课题：动名词做主语和宾语
The -ing form as the Subject and Object
课型：新授课（语法）
【学习目标】
1.认知目标：
了解动词-ing形式做主语和宾语在具体语境中的应用。
2.能力目标：
（1）运用归纳或演绎等方法分析动词-ing形式做主语和宾语的用法。
（2）学会在具体语境中使用动词-ing形式做主语和宾语。
【学习重点】
（1）动词-ing形式做主语
（2）动词-ing形式做宾语
(3) 动词-ing形式的否定形式
(4) 动词-ing形式的复合结构
【学习难点】
（1）动词-ing形式做主语 （2）动词-ing形式做宾语
【学法指导】
运用归纳、演绎等方法分析主谓一致的用法。通过对学、群学、小组讨论合作等形式分析和解决问题。通过小组学习竞赛、积分，提高学习趣味性。
I 自主学习
Lead-in 语法导入
主谓一致是指英语中的谓语动词必须在人称和数上与主语保持一致。
主谓一致一般都遵循以下三个原则：语法一致、意义一致、和就近一致。
1.语法一致是指句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上一致，即谓语动词的单复数形式依主语的单复数形式而定。主语为单数，谓语动词用单数，主语为复数，谓语动词也用复数。
例句： I often help him and he often helps me. 我经常帮助他，他也经常帮助我。
2.意义一致是指不依语法形式而侧重于根据实际意义处理主谓关系，根据主语所表达的实际含义确定谓语动词的单复数。主语意义为复数，谓语用复数；主语意义为单数，谓语用单数。
例句：①The police are searching for a thief. 警察正在搜寻一名贼。
②The cattle are eating grass on the hill. 牛儿正在山上吃草。
3.就近一致是指当主语有两个或两个以上时，谓语动词依据靠近它的主语确定其人称和数的形式。
例句：①Either you or he is wrong.要么是你错，要么是他错。
②Neither he nor you are required to overwork.你和他都不用加班。
II．合作探究及展示
主谓一致的具体用法：
一． 集合名词作主语
1）表示整体概念，强调一致性，谓语动词用单数形式，表示个体概念，强调每一个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。
常见的集合名词有：family, group, class, grade, team, army, nation, crowd, population, company, government, committee等。例如：
①他们全家要外出。 (表示整体概念，强调一致性，谓语动词用单数）
His family （be) going out.
②他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。（表示个体概念，强调每一个成员）
His family (be) all music lovers.
2）有些有生命的集合名词做主语时，谓语动词只能用复数。常见的这类集合名词有：people，police，cattle等。例如：
Chinese people (be) very friendly. 中国人很友好。
The cattle (be) eating grass on the hill. 那头牛正在田地里吃草
二． 表示成双成套的名词，如trousers, shoes, glasses, socks, stockings, scissors单独做主语时，谓语动词用复数，但当它们和a pair of 或pairs of 连用时，谓语动词与pair 的数保持一致。例如：
The pair of glasses （fit）you well. 你戴这副眼睛很适合。
Several pairs of new shoes have been sent to the old men.已经给这位老人寄去好几双新鞋了。
三． 不定代词做主语
（1）不定代词anyone, somebody, something, no one, nobody, each, the other等做做主语，谓语动词用单数。例如：
①Someone wants to see you. 有人想见你。
②Nobody (know) the answer. 没有人知道答案。
（2）不定代词none和neither既可表单数也可表复数。其单复数含义要根据说话人的意思决定。例如：
None of them have/has a computer. 他们都没有电脑/他们没有一个人有电脑。
Neither of them know/knows the reason. 他们俩全都不知道答案/他们两个谁也不知道答案。
（3）all 修饰不可数名词表示单数概念时，谓语动词用单数；如果all修饰的是复数名词，谓语动词用复数。例如：
All of the water (be) polluted.所有的水都被污染了。（all 修饰不可数名词表示单数概念时，谓语动词用单数。
All of the apples ____（be) rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。(all修饰的是复数名词，谓语动词用复数)
All of the apple ____ (be) rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。 (all表示整个或整体的含义时，谓语用单数）
（4）不定代词 each，every, no所修饰的名词及each....and each, every....and every, no....and no. many a... and many a...结构作主语时，谓语动词任然用单数形式。例如：
Every man and every woman is at work. 所有人都在工作
Many a desk and many a beach （be) be taken out of the hall. 许多课桌和凳子将被搬出大厅。
四．由either....or, neither...nor, not...but或not only...but also连接两个主语时，谓语动词常和邻近的主语一致，即谓语动词使用“就近一致”原则。例如：
1）Either Tom or I （be）going there. 要么是汤姆去要么是我去。
2）Not the students but the teacher is about to visit the place.不是学生而是老师将去参观这个地方。
五．在there be句型中，当主语是两个或多个名词（短语）并列时，be的形式通常跟与之靠近的一个名词（短语）保持一致，即使用“就近一致”原则。例如：
房间里有一张桌子和四把椅子。There （be)a desk and four chairs in the room.
