一、冠词
1、定冠词the
（1)表示一家人
The Smith are very nice to their neighbors.
The Greens are preparing for the coming Thanksgiving Day.
(2)表示一类人, 谓语用复数
The poor sometimes are even happier than the rich.
(3)表示确定的人或事
A. 双方都知道的人或事
Would mind open the door?
Let’s go to the library
B. 后面有限定的，常常是定语从句。如：Is this the book you talked about yesterday?
(4)独一无二的事物 the sun，the Great Wall. The earth runs around the sun.
(5)序数词、最高级、西洋乐器前
序数词。试比较：
A. He got the first prize in the maths competition. (用the，前面无my， his等形容词性物主代词修饰）
B. I got my first birthday gift at the age of ten. (不用the，前面有形容词性物主代词修饰）
最高级同理，如：
A. I try my best to win the first prize.
B I’m the best.
西洋乐器前面
John loves playing the guitar.
Tom loves play football.
2、不定冠词 a/an
用于可数名词前，表示一个或一类人或事。
A. I ate an apple this morning
B.Tom bought a toy car for his son.
C. A plane is a machine that can fly. (常用来表示定义）
以元音开头的字母（非元音字母a, e,i,o,u, 如 an “s”，而不是a “s”)用an. 原理是两个元音连在一起发音有些不便，因此加个辅音”n“隔开。
总结：a/an 与 the 分别对应汉语中的“一+量词（个、本、张...）”、“这/那+量词”
翻译出“一....”的概念的，通常 a/an
没有翻译出“一...”的概念的，通常不用a/an，而用 the 或不用冠词。
如： I saw a cat on the floor. 我看见地板上有一只猫。
What a nice day! 多么美好的一天啊！
A： Did you see a boy around? 你看见附近有一个男孩吗？
B： You mean the one with a hat？ 你指的是带着一顶帽子的那个吗？
Tom usually goes to school by bus. Tom 通常做公交车去上学。
这里没说坐一辆公交车，故不能用a/an，同时也没特指，所以也不用the，属于零冠词。注：play the piano 属于固定搭配，可以单独记忆。
知识延伸：（1）a/an 与 the 的转化
如：He gets up at six in the morning. 他早上六点起床。
He returned home on a cold winter morning. 他在一个寒冷的冬天的早上回到家。
（2）零冠词与a/an的转化
He called his parents on Friday. 他星期五给他父母打了电话。
He called his parents on a sunny warm Friday. 他在一个晴朗温暖的星期五给他父母打了电话。
二、代词
1、不定代词
对应中文的“一些、很少、很多、几乎没有、没有、某个人、某件事、每个人、所有的...用来表示一个不确定的数量。
（1)few, little 均表示几乎没有，其中few修饰可数名词，little修饰不可数名词（否定语气）
A few 跟 a little 表示有几个、有一些，分别修饰可数、不可数名词，肯定语气。
如：Tom has few friends. 汤姆几乎没有什么朋友。
Few of us can speak French. 我们当中很少有人会说法语。
This is little milk in the fridge and we need to call the milkman. 冰箱里没什么牛奶了，我们需要打电话给送牛奶的人。
There is still a little milk in the fridge. 冰箱里还有一点牛奶。
There are only a few students in the classroom. 教室里只有几个学生。
知识延伸：
A. 含有few，little的反意疑问句中，后半部分用肯定形式。
如：Tom has few friends, does he?
There is little milk in the fridge, is there?
B. a little 也可用作副词，表示“有点，稍微”
如：I’m a little tired. 我有点累了。
She is a little hungry. 她有点饿了。
（2）some，any 表示一些，修饰可数或不可数名词。其中some常用于肯定句中，any多用于疑问句、否定句中。
如：I have some old books. 我有一些旧书
I don’t have any old books? 我没有任何旧书。
Do you have any old books? 你有一些旧书吗？
I’m thirsty, and I want to have some water. 我很渴，我想喝点水。
知识延伸：
A. 由some, any 衍生出来的词 something, anything，somebody, anybody，someone，any用法基本同上。
如：I’m hungry and I want something to eat.
It’s dark here. I can’t see anything.
B. some/something 可用于疑问句中，表示征询对方意见的意思；any/anything 用于肯定句中，表示任何的意思。
如：Would you like something to drink? 你想要喝点什么吗？
Can you give me some advice? 你能给我一些建议吗？
Anything is possible. 一切皆有可能。
He is taller than any boys in his class. 他比他班上任何一个男生都要高。
C. 当句中something, anything 有形容词修饰时，形容词需后置，如 something new
例句：I hate eating potatoes everyday. I want to have something new today.
