crops surprises many people．
还有一件令人吃惊的事，这就是，欧洲联盟还给农民付钱，叫他们不要种农作物．
the fact that that引导的是同位语从句，说明fact的内容．例如：
The fact that the earth is round is known to us all．
地球是圆的这一事实是众所周知的．
同位语从句通常用在表示抽象概念的名词之后，用以说明该名词所表示的具体内容．
He made a promise that he would return the money in time．
他答应准时还钱．
I have no idea when he will come．
我不知道他什么时候来．
14．It has been proved that the way to produce the most food is to let farmers grow crops either to feed their family or to sell，whichever they choose．
事实证明，产粮最高的办法，就是让农民自己决定种粮是供自家食用或出售．
1）本句属于It is/was + done + that．．．句型．
It has been proved that事实证明，用此句型提出话题．
例如：
It has been proved that the best way of solving food problem is to control the growth of population．
事实证明，解决粮食问题的最好办法是控制人口的增长．
2）whichever n．无论哪一个（no matter which），引导状语从句，例如：
Whichever you choose，make sure that it is a good one．
不论你选择哪一个，务须知道那一个是好的．
whichever adj．
Whichever side wins，I shall be satisfied．
不论哪一边胜，我都满意．
15．If the peasants could farm the land themselves，food production would be much higher．
倘若农民能够为他们自己耕田，那么粮食产量就会高得多．
1）本句使用的虚拟语气，是对当前的情况作相反的假定．在这种句子中if条件句中的谓语动词用一般过去时（be动词用were），主句用should/would/could/might +动词原形．
例如：If there were an earthquake，what should we do?
要是现在地震的话，我们该怎么办?
If I knew his telephone number，I would ring him up．
如果我知道他的电话号码，我就打电话给他了．（事实上我不知道）
16．What is needed is a change in land ownership and it has been suggested that the land should be shared equally among the peasants．
这就需要改变土地所有制．已有人建议，土地应当在农民中平均分配．
1）整个句子是由并列连词and连接的两个分句构成．在第一个分句中有一个what引导的主语从句；在第二个分句中有一个that引导的主语从句．
2）在It has been suggested that句型中that引导的主语从句应用虚拟语气（should）．例如：
It has been suggested that a new library should be built in our city．
有人建议在我市建一个新的图书馆．
17．They would not vote to lose their land and wealth，even if it resulted in a fair society．
使自己的土地和财产遭受损失的事，他们是不会投赞成票的，即使这样做的结果能导致一个更为公平的社会．
1）vote v．n．投票，选举，表决
You’re only 16；you’re too young to vote．
你只有16岁，还没到选举的年龄．
Money for a new school was voted by the board．
创办一所新学校的钱已由董事会通过．
Every vote tells．
每票都有效．
2）result in结果，终归，导致
The accident resulted in the death of 2 passengers．
那次事故导致两个乘客的死亡．
Eating too much food which is high in fat and sugar will result in heart illness．
吃过多高脂肪和高糖类的食物会导致心脏疾病．
18．As a result，farmers are forced to plant “cash crops”，like coffee，tea，cocoa，nuts and tobacco that are sold abroad in order to pay off the country’s debts．
因此，他们强迫农民种植“经济作物”，如咖啡、茶叶、可可、坚果和烟草．他们把这些经济作物在国外销售，以偿还债务．
1）be forced to被迫（have to do．．．）
Marx was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons．
因政治原因，马克思被迫离开故乡．
My father was forced to give up smoking because of his illness．
因为生病，我父亲不得不戒烟．
2）cash crop经济作物（a crop that is sold abroad to provide foreign exchange），或（a crop produced for sale rather than for use by the grower）
Cotton is a cash crop in the South．
在南方，棉花是经济作物．
They raise potatoes to eat，but corn is their cash crop．
3）pay off还清债务（discharge a debt completely）
It took him five years to pay off his debts．
他用了5年的时间还清了债务．
19．This grain could be used to feed humans，rather than animals．
这些谷物本来是可以供人食用的，而不是喂牲口．
rather than而不是
John ought to go rather than Jean．
应该去的是约翰，而不是吉恩．
He is a worker rather than a student．
与其说他是学生，不如说他是工人．
20 ，it makes very good sense to keep sheep or goats．
……，饲养绵羊或山羊倒是有意义的．
make sense有意义；讲得通
She doesn’t talk much，but what she says makes sense．
她讲话不多，但言之有理．
典型例题
例1．Paper money was in ___________ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in __________ thirteenth century．
A．the；不填
B．the；the
C．不填；the
D．不填；不填
此题第一空in use是习语，表示在“在运用”，不加冠词，而第二空“13世纪”前当然要加定冠词“the”．因此，本题答案为C．
例2．It was only when I reread his poems recently _________ I began to appreciate their beauty．
A．until B．that C．then D．so
此题为强调句型，所以本题应选B．
例3．Carot said the work would be done by October，_____________personally 1 doubt very much．
A．it B．that C．when D．which
此题是考查由which引导的非限制性定语从句，而that不能引导非限制性定语从句，故本题要选D．