1. Look at the pictures above. Decide if they are junk food or healthy food. Give reasons for your decisions.
看看上面的图画，确定它们是垃圾食品还是健康食品，并给出理由。
above在句中是副词作后置定语。再如：Soon the whole floor was on fire and it was impossible for people on the floors above to escape.很快整层楼都烧起来，楼上的人难以脱身。
②Have a dialogue like the one above about keeping a bird.编一个跟上面一样的有关养鸟的对话。
英语中有很多副词可用作后置定语，如：the day before前天 the way ahead前面的路 the man here这儿的这个人 the street below下面的街道
【提示」above也可用作前置定语，如：
③Please send the parcel to the above address.请把包裹寄到上述地址。
reason的介词用法
表示什么方面的原因时，reason后有介词for；表示因为某种原因时，用for…reason.
①There are many reasons for animals dying out． 动物的绝种有许多原因。
②He had to move abroad for political reasons.因为政治上的原因他不得不移居国外。
【拓展】reason作主语时，表语从句用that引导，而不用because；reason后的定语
从句根据引导词在从句中的作用，分别用 why（＝for which），that或 which。如：
③The reason was that he was having a high fever.原因是他正发高烧。
④The reason why we are late is that our car did not come.
我们来晚的原因是我们的汽车没来。（why在从句中作状语，可以换成 for which，此时也可用that，还可以不用引导词。）
⑤The reason（that／which）he gave was not very sound．他给出的理由不太充分。（hat／which在从句中作宾语，所以可以省略，此时不用 why或 for which。）
2．I think that vegetables are healthy food because they contain lots of vitamins. 我认为在莱是不错的食品，因为它们含有大量维生素。
contain的用法 用作及物动词，意为“包含；包括；容纳（不用进行时）；控制，抑制”。如：
①What does the medicine contain. Dr. Yang?杨大夫，这药含什么成分？
②Sea water contains salt．海水含有盐分。
③The hall can contain five hundred people.大厅可容纳 500人。（＝hold）
④She couldn't contain herself for joy.她高兴地难以自制。
辨析：contain与include
contain指作为组成部分而被“包含”或“容纳”在内。include侧重于作为整体中的一部分而被包括进去。
⑤How much does this bottle contain？这个瓶子能装多少？
⑤Books contain knowledge．书籍蕴含知识。
①Everyone here took part in the fight against the flood，including old people．这里所有的人，包括老人，都参加了抗洪斗争。
③Everybody had something to say，me included．所有的人，包括我在内，都有些话要说。
3．Ask your classmates what they like to eat. Make a list of the foods and decide if what they eat is junk food or not.
问问你的同学他们喜欢吃什么。列出这些食物并确定它们是否是垃圾食品。
make a list of＝list列出清单 如：
①Please make a list of the things I must buy．请列出我要买的东西。
②Try to make a list of the books which Philip is to read.设法列出菲力蒲要读的那些书。
if与whether表示“是否”时的区别 在动词后引起宾语从句时，二者可以换用。如：
①Please see if the children are dressed for school.请看一下孩子们是否穿好衣服要去上学了。（if＝whether）
if不和 or not直接连用，而 whether可以。如：
②He didn't say if he'll be staying here or not.他没说是否要留在这儿。（不能说计 or not he’11 be staying her，）
③Please tell me whether or not you agree．请告诉我你是否同意。（或 whether you agree or not）
与不定式连用时，只能用whether。如：
④I don't know whether to answer it (or not). 我不知道是否应当给予回答。（不用if）
引起同位语从句时，只能用whether。如：
⑤You have yet to answer my question whether can count on your vote．你还得回答我的问题：我是否能指望你的选票。（不用if）
引起表语从句时，只能用whether。如：
⑤What we want to know is whether he'll come on time. 我们想知道他是否会准时来。（不用if）
引起主语从句时，if从句不能位于句首，而whether可以。如：
① It is not clear to me if/whether she likes the present.
她是否喜欢这件礼物，我还不清楚。（或 Whether she likes the present is not clear to me.）
1. What's wrong with Mike?麦克怎么了？
本句中的 wrong也可换成the matter或 the trouble，意为“麻烦事，毛病，差错”，常与介词With连用。如：
①What's wrong/the matter/the trouble with her eyes?她眼睛怎么啦？
相关句式
②There's nothing wrong/the matter with the machine.这机器设毛病。
③Something must have gone wrong with your watch．你的表肯定有毛病了。
④He said that he didn't feel well and I asked him what was wrong/the matter. 他说他感到不舒服，我问他怎么回事。（what在从句中作主语，所以不能说… what the matter was．）
2. Can you give Mike some advice? What should he eat less of ? 你能给麦克提些忠告吗？他应该少吃什么？
advice是不可数名词，表示“一条建议”时，需用a piece of advice。如：
①Now I want to give you some advice.现在我想给你提点建议。
②Let me give you a piece of advice.我给你提个建议吧。
advice的常用搭配 give advice 提出建议 ask（for）one’s advice 征求意见 take／follow one’s advice 听从劝告
eat less中的 less为 little的比较级，由于此处不表示可数概念，所以不能换成 fewer.