Do you have anything interesting to tell us.
知识衔接：类似的表达还有 形容词+enough 如 strong enough（足够强，enough 后置）
例句： He is old enough to go to school.
She is not strong enough to move the box.
（3）all ，both；none，neither; either
All 表示三者或三者以上都...对应的否定形式为 neither
Both 表示两者都，对应的否定形式为neither。
如： All of us love listening to music. 我们所有人都喜欢听音乐。（三人或三人以上）
（否定）None of us loves listening to music. 我们所有人都不喜欢听音乐。
Both Tom and John are from America. 汤姆和约翰都来自美国。（两人）
（否定）Neither Tom nor John is from America. 汤姆和约翰都不是来自美国。
either 表示 “两者中任何一个”；“either...or...”表示“要么...要么...”
如：---Which do you prefer, tea or coffee. 茶跟咖啡你要喝哪一个？
---Either is OK. I don’t mind. 哪个都行，我不介意。
Either you or I am going to the meeting. 要么你去参加这个会议，要么我去。
知识延伸：
all 的否定形式有两种 加“not”表示的是部分否定，none 表示的是全部否定。
如： All of us don’t like listening to music. 不是我们所有人都喜欢听音乐（有一部分人喜欢，一部分人不喜欢）
None of us like（s）listening to music. 我们所有人都不喜欢听音乐（完全否定）
含有neither...nor... either...or...句子，谓语动词的单复数要根据最靠近它的名词而定。
如：Either you or I am going to the meeting.
(4)other 表示“其他的”形容词性
如：Tom is not here. You can ask other students. 汤姆不在这里，你可以问其他的学生。
any other 表示任何其他的一个
He is taller than any other boys in his class. 他比他班上其他任何男生都高。
others 表示“其他的人”
如：We should help others. 我们应该帮助他人。
the other
一个，另一个（两个）
如：I have two brothers. One is 7 years old and the other is 5 years old.
表示“剩余其他的”
Where have the other students gone? 其他的学生去哪儿了？
the others+the other +前面提到的复数名词
如：He is clever than the others in his class.
another
三个或以上中的另一个
如：This skirt is too big. Can you show me another one?
固定用法 another+数词/few +复数名词 表示另外的、额外的
如：I need another three hours to finish my homework.
2、人称代词
（1）主格 I, you, he, she, we, they, it (做主语）
如：I/She/He...want(s) to see a film.
（2）宾格 me, you, him, her, us, them, it(做宾语或表语）
及物动词后
We don’t like him because he is very strict.
I asked him a question.
介词后面
It’s good for us to do exercise everyday.
I haven’t heard from her since 1997.
Be 动词之后做表语
-----Who is there?
------It’s me, Jack.
3、物主代词
（1）形容词性：my your his her our their its, 放在名词前。
（2）名词性： mine yours his hers ours theirs its 代替前面提到的名词
如： This is my book. It ’s not yours .
This is not my pen. Mine is red. 这不是我的笔，我的笔是红色的。 （mine=my pen)
4、反身代词
myself , yourself/yourselves himself, herself, ourselves, themselves itself
表示我自己、他自己、他们自己、我们自己，常见的固定短语有“
enjoy oneself(玩得开心） by oneself（独自） help oneself(to) 随便吃...
如：We really enjoyed ourselves last night. 昨晚我们玩得很开心。
He did his homework all by himself. 他的家庭作业都是自己独立完成的。
Help yourself to the dishes. 随便吃点鱼。
三、名词
重要考点
（1）名词复数不规则变化: 各国人的单复数
常考：Frenchman---Frenchmen， German----Germans，
Englishman---Englishmen, American---Americans
如：There are five foreign students in our class. Three are Frenchmen, and two are Germans.
（2）所有格 名词+’s，如 Tom‘s book， 表示所属关系。
如：Lily’s father is a doctor.
Tom’s house is near a lake.
知识延伸：
组合名词的复数形式
A. 一般加在最后一个名词上
如：There are 24 boy students and 25 girl students in our class.
I saw two policemen in the street this morning.
B. 特殊情况：前半部分是man/woman，将两部分变成复数。
如：Two women doctors were injured in the accident.
