Reference for Teaching
Ⅰ.异域风情
EBay
Every day,about 500 000 things are sold on the Internet computer Website called eBay.It has been called the most successful business in Internet history.
EBay is an international electronic auction(拍卖).Computer users around the world computer to buy things for sale on the eBay Website.The person who offers the most money buys the object.You can buy and sell almost anything on eBay.This includes art,books,electronic equipment,clothing,cameras,sports equipment,jewelry,movies and music.You can even buy and sell cars,property and places to spend your holiday.
There are about 11 million things for sale on eBay at one time.Many people buy and sell special things that they collect,like toy trains or dolls.Some of these things become very valuable over the years.For example,a woman in Florida has collected the toys called Barbie dolls since she was a little girl.She knows which ones are valuable because they are rare.Recently she bought one doll for a few dollars at someone’s yard sale.She later sold it for several hundred dollars on eBay.
Some things on eBay sell for only a few dollars.Others sell for many thousands of dollars,such as old cars or rare money collections.Some Americans have started their own business selling things on eBay.More than 100 000 businesses now operate only on eBay.
The headquarters(总部) of eBay are in San Jose,California.A young man named Pierre Omidyar started eBay.He worked as a computer programmer in California.Mister Omidyar’s idea was to set up a perfect,international marketplace where everyone was equal.His idea began as a Website called Auction Web in 1995.Three years later it became a public company.It was then valued at more than 2 000 million dollars.
EBay does not sell anything itself.Instead,it connects buyers and sellers.It collects money from the sellers for every object sold.EBay has links to Websites in 20 other countries.Almost 50 million people around the world buy and sell things on eBay.
Ⅱ.知识归纳
1.but用法归纳
but一词在英语中占有非常重要的地位，平时练习题或高考题中出现的频率也比较高。它既可作连词、介词、副词，有一些习惯搭配和固定用法。现将其用法归纳如下：
（1)but用作连词
①用作等立连词，使用前后的词、短语、从句相互对照，作“但是；然而；可是”解。如：
He doesn’t like music but his wife does.
他不喜欢音乐，但他的妻子却很喜欢。
She is very young but very experienced.
她虽然年轻但经验丰富。
②用于表示歉意的话语后，表示有礼貌地拒绝或不赞成。如：
I’m sorry,but I disagree with you.
对不起，我不同意你的意见。
③引导从句，与前面的否定词对应，作“无……而不……”解。如：
I never pass my old house but I think of the happy years I spent there.
每当我路过我的旧房子时，都会追忆起我在那儿度过的快乐岁月。
No man is so cruel but he may feel some pity.
没有人会残忍到连一点同情心都没有。
（2）but用作介词
①与no,nobody,nothing,none,who等词连用，作“除……之外”解，用来排除同类，从整体中除去一部分。如：
Nobody knew her but me.
除我以外，没有人认识她。
The problem is anything but easy.
这个问题可绝对不容易。
②but前若有do的某种形式（did,does）时，but后的动词不定式就省略to；若无则带to。如：
We had no choice but to wait.
除了等待我们别无选择。
He did nothing all day but watch TV.
一整天他除了看电视无所事事。
③与last,next及one,two等连词，作“倒数第二、第三”等解。
Tom was the last but one to arrive.
汤姆是倒数第二个到达的。
Take the next turning but two on your left.
在你左方第三个转弯处拐弯。
（3）but用作副词
①相当于only，意为“不过；只”，后跟名词或动词。如：
Tom is still but a child.
汤姆只是个孩子。
②用在can后意为“只能”；用在cannot后意为“不得不”。如：
I can’t but hurry back.
我只能赶紧回来。
I cannot but admire his bravery.
我不得不佩服他的勇敢。
③用在too…to…结构前表肯定的意义。如：
I’m but too glad to go there with you.
我非常高兴和你一起去那里。
（4）but的习惯用语
①but for=without 意为“要不是；如果没有”，相当于一个虚拟条件句。如：
But for the rain we would have a pleasant journey.
(=If it didn’t rain,we would have a pleasant journey.)
要不是下雨，我们这次旅行会很惬意。
But for your help,we couldn’t have finished the work.
要不是你帮忙，我们不可能完成这项工作。
②but that=except that 意为“若非；要不是”，引导虚拟句。如：
He would have helped me but that he was short of money at that time.
要不是他那时候没钱，他会帮助我的。
③nothing but=only 意为“只；不过是”。如：
We could see nothing but water.
我们只看见一大片水。
④not…but…意为“不是……而是……”，连接两个并列成分，后面可跟名词、形容词、副词、短语从句等。如：
My bag is not red but black.
我的书包不是红的而是黑的。
The letter is addressed not to me but to you.
这封信不是写给我的而是写给你的。
⑤not only…but also…意为“不但……而且……；既……又……”，连接两个并列成分。如：
Not only you but also she has to attend the meeting.
不但你而且她也必须参加这次会议。
He not only teaches us English but also does other things.