3．Which side of Mike’s stomach hurts？麦克的胃部哪边痛？
hurt在本句中用作不及物动词，意为“疼”。如：
①My arm hurts．我胳膊疼。 ②Does your leg still hurt？你的腿还疼吗？
拓展」hurt也可用作及物动词。如：③The wound still hurts him．他仍然感到伤口疼。
辨析：hurt，harm，wound与 iujure
hurt常指精神上或肉体上的伤害，含有强烈的疼痛。harm指对人或事物造成危害，这种危害不一定是直接的，也不一定有痛楚。wound通常指外界暴力造成创伤，多指枪、刀伤害，也可指感情上的伤害。injure着重指健康、机能、外貌的伤害或损害，多指意外或事故造成伤害。
④His words hurt me／my feelings．他的话伤了我／我的感情。
⑤He fell and hurt his leg，他掉下来伤了腿。
⑤Smoking seriously harmed his health．吸烟严重伤害了他的健康。
①He got wounded in the battle．他在战斗中受伤。
③Several children were injured in the accident．好几个孩子在那次事故中受伤。
4．Does Mike have a fever？麦克发烧吗？
have a fever意为“发烧”，fever一般用作不可数名词，有时可与不定冠词连用。如：
①He has a high fever．他发高烧。 ②She hasn’t much fever．她发烧不厉害。
③I ran a high fever and was sick at my stomach．我发着高烧，肚子又疼。
1．I’ve got a pain here．我这儿疼。
pain的用法 (1)表示身体某部位的疼时，为可数名词。如：She has a pain In her back／leg／head．她背（腿、头）疼。
（2）表示由损伤或疾病引起的痛苦、疼痛时，为不可数名词。如：Her back causes her a lot of Pain．她的背使她很疼。
（3）表示精神上的痛苦时，为不可数名词。如：His harsh words caused her much Pain．他尖刻的话使她很痛苦。
（4）表示“努力、辛苦、操心”时，只用复数形式。如：No pains，no gains．不劳而无获。She takes great pains with her work．她在工作上煞费苦心。
2. For lunch I had noodles, salad, and later a peach. I didn't have any supper because I didn't feel very well.
午饭我吃了面条、色拉，然后又吃了一个桃子。我因为感到不太舒服所以晚饭没吃东西。
for lunch中的 for是介词，构成固定结构 have…for…。如：
①What did you have for breakfast？你早饭吃了什么？ ②He had nothing for supper．晚饭他什么也没吃。
feel very well中的 well不是副词，而是形容词，意为“健康的”。如；
①She is well in health．她身体很健康。 ②I think she will get well．我想她会好起来的。
3. Was the peach ripe or green? You ought to be careful with fruit. 桃子熟不熟？吃水果你该小心。
ripe用作形容词，指“（水果、谷物等）成熟的”，“已结成的”，“准备好的”，“成年的，年高的”。如：
①Ripe apples are better to eat．熟了的苹果吃起来更好。 ②The rice is ripe for harvest．稻子已熟，可以收割了。
③The problem is ripe for settlement．解决这问题的时机已成熟。
④The plan is ripe for execution．这个计划已准备就绪，可以实施。
⑤He lived to the ripe age of ninety．他活到九十高龄。
〔比较〕green意为“未熟的，嫩的”，也可意为“无经验的，没有受过训练的”。如：
③You’d better not eat green fruit．你最好不吃未熟的水果。①He is still green at this job．他对这件工作还生疏。
be careful with fruit=be careful in eating fruit意为“吃水果时小心”。
4. It was a bit green.它有点生。
a bit在句中修饰green，意为“有点儿”。 辨析：a bit与 a little
二者均可用作副词，在句中充当状语，修饰动词或形容词，可译作“有点儿”。
a little可作形容词，直接修饰不可数名词，但a bit不能用作形容词，修饰名词时，其后必须加of，即 a bit of。
not a bit=not at all一点也不；not a little=very／much非常，很
①I slept a bit／a little last night．昨晚我只睡了一会儿。 ②For lunch had a little bread．午饭我只吃了一点面包。
③It’s not hard for one to do a bit of good．一个人做点好事并不难。
④I was not a bit tired after the long walk．走了那么远的路，我一点都不累。
⑤The children were not a little tired after the climb．那次爬山后，孩子们都累极了。
5. I think that may be the problem. It's nothing serious. You'd better get some rest. 我想那也许是问题所在。没什么严重问题，你最好休息休息。
nothing serious中的 serious是形容词作后置定语，修饰 nothing。形容词修饰不定代词时，必须置于不定代词之后。如：
①There’s something wrong with my watch．我的表出毛病了。
②Please come earlier．Something important will be announced．请早点来，有重要的事情要宣布。
③Is there anything interesting？有什么有趣的事吗？
Serious与wrong同时出现修饰不定代词时。应用seriously wrong.