A group of men scientists are working on this project.
名词所有格中出现两个或以上名词时：
A. 表示各自关系时，各名词末尾均加“s”
B. 表示共有关系时，只在末尾名词加“s”
如：Tom’s and Lily’s fathers are teachers. (两人的父亲不是同一个人）
Tom and Lily’s father is a teacher. （两人的父亲是同一个人）
考点解析：此知识点主要考察主谓一致，解题时可以通过谓语动词的单复数判断前面名词的关系，一般情况下，若为复数，则为各自关系；若为单数，则为共有关系。同样地，也可以根据前面名词的关系，判断后面谓语的单复数。
四、数词
1、基数词
(1) 用“百”、“千”修饰名词的情况
A. hundreds of; thousands of 数百的；数千的
前面不能有数词修饰，如不能写成： four hundreds of students
B. 数词+hundred/thousand +名词复数：four hundred students
例句： Thousands of people lost their homes after the earthquake.
Hundreds of students took part in the sports meeting this year.
There are five hundred students in our school.
This temple was built hundreds of years ago.
知识延伸：
Hundreds of thousands of 表示成千上万的。
如：Hundreds of thousands of people gathered in the square to celebrate the new year.
成千上万的人聚集在广场上庆祝新年。
2、序数词
表示“第...”的概念：first 第一 second 第二 third 第三；其他均在末尾加“Th”
但有几个例外，如： fifth 第五； ninth 第九；eighth 第八； twelfth 第十二
例句：He lives in the second floor. 他住在第二楼。
Mary won the second place in the competition. 玛丽在比赛中获得了第二名。
知识衔接：序数词前无物主代词修饰时要用定冠词“the”
3、分数
形式：分子基数词+分母序数词，分子超过1，分母加“s“。
如：two thirds 2/3 one fifth 1/5
例句：Two fifths of the students are boys.
Three thirds of this area is countryside. 这个地区的三分之二是乡村。
注：句子中的谓语动词单复数要根据分数后面的名词而定，可数则用复数，不可数则用单数。
知识延伸：
A. 1/4 属于特殊的分数，多写作 one quarter， 如 3/4 为three quarters
B. 1/2 写作 half， 一个半小时 写作：one hour and a half 或 one and a half hours.
五、时态
中考涉及的常用时态有6种：一般现在时、一般过去时；现在进行时，过去进行时；现在完成时，一般将来时；其中重点考察过去进行、现在完成时态。
1、一般现在时
表示一般性、经常性动作，标志性副词有：everyday，usually， sometimes，everyday morning等。
He exercises everyday to keep fit. 他每天锻炼身体来保持健康。
Jimmy usually goes to school by bike. 吉米通常骑自行车去学校。
表示恒定不变的规律，如
The earth runes around the sun.
Light travels faster than sound.
2、一般过去时
表示过去已经完成的动作，标志性副词有：yesterday，last year， in 1997， three days ago 等明确表示过去时间的词。
I lost my bag yesterday.
Tim was born in 1997.
A car accident took place in the street three hours ago.
3、现在进行时
表示现在正在进行的动作，基本结构为：is/am/are +V-ING，标志性词语有：now, at the moment.
I’m doing my homework now.
He is watching TV at the moment.
表示即将发生的动作，多见于come， leave，run 等方向性动词，如
The bus is coming! 车来了
I’m leaving tomorrow! 我明天就要走了
4、过去进行时
A. 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间正在进行的动作
如：-----I called you last night, but there was no answer.
-----Sorry, I was playing football with my friends outside.
(当他打电话时，“我”正在外面跟朋友踢足球）
B. 主句是过去进行时，从句是when/while 引导的时间状语从句。
I was having dinner with my parents when the light went out.
电灯熄灭时，我正和爸妈在吃晚餐
I was watching TV when the bell rang.
门铃响时，我正在看电视。
特殊情况下，也可以是主句是一般过去时，从句是过去进行时
如：He fell asleep when he was reading his newspaper.
5、现在完成时
A. 过去发生的动作持续到现在，标志性词语：for，since, so far, in the past...years/months
I‘ave studied English for five years. 我学英语5年了（现在还在学）
We’ave known each other since we were nine or ten. 我们九到十岁时就已经相识。
We’ave learn over 3,000 English words so far. 到目前为止，我们学了3000多个单词。
Great changes have taken place in China in the past 30 years. 在过去的30年间，中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。
B. 过去发生的事，但对现在仍有影响，标志性词：already，yet（already 对应的否定句，常置于句末）never，ever，before， just.
I’ave already finished my homework. 我已经完成了家庭作业
I haven’t finished my homework yet. 我的家庭作业还没做完
I have never been to America. 我从来没去过美国。
I‘ave just finished my homework. Now I can go out to play football with my friend.