他不但教我们英语而且还干别的事情。
⑥not that…but that…意为“不是……而是……”。如：
Not that the car is out of order,but that I’ve not learned to drive it.
不是汽车出了故障，而是我还没学会开车。
⑦can’t help but do…意为“不能不……，忍不住……”。如：
I can’t help but cry.
我忍不住哭了。
2.dream的用法归纳
1.dream作不及物动词
①表示“做梦”。如：
Do you often dream at night?
你在夜里经常做梦吗？
②表示“梦见”，后面接about短语。如：
I sometimes dream about my parents.
我有时梦见我的父母。
③表示“渴望、向往、考虑”，后面接of短语。如：
He has dreamt of wealth and happiness.
他渴望富有和幸福。
I dream of becoming a teacher.
我一心想当个教师。
（2）dream作及物动词
①表示“梦见”，后面接名词或代词。如：
I dreamed the beautiful sea.
我梦见过美丽的海。
I dreamt you last night.
昨天晚上我梦见你了。
②表示“梦到、梦想到”，后面接that引导的宾语从句。如：
I dreamt that he would come.
我梦到他要来。
I never dreamt that I should have offended him.
我怎么也没有梦想到竟然得罪了他。
③表示“想象、想”，后面接what引导的宾语从句。如：
He was dreaming what he could buy with the sum of money.
他正想象着用这笔钱能买什么。
④表示“想、梦想”，后面接“疑问词+不定式”。如：
She dreamed how to finished her task.
她想如何完成她的任务。
⑤表示“梦想到”，后面接带有不定式的复合宾语，常用于否定句。如：
I never dreamed him to go to college.
我连做梦也没想到他会上大学。
⑥表示“做……梦”，后面接同源宾语。如：
I dreamed a good dream last night.
昨晚我做了一个美梦。
（3）dream作名词
①表示“梦”，作主语或宾语。如：
He said he had a bad dream.
他说他做了一个噩梦。
②表示“愿望、心愿”。如：
Your dream has come true.
你的愿望变成了现实。
③表示“想象、幻想、美妙的人或事物、梦中的欢乐”。如：
She was a perfect dream.
她美得像梦中的仙女似的。
Such a hope is not an idle dream.
这种希望并非痴心妄想。
Ⅲ.词语辨析
1.begin/start with,to begin/start with
(1)begin with和start with是动介型短语，均表示“以……开始”的意思，后面要跟宾语。如：
The concert began/started with the National Anthem.
音乐会以国歌开头。
Begin/Start with this one and do the others afterwards.
先做这个，其他的以后再做。
(2)to begin with和to start with是不定式短语，常作状语或插入语，意为“在……开始时；首先”。作“首先”讲时，多位于句首；作“在……开始时”讲时，相当于at first,at/in the beginning。如：
To begin/start with,the day was fine,but after a time it began to rain.
开始时，天气很好。但不久就开始下雨了。
We can’t go.To start/begin with,it’s too cold.Besides,we have no money.
我们不能去。首先，天太冷；再者，我们没钱。
To start with,I’m not his brother.
首先，我不是他的兄弟。
2.wonder about,wonder at
wonder about的意思是“对……感到好奇，想要知道”，后常跟某事作宾语。而wonder at的意思是“对……感到惊讶，对……感到奇怪”。如：
I was wondering about that.
我对那感到好奇。
I wonder about why she treated me like that.
我很想知道她为何那样对我。
I don’t wonder at her refusing to marry him.
她拒绝嫁给他，我并不觉得奇怪。
Do you wonder at it that he should be so angry?
他如此生气，你觉得惊讶吗？
3.although,though,in spite of
(1)although较正式，语气强，though最常用。现代英语中两者可以随意换用。如：
Though he was tired,he went on working.
=Although he was tired,he went on working.
尽管他很累，他仍然继续工作。
(2)although和though引导的从句放在主句前后均可，有时还可放句中。如：
He often helps me with my English (al)though he is quite busy.
尽管他相当忙，但是还常常帮我学英语。
John,though(he was) young,did it very well.
约翰虽然年轻，但事情做得很出色。
Although many difficulties are still ahead,we are determined to make greater achievements.
尽管在前面的道路上还有许多困难，但是，我们决心要取得更大的成就。
(3)though,although引导的从句不能与but,however连用，但可与yet,still连用。不能说：Though he was old,but he worked hard.应把but去掉。当然，保留but而去掉though也可以。
(4)though引导的从句，可用倒装语序，即把从句中的表语或状语等放到though之前；although不能这样用。如：
Young though she is,yet she is fit for the job.
(=Young as she is,yet she is fit for the job.)
尽管她很年轻，可她能胜任这项工作。
（5）though从句的主谓若是系表结构时，可以省略从句主语和be动词。如：
Though alone,he is happy.
尽管独自一人，但他很快乐。
注意：Though loving him,I cannot help him.是错句。因为从句不是be构成的系表结构作谓语。应改为：Though I love him,I cannot help him.或Though fond of him,I cannot help him.