房间里有四把椅子和一张桌子。There (be ) four chairs and a desk in the room.
六．其他情况
（1）主语后有 as well as , with, rather than, but, like, except, besides, including等词或短语时，谓语动词的形式不受这些短语的影响。例如：
①Your father as well as you is very kind to me. 不仅你而且你的父亲对我都很好。
②A lot of citizens as well as the major (have)come to greet us.不仅许多的市民而且市长也来迎接我们。
（2）many a 和more than one 后加单数名词表示复数意义，谓语动词用单数。例如：
①Many a soldiers was killed in the battle.
②More than one students (like) playing badminton.
（3）表示单一概念的不定式、动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：
①Smoking is bad for your health.吸烟有害你的健康。
②To see (be) to believe.眼见为实。
*注意：what引导的主语从句，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但如果从句后面的表语是复数形式，则谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
What the students need most is diligence.
What the poor students need (be) foods and books.
(4)表示总量或总和的时间、距离、金钱、重量等的复数名词做主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：
One hundred kilograms (be) too heavy.100公斤太重了。
Twenty years is a long time.二十年是很长一段时间。
（5）分数，百分数或half of /part of / the rest of + n./ pron.主语时，谓语动词由后面的n/pron 决定，然而 one of + n/pron做主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：
Three quarters（Three-fourths) of the surface of the earth is sea. 地球表面的四分之三是海洋。
Eighty percent of the workers here (be) women.这里80%的工作者是女性。
（6）定语从句中，其谓语动的数和先行词保持一致。例如：
Tom, who is your friend, should help you.你的朋友汤姆应该帮你。
Those who (enjoy) singing may join us.凡是喜欢唱歌的人都可以加入我们中来。
（7）并列结构充当主语表示整体概念时，指的是同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念，谓语动词用单数，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。常见的并列结构表示整体的概念的有：butter and bread（黄有面包）， a watch and a chain(一块带链的表）、a cart and horse(马车）、a knife and fork(一副刀叉）、the writer and poet(作家兼诗人）。例如：
The cart and horse （be) coming. 马车来了。
III.当堂检测
1．填出正确的谓语动词形式
1)The public (be) the best judge because always (express) their thoughts correctly.
2) None of the books (be) easy enough for us.
3) Ten dollars (be ) what he wanted most at that moment.
4) The rich (be) not always happy.
5) Nine plus three (make) twelve.
2.单项选择：
(1) _____ of the land in that district ____ covered with trees and grass.
A.Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are
(2)E-mail, as well as telephone, _________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. Play
(3) He is the only one of the students who _________ a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
(4)All but one _______ here just now. A. is B. was C. has been D. were
(5)The teacher together with the students discussing Reading Skills that newly published in America.
A.are; were B.is ; were C.are; was D.is; was.
(6) The population of the city not large, but one- third of the population hight-educated citizens.
A. is; is B.are; are C.is; are D.are, is
(7) Most of what has been said about the Smiths also true of the Johnsons.
A. are B.is C. being D. to be
(8) When and where to build the new factory _________ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided
(9) A group of _____ are eating _____ and ______ at the foot of the hill. (NMET'95)
A. sheep; grass; leaves B. sheeps; grasses; leaves
C. sheep; grass; leaf D. sheeps; grass; leafs
(10) As a result of destroying the forests, a large _____ of desert _____ covered the land.
A. number; has B. quantity; has C. number; have D. quantity; have
(11) All that can be eaten eaten up.
A.have been B.had been C. has been D are being
(12) Half of the material away.
A.has been taken B. Are taken C.have been taken D.were taken
(13) What caused the accident and who was responsible for it a mystery for us.
A. Has been remained B.have been remained C.remain D. Remains
(14) Many a man seen the wonderful film. Many men seen the wonderful film.
A. has; has B. has; have C. have; has D. have; have
(15) A woman with two children coming up to us. Mary, along with her parents move to Paris. A. is, has B. is, have C. are, have D are, has
I