我刚做完了家庭作业，现在我可以跟朋友出去踢足球了。
Julia has never seen an elephant before. 茱莉亚以前从来没有见过大象。
6、一般将来时
A. 表示很快要发生或打算去做的事： be going to +动词原形
It’s going to rain. Let’s hurry up. 天马上要下雨了，我们快点走吧
I’m going to visit my uncle this weekend. 这个周末我打算去看望我的叔叔。
I‘m going to buy a new bike. The old one was broken. 我的旧单车坏了，我打算买一辆新的。
B. 表示在将来某个时间会发生的动作或状态，标志性词: tomorrow, in the future, in three days, next year/month/week, some day, one day.
I’ll have an exam tomorrow. 明天我有场考试。
The famous singer, Jay Chou, will come to our city next week. 著名歌手周杰伦下周将会来我们的城市。
All my dreams will come true one day. 总有一天，我所有的梦想都会实现。
知识延伸：
在“if， as long as”引导的条件状语从句以及“when, while, before as soon as”等引导的时间状语从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句中用一般现在时代替。
I won’t come if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨，我就不来了。
I will call you as soon as I get there. 我一到那里就会打电话给你。
As long as you don’t give up, your dream will come true. 只要你不放弃，你的梦想就会实现
I will send you a letter when I get there. 当我到达那里时，我会给你寄封信
I will have everything prepared before i leave. 在我离开之前， 我会把一切都准备好。
误区整理：注意区分宾语从句中的”if“跟”when”
如：----I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow.
----If it rains, I will stay at home.
-----Do you know when he will come tomorrow?
-----No,when he comes, I will let you know.
短暂性动作如come， go，marry，leave，die等在现在完成时中不能同“for，since”表示的一段时间短语连用，需要转化成相应的持续性动作。
如：（1)She has married for three years. ×
She has been married for three years. (将短暂性动作化成持续性状态）√
(2) Mr. Lee has come to China for thirty years. ×
Mr. Lee has been in China for thirty years. √
have been to 跟 have gone to 的区别。
“have been to”指去过某地，但现在已经回来了；“have gone to”指在去某地的路上，现在还没回来。试比较：
---Have you been to Australia?
---Yes, I went there last summer. （去年夏天去过澳大利亚，现在已经回来了）
---May I speak to Mr. D win？
---Sorry, Mr. D win has gone to China. He will be back next Monday. (现在还没回）
六、形容词、副词
解析：英语形容词对应汉语中的“...的”，如：漂亮的、高大的，友好的；副词对应汉语中的”...地“，如”慢慢地，悄悄地“。跟中文习惯相同，形容词一般位于名词前或者系动词之后做表语。副词一般位于动词之后（及物动词的，位于动词宾语之后）。
（1）比较级，两者之间的比较。 A比B... A is ...er than B
最高级 三个或以上的比较
形式：形容词副词后+er/Ier(辅音字母+y结尾）；est/est
more+形容词/副词； the most+形容词、副词
不规则的，需单独记忆
例：tall---taller---tallest strong---stronger---strongest
fast---faster----fastest easy---easier---easiest
beautiful---more beautiful---the most beautiful
good---better---the best bad---worse---worst
例句; He is taller than me.
He is the tallest in his class.
This skirt looks more beautiful than that one.
Tom did a better job than Jerry.
Robertson runs faster than any other boys in his class.
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.
知识延伸：
比较级前面可以加序数词、或”much, a little, even, far”等修饰，表示“第几..“”...得多，远远...“等意思。
The Yellow River is the second largest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河。
His English is even worse than mine. 他的英语甚至比我的还要差。
Wyoming is much taller than Gunslinging. 姚明比郭敬明要高得多。
His French is a little better than mine.( than me ×) 他的法语比我好一点。
知识链接：序数词与定冠词的搭配使用；不定代词与名词性物主代词的使用。
表示A跟B一样...可用”...as ... as...“中间的形容词副词用原级。
He is as tall as me. 他跟我一样高
He speaks English as well as me. 他英语说得跟我一样好。
附：表否定，形式如下（第一个as改成so）
He is not so tall as me. 他不比我高
He speaks English not so well as me. 他英语不比我说得好。
（2）形容词的-ING跟-ed形式
-ING 表示”令人...“，一般形容事物；
-ed 表示“感到...”，一般形容人。
如：The film is boring. I’m bored.