④There is something seriously wrong with your arm．你的胳膊问题相当严重。
6．Take this medicine three times a day．You’11 e all right soon．这药一天服用三次．你很快会好的。
three times a day一天三次 再如： once a day一天一次 twice a day一天两次 four times a day一天四次 once every few days每几天一次 all right的意义
（1）健康的 ①I was ill，but I’m all right now．我生病了，可是现在好了。
（2）行，可以，好吧，我同意 ②“Let’s go home now．”“All right．”“咱们回家吧。”“好吧。”
③All right，she’s a good student．是的，她是个好学生。（表示同意对方的说法）
（3）顺利的，没问题的 ④Is everything all right？一切都好吗？
⑤Did she manage to find the place all right？她顺利地找到那个地方了吗？
③-Thank you for your gift.谢谢你给我的礼物。-That's all right.不用谢。
①-I'm sorry I broke the cup.我很抱歉，打破了杯子。-That's all right.没关系。
7. And I advise you not to eat fruit that isn't ripe in the future.我建议你将来不要吃不熟的水果。
advise的用法
advise意为“建议，忠告，劝告”，名词形式为advce。用法总结
（l）advise＋n．／pron． （2）advise sb．（not）to do sth． （3）advise doing sth． （4）advise sb．against（doing）sib．
（5）advise（sb．）＋clause（从句中用 should do的虚拟语气）
①The doctor advises a change of air．医生建议换换空气。 ②He advised me to start early．他建议我早动身。
③We advised waiting till the proper time.我们建议等待适当的时机。
④His parents advised him against（doing）wrong．他父母告诫他不要做坏事。
⑤I advised that he (should) leave at once.我劝他马上离开。
③Please advise me whether（should）accept the offer．请告诉我是否该接受这份帮助。
8. Lie down and let me examine you.躺下让我给你检查一下。
examine的用法 意为“仔细检查”，“对……进行考核”，“审查”。如：
①The doctor examined the wound．医生检查了伤口。 ②All job applicants are to be examined.所有求职者都要通过考核。
③We’11 examine the plan this afternoon．今天下午我们将要审查那项计划。
辨析：examine与check
examine仔细检查 look at carefully in order to learn about or from
check检查，核对 examine in order to learn whether sth is correct or not
④Now，please check your answers．现在请核对一下答案。
⑤Check your bicycle brakes before you ride．骑自行车前检查一下刹车。
1. Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was. 选择吃什么东西不再像以前那么容易了。
what to eat是疑问词十不定式的结构，在句中作宾语，另外这一结构也可作主语、表语、定语等。如：
①What to do next hasn't been decided yet. 下一步做什么还没决定。（主语）
②I don't know whether to answer it. 我不知道是否需要回答它。（宾语）
③The question is how to put it into practice.问题是如何把它付诸实施。（表语）
④They exchanged views on the question of whom to elect．关于应当选谁的问题，他们交换了意见。（介词宾语）
⑤The key with which to open the door has been lost.开这扇门的钥匙不见了。（定语）
③I can't decide which sweater to buy. = I can't decide which sweater I should buy.我不能决定该买哪种毛衣。