（6）though还可与别的词结合使用，如even though,as though等；although则无这种搭配功能。如：
I’ll go and help them even though I stop my work.
即使我停下自己的活不干，我也要去帮助他们。
（7）though还可作并列连词，相当于and yet(然而，可是)，它引导的分句常对另一分句起补充说明的作用；although则无此种用法。如：
I wouldn’t like to go to the evening,though they will invite me to.
我不想去参加晚会，可是他们要请我去。
（8）though可作副词，放在句尾。although不可这样。如：
He said he would come,he didn’t,though.
他说要来却没来。
（9）in spite of后跟名词，不跟句子。如：
We went out in spite of the rain.
〔=We went out (al)though it was raining.〕
Ⅳ.能力训练
1.单句改错
(1)He spent the whole night on watching TV.
答案：应将on改为in。因为spend time on sth./in doing sth.为固定搭配。
(2)You should protect yourself of getting burnt.
答案：应将of改为from或against。因为“protect…from”的意思为“保护……免受 损害”。
(3)Straw can be used to making paper.
答案：应将making改为make。因为be used to doing sth.是“习惯于做某事”之意，be used to do sth.才是“被用来做某事”。
(4)I saw him walk through the square.
答案：应将through改为across。因为through侧重于动作是在某一物体的空间里进行的，与in有关，而across则侧重于动作在某一物体的表面进行，与on有关。
(5)He broke the rule,so he couldn’t escape from punishing.
答案：应将punishing改为being punished。因为根据句意：他违犯了法规，因此，不能逃脱被惩罚。所以要用v.-ing的被动语态，即being done。
(6)He went there in search for the lost boy.
答案：应将for改为of。因为in search of是一个固定短语，为“寻找”之意。
(7)He entered into the classroom as soon as the bell rang.
答案：应将into去掉。因为enter为及物动词，可以直接接宾语，表示“进入”之意。
(8)I doubt that the news is true.
答案：应将that改为if/whether。因为在肯定句中doubt接if/whether从句；在否定句中接that从句。
2.句型转换，变为同义句
(1)He makes a living by teaching.
He ______ ______ ______ by teaching.
答案：earns his living
(2)Mr Smith set out for Shanghai this morning.
Mr Smith ______ ______ Shanghai this morning.
Mr Smith ______ ______ ______ Shanghai this morning.
答案：left for;set off for
(3)His dream of being a pilot has come true.
His dream of being a pilot ______ ______ ______.
答案：has been realised
(4)This theory turned out to be wrong.
This theory ______ ______ ______ wrong.
答案：proved to be
(5)The girl dressed in red is my sister.
The girl ______ ______ is my sister.
答案：in red
(6)He has improved his speaking ability by reading aloud.
He has improved his speaking ability ______ ______ ______ reading aloud.
答案：by means of
(7)Although he was a child,he knew a lot about music.
______ ______ ______ ______,he knew a lot about music.
答案：Child as he was
(8)Nothing remained in the room except the old painting.
Nothing ______ ______ in the room except the old painting.
答案：was left
Ⅴ.高考真题
1.(2003上海)Generally speaking,______ according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.
A.when taking
B.when taken
C.when to take
D.when to be taken
简析：选B。当状语从句的主语和主句中的主语一致时，这些从句可采取简略形式，即“从属连词+分词”。如果原从句为主动语态，分词可用现在分词；如果为被动语态，则分词使用过去分词。根据drug和take的主被动关系，应选B。
2.(2003上海春)Many students signed up for the ______ race in the sports meeting to be held next week.
A.800-metre-long
B.800-metres-long
C.800-metre length
D.800 metres length
简析：选A。由连字符构成的合成形容词通常用作所修饰名词的前置定语，且中间的名词用单数。无连字符的形容词短语用作所修饰名词的后置定语，且中间的名词根据情况可以用单数，也可以用复数。
3.(2004上海春)The poliot asked all the passengers on board to remain ______ as the plane was making a landing.
A.seat
B.seating
C.seated
D.to be seating
简析：选C。seat作动词用时为及物动词。使用时，其后应带宾语，或者用其过去分词表被动。本题中，若选A、B、D，因表主动，故应带宾语，但句中无其宾语出现，故应选过去分词seated。
4.(2004北京春)Luckily,we’d brought a road map without ______ we would have lost our way.
A.it B.that
C.this D.which
简析：选D。分析句式和句意，a road map应为先行词，其后的部分应为其定语从句。without为介词，后应跟which。
5.(2004浙江)We wanted to get home before dark,but it didn’t quite ______ as planned.
A.make out B.turn out
C.go on D.come up
简析：选B。本题题意为“我们本想天黑前到家，但事实并不像原计划的那样”。make out “辨认出”，go on “继续”，come up“走过来”均不合题意。只有turn out才能表示“结果证明是……，事实上……”之意。