I’m surprised by the surprising news.
You look tired. What happened?
Mr. Wang’s class is very interesting.
七、介词
常考知识点：地点、方位介词、时间介词、方式介词
(1) at, in, on
at 表示 某个时间点或小的地方
He was at home last night. (at home 在家）
He usually gets up at six o’clock in the morning. (表时间点）
Tom awns’t at school today. He was ill.
in 表示大的地点或一段时间
Chairman Mao was born in 1897. (年份）
Gao takes place in June every year. (月份）
You can see many flowers in spring. (季节）
It’s usually hot in the afternoon in summer. (一段具体的时间）
More and more foreigners are studying in China. (国家）
There will be a big festival in Shanghai next month. (城市）
（2）方位的（可结合地图进行理解记忆）
between ，opposite， in front of， next to， near， behind..
The post office is between the bookstore and the supermarket. 邮局在书店跟超市中间。
The hotel is opposite the park. 酒店在公园的对面。
There is a car in front of the classroom 教室前面有一辆车
知识延伸： in front of 跟 in the front of 的区别，前者表示在某个范围以外的前面，后者 表示在某个范围以内的前面。
如：The blackboard is in the front of the classroom. 黑板在教室前面。（黑板位于教室内部）
There is a tree in front of the classroom. 教室前面有棵树。（树长在教室的外面）
between 跟 among 的区别
between 表示两者之间 如：between you and me
among 表示三者或以上之间 Among all the singers, I love Jay Chou best.
（3）表“方式”，意思为“用....”
by+交通工具
I go to school by bus.
Mrs. Green traveled to London by plane.
in+语言
What’s this in English.
Can you say it in Chinese?
with +具体的工具
He opened the door with a key.
In the western restaurant, people usually use a knife.
八、连词
1、并列连词：and，or，but，so；not only...but also; both...and; neither...nor; either...or
He study very hard and he is never late for class. (关系平等的两个句子）
Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? (or 用于疑问句中，表选择）
My family are not rich, but we are happy. (but,但是，表转折）
Judy was ill, so she could’t come to school today. (表因果）
Not only Jack but also Johnson is going to to party.
知识延伸：
祈使句，and/or....
Don’t give up, and your dream will come true one day. 不要放弃，总有一天你的梦想会实现。
=If you don’t give up, your dream will come true one day.
Study hard, or you will fail in the exam. 努力学习，否则你将会考试不及格。
=If you don’t study hard, you will fail in the exam.
2、从属连词
A. 表如果：if it does’t rains tomorrow, we will have a picnic.
If you study hard, you will get high scores.
知识链接：条件状语从句中，从句用一般现在时代替简单将来时。
知识延伸：If 还可以表“是否”，意思跟whether 一样，如：
I don’t know whether he will come. 我不知道他是否会来。
I’m not sure if it is true. 我不知道它否正确。
注：这种情况下通常表示不确定的意义。当从句中含有“...or not”时，只能用whether，不能用”if“，如：
We don’t know whether he will come or not. (不能用 if）
We are not sure whether it is true or not.
B. 表原因 because，since，as
----Why are you late？
----Because I missed the bus.
Since everybody is here, let’s begin. (=now that 既然）
As it was late, I had to go. 由于太晚了，我必须得走了。
C. 表让步 though, although 尽管
Although it’s snowy, he goes to school as usual. 尽管下着雪，他还是像往常一样去上学。
Although he is poor, he is very happy. 尽管他很穷，但他很幸福。
D. so...that... Such...that... 如此...以至于...
The box is so heavy that no one can move it. 这箱子太重了，以至于没人能够移动它。
She eats so much that she becomes very fat.
She is such a lovely girl that everyone likes her.
知识延伸：so...that...与“too...to..”或“enough...to..”的句型转化
He is so old that he even can’t walk.
=He is too old to walk.
He is so strong that he can carry the heavy box.
=He is strong enough to carry the heavy box.
九、情态动词
（1）can ，could（can的过去式）
A. 表能力， 会，可以
I can swim. / I can play the guitar.
Mary could play the piano when she was ten.