3. Traditional diets often have too much fat and too many calories for the 21st century person.
对于21世纪的人来说，传统饮食常常含有太多的脂肪和太多的卡路里。
diet既可作可数名词，又可作不可数名词，意为“（个人、社区等）通常吃的食物，节食”。如：
①Too rich a diet (=Too much rich food) is not good for you. 太油腻的食物对你不好。
②The doctor put her on a diet．医生限制她的饮食。
③No potatoes for me - I'm on a diet.不要给我马铃薯--我在吃规定的食物。
辨析：diet与food
diet既可指习惯上吃的食物，又可指规定的食物，特指维持健康的定质或定量的食物。food是一般用语，指任何能吃且有营养的东西。强调种类时，food可用复数。
too much在句中用作定语，另外也可作主语、宾语、状语等。如：
①There's too much snow and ice here.这儿有太多的雪和冰。 ②Too much has been said．说的太多了。
③You are asking too much．你问得太多了。 ④Watching TV too much is bad for your health.看电视太多对你的健康有害。
⑤I don't like winter because it's much too cold.我不喜欢冬天，因为冬天太冷。
⑤I'm much too tired to go out.我实在累得不能出去了。
辨析：too much与 too many
too much修饰不可数名词，也可用作状语。too many修饰可数名词，不能用作状语。
4. If we want to keep up with the high pace of modern life, we had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat.要是我们想跟上现代生活的快节奏，我们最好在吃的东西和吃的方式上学会做出合适的选择。
keep up with意为“跟上，不落后于”，表示并肩前进，并驾齐驱。如：
①John finds it difficult to keep up with the rest of the class in mathematics. 约翰发现在数学方面很难跟上班里的其他同学。
②Can you walk a little slower? I can't keep up with you. 你能走慢一点吗？我跟不上你。
比较〕catch up with是指在已经落后的情况下“追上，赶上”。如：
③He was behind in his studies because of illness，but he is catching up with the others now．他因为生病学习落后了，但现在正在奋起直追。
④You walk on ahead, I shall soon catch you up. (= catch up with you) 你先走，我很快就赶上你了。
what and how we eat是宾语从句，作介词 about的宾语，其中 what作动词 eat的宾语，how在从句中作状语。
5. Stores offer all kinds of foods and snacks and we have to make many choices.商店提供各种各样的食物和快餐，因而我们不得不面临多种选择。
offer的用法
(1) vt．提供；给予（表示主动给予）
①I have been offered a job in Spain.已给我提供了一份在西班牙的工作。②He offered me his pencil．他把自己的铅笔给了我。
③He offered to lend me some books．他提出借给我一些书。
④She kindly offered to show us around．她主动提出带我们到处看看。
（2）vt．出价；拿… …出售
⑤I offered him ￡1，000 for the house．我出价1，000英镑买那所房子。
③The next。ruing we offered our boat for sale for six dollars．第二天我们出售我们的小船，作价6美元。
（3）n.提供；提出
①Thank you for your offer to help.谢谢你提供帮助。 ②He promised to make an offer of support．他答应给予支持。
7. Some nutrients help build our body and make it stronger. 有些营养品能帮助我们强身健体。
help后接动词时，不定式符号to可以省略。如：
①By helping them we can help（to）save ourselves．帮助他们有助于挽救我们自己。
②All this has helped（to）improve our work．所有这一切都有助于改善我们的工作。
【拓展］help后接不定式的复合结构时，也可省略 to。如：
③I'll help you (to) solve the problem.我会帮你解决这个问题的。
④I can't make you happy myself; but I can help another man (to) do it.我自己不能使你幸福，但我可以帮助别人做到这一点。
⑤Thinking won't help.光想没用。 ③What you say helps.你说的话很有帮助。
build our body中的 build是引申意义。再如： ①Reading builds the mind．阅读培养思维。
②Hard work builds（up）character．勤劳磨炼性格。
My father built his business with years of hard work．我父亲通过多年的努力发展起他的生意。
8. Calcium, which is found in eggs, milk and other dairy products, is good for our bones and teeth.鸡蛋、牛奶及其他乳制品所含的钙对我们的骨骼和牙齿有好处。
be good for意为“对……有好处”（反义短语为 be bad for）。如：
① Walking is good for our health. ② Milk is good for children．牛奶对孩子有好处。
辨析：be good for，be good to与do good to
be good for与 do good to意义相同，皆意为“对……有好处”。be good to意为“对……好”，指一方对另一方的态度。
③Take a bit of bread; it'll do good to you. (=do you good; be good for you) 吃点面包，这对你有好处。
④Our English teacher is very good to us．我们的英语老师待我们很好。
⑤The theatre ticket is good for next Saturday．这张戏票下周六还有效。
③The old man is still good for a further years work.老人还能再干上一年。
辨析product，production与produce
product指任何体力劳动或脑力劳动所生产的东西，含义最广，是可数名词。production指生产的动作或产量，也指生产的结果，还特指艺术作品。produce作名词时，指农产品、天然产物或工业产品的总称，是不可数名词。