B. 表推测，只能是否能形式。
---I saw Tom just now.
---It can’t be him. He is on holiday with his parents.
（2）may，might 可能
A. 表请求准许
May I come in? 我可以进来吗？
May I watch TV? 我可以看电视吗？
否定回答时，用“munts’t”, 表示禁止，不允许，如：
----May I smoke here?
----No, you munts’t.
B. 表推测
He may/might come tomorrow. 他明天可能回来.
He may/might know about this. 他可能知道这件事。
注：might 表示的可能性比”may“小。
(3) need 需要
作为情态动词时，用于疑问句和否定句中，如：
----Need I finish my homework by Friday? 我需要在周五之前完成作业吗？
----Yes, you must./ No, you Needles’t
You Needles’t come so early. The meeting begins at 9:00. 你没必要来这么早，会议9点 才开始。
注：回答时，肯定回答用”must“，表示”必须“；否定回答用”Needles’t”表示“没必要”。
（4）must 必须，一定
A. 表必须。
I must go now. 我必须现在离开。
Everyone must arrive on time. 每个人都必须按时赶到
回答时，肯定回答用“must”，否定回答用“Needles’t”，如：
----Must I stay in bed all day?
----Yes, you must./ No, you Needles’t.
B. 表推测：一定，肯定
The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 路面很潮湿，昨晚肯定下过雨。
The light is on. He must be at home now. 灯还亮着，他一定在家。
注：表示不可能时，用“can‘t”，而不用”munts’t”。
十、被动语态
表示“被”的含义，如：
The police caught him. 警察抓到了他。（主动）
He was caught by the police. 他们警察抓住了。（被动）
知识延伸：
（1）在一些动词如“make, see,hear”的被动语态中，主动句中省略的”to“，被动句中需要还原，如：
His boss made him work ten hours a day. 他的老板让他每天工作10小时。（to 省略了）
He was made to work ten hours a day by his boss. (to 需要补充出来）
I saw him read a book in the classroom.
He was seen to read a book in the classroom..
(2) 不确定动作的发出者是谁时，一般用被动语态。
The bridge was built hundreds of years ago. (不知道是谁建造的）
My bike was stolen last night. (不知道是谁偷的）
（3）固定句型”It is...that...“
It is said that he dropped out of school at the age of ten. 据说他十岁的时候辍学了。
=He is said to have dropped out of school at the age of ten. (to后面用完成时）
It is reported that five passengers were killed in the accident. 据报道，5名乘客在这次事故中丧生。
=Five passengers were reported to have been killed in the accident.
(4) 不及物动词没有被动语态，切记！！
An accident was happened last night. ×(append 为不及物动词）
Great changes have been taken place in the city. ×(take place 为不及物动词）
十一、主谓一致
1、就近原则：either...or; neither...nor; not only...but also; there be 句型
谓语动词的单复数由最靠近它的一个主语决定。
如：Either I or him is in class 1.
Not only you but also I am shocked by the news.
There is a banana and two apples on the table.
知识链接：不定代词的意义及用法。
2、语法一致的原则
基本原则：单数主语，谓语用单数；复数主语，谓语用复数。
（1）and 或 both...and，谓语动词用复数，如：
Tom and Jim are good friends.
Both Tom and Jim are good at sports.
(2)句中有”with, along with, together with, as well as, except”等词时，谓语动词单复数 由前面的主语决定。
如：The teacher with his students is going to the museum.
Mr. Green, along with his three children, are going to America next week.
All the class, except Tom, were at the meeting yesterday.
注：这些词只是对主语起到一个补充说明、插入的作用，并不能对谓语动词的单复 数造成影响。
3、意义一致的原则
主要是看是否将主语当成一个整体来看，如
Twenty miles is a long way to go. (20英里整体来看是一段很长的路程，故用单数）
My family is a big one. 我的家庭很大（整体来说的）
My family are having dinner. 强调每个家庭成员的动作，故用复数。
十二、感官动词
五官：look，feel，taste，smell，sound，后面直接+adj, 表示”看起来，感觉起来，尝起来，闻起来，听起来...“的意思，如：
Wow！Look at the picture. It looks so beautiful! 看起来很漂亮
I love the soup. It tastes so good. 尝起来很好。
The flowers you sent me smells sweet. 闻起来很香
I bought a new dress this afternoon. It feels comfortable. 感觉起来很舒服。
----How about going fishing this afternoon？
----Sounds great!(=Good idea!) 听起来很棒
知识延伸：
感官动词+like+名词，意思为...起来像...,如：
That sounds like a good idea! 那听起来像个好主意。
The mountain looks like an elephant. 这座山看起来像一头大象。
This T-shirt feels like silk. 这件T恤摸起来像丝绸。
附注：feel like 还有一层意思，表示“想要...”