①They must have new markets for their products．他们的产品必须得有新市场。
②The plan was the product of many hours of careful thought．这个计划是经过数小时深思熟虑的产物。
③The factory was built for the production of cars．建造这家工厂是为了生产汽车。
④Production is up this month．这个月产量增长了。
⑤Several new productions will appear on Broadway this month．这个月要在百老汇上演好几部新作品。
⑤The farmers brought their produce to town early each morning．农民们每天清早把他们的农产品带到城里。
energy的用法 意为“能量，能源”，是不可数名词，也可意为“精力，活力”，有时用复数。如：
①Plants absorb energy from the sun．植物吸收太阳的能量。②He is full of energy．他充满了活力。
③He put all his energies into helping her.他竭尽全力帮助她。
辨析：energy，power与 force
energy意为“能量；能源；精力”。power可指“动力、思维能力、权力等各种力量或能力”。force指物理学意义上的力，也指为做成某事而使用的力量，还常指武力。
④Knowledge is power．知识就是力量。
⑤I wanted you to put a stop to it. I know you have the power. 我原想让你阻止它，我知道你有这个能力。
③A judge has the power to send a person to prison．法官有权把一个人投进监狱。
①That's just a matter of will--power.那仅仅是个意志力问题。
＠He moved the stone with force．他用力搬开了那块石头。
③The robber took the money from the old man by force．强盗把那个老人的钱抢走了。
balance的用法
(1）vt．权衡；对比；使平衡；抵消，跟……相抵
①We must balance the two plans.我们必须把这两个计划比较一下。②Can you balance yourself on skates? 你穿了溜冰鞋能保持身体平衡吗？③The expenses balance the receipts.支出跟收人相抵。
（2）n．天平，秤；平衡；均势；收支平衡
weigh sth. in the balance用天平称某物 be out of balance不平衡 a favorable balance of trade贸易顺差
【短语〕keep one's balance 保持平衡 lose one's balance 失去平衡，心慌意乱 on balance＝in balance 总的来说
2．2. We can give our body and brain more energy by eating snacks.通过小吃我们可以给我们的身体和大脑提供更多的能量。
brain表示“大脑、头脑”时，既可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词。如：
①He's nice, but hasn't got much brain.他人不错，但没大有头脑。②The man has a fine brain．这人脑子很好用。
③The brain is the centre of higher nervous activity. 大脑是高级思维活动的中心。
【拓展〕brain表示“头脑、智慧”时常用brains，此时为不可数名词。如；
④Brains is more than just education.有头脑不仅指受过教育。 ③He has much brains．他很有头脑。
辨析：brains, head与mind
brains是不可数名词，强调智力。head为可数名词，指脑力时有时可与 brains互换，但它侧重单一实践性能力。mind指主观意志、精神世界，也指思维机能的强弱。
③She has good brains．她很有头脑。 ①She has a good head for figures．她很有数学头脑。
③He kept a cool head in face of danger．在危险面前他保持冷静的头脑。
③She is a good student with good mind.她是个头脑清晰的学生。
4．Best of all, they taste great! 最棒的是，它们味道好极了！
best of all意为“最好的是，最突出的是”。如：
①Best of all，she got a first in the competition．最好的一点是她在比赛中获得了第一。
②Best of all，the medicine can help you sleep．最佳的是，这药对你的睡眠有帮助作用。
【链接】first of all 首先 most of all 最最，特别 worst of all 特别（糟糕的是） the most important of all 最重要的是
③I shall try first all to make them change their mind．我首先要尽力让他们改变主意。
④I was very angry with Bob, but most of all with myself.我对鲍勃很生气，但最主要的是对我自己生气。
⑤Worst of all，she had no hope of shaking his resolution．最糟的是，她没有希望动摇他的决心。
＠We should, the most important of all, try our best. 最重要的是，我们应当竭尽全力。
5. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ?all we have to do is clean or peel them.
多数水果本身就是甜的，我们可以不用加工就吃--所有要做的就是洗净、去皮。
the way they are中的they are可以看成是定语从句，the way后接定语从句时，一般用 in which引导，并在从句中作状语，此时可以省略，也可换成that。如：
①These are some of tile ways In which they can be used．它们可以用于以下几种方式。
②We admired him for the way in which he faces difficulties．我们因他面对困难的方式而敬佩他。
③He doesn’t speak the way（that）I do．他说话方式不像我。
④They didn’t do it the way（that）we do it now．他们没有用我们现在用的方式来做那件事。
【比较」the way后接的定语从句中，若引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，则需用that或 which。如：
⑤This is the way（that／Which）he showed us．这就是他教给我们的办法。
③We have to think out a way that／which really works．我们必须想出一个真正管用的办法来。