如： I don’t feel like eating anything 我不想吃任何东西。
I feel like a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
The food in the restaurant is disgusting. It smells like dead fish.
十三、固定短语
中考常考的固定短语有以下一些：
1、give的短语
（1） Give up 放弃（及物或不及物）
Don’t give up. You can do it. 不要放弃，你能行的。（不及物）
He finally decided to give up smoking. 他最终决定戒烟了。
放弃某个人，用 give up on sb.
Come on! We will never give up on you. 加油，我们永远不会放弃你！
当宾语是it是，it 位于短语中间，如：
He has been smoking for 20 years. It’s very hard for him to give it up.
(2) give off 散发出（气味、热量等）
The flowers give off a sweet smell.
Rotten eggs give off a bad smell. 腐烂的鸡蛋散发出一股难闻的气味。
（3）give out 公布、分发
He would’t give out any information. 他不愿透露任何信息。
（4）give away 赠送，泄露
Brad gives all his old toys away to the poor children. 布莱德把他所有的旧玩具送给了 贫穷的孩子。
Don’t give away the secret. 不要泄露这项机密。
2、put 的短语
(1)put up 张贴，举起
Tom, please put up the pictures on the wall. 汤姆，请把照片贴到墙上。
Put up your hand,please.
(2) Put off 延迟，推迟,脱掉（衣、帽等）
The meeting was put off because of the heavy rain.
Please put off your shoes before you enter this room
(3)put out 扑灭，熄灭（火、烟头等）
The fire was put out before the police arrived. 在警察到来之前，火就已经被扑灭了。
He put out the cigarette and went out the room. 他灭掉烟头，走出了房间。
（4）put away
Put away your shoes. They‘re too dirty. 把你的鞋子收起来，它太脏了。
All the books must be put away during the exam. 考试中所有书籍都要收起来。
3、turn 的短语
(1)Turn up （声音）调高；出现
Could you please turn up the radio. I can’t hear it.
延伸：He promised to come to my birthday party, but he did’t turn up. 他答应要来我的生日晚会，结果却没出现。
（2）turn down （音量）调小；拒绝
Can you turn down the radio. It’s too noisy. 你能把收音机调小吗？它太吵了。
延伸：He gave me an offer, but I turn it down. 我拒绝了他提供的帮助。
（3）turn on 打开
Turn on the TV, please. I want to see the football match.
Turn on the lights,please. It’s too dark here.
（4）turn off 关闭
Tom turned off the TV and went to bed.
We should turn off the lights when we leave the room.
4、Look 的短语
（1）look up 查找，向上看
If you see a new word, you can look it up in the dictionary.
He looked up at the window and saw nothing.
(2)look after 照顾
She is too busy to look after her son.
Mary asked me to look after her pet dog when she was away.
(3) look into 调查
The police are looking into the case. 警方正在调查这起案件。
I’ll look into the matter later. 我稍后再研究这个问题。
（4）look forward to(doing/n）期待，盼望
I’m looking forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望很快能见到你。
I‘m looking forward to your letter. 我期待你的来信。
十四、情景对话
1、接听电话
----May I speak to Mary please?
----Speaking/ This is Mary speaking
----Hold on please. I’ll go and get her. 请稍等一下，我去叫一下她。
----Sorry, she is not here at the moment. Can I take message? 不好意思，她现在不在这里， 我可以帮你留言吗？
2、听到好或不好的消息
听到好的消息时，表示祝贺，如：
----I won the first prize in the writing competition!
----Congratulations！（恭喜！）
听到不好的消息时，表示抱歉或遗憾。
----My mother was ill at bed. I have to look after her.
----(I’m) sorry to hear that.
3、当受到他人帮助、或赞美时，表示感谢，如：
----You look so beautiful today!
----Thanks/Thank you.
4、当别人心情沮丧、遇到困难、挫折时，鼓励、帮助他人，如：
----I’m afraid that I can’t pass the exam this time.
----Cheer up! I’m sure you’ll make it.(振作起来，我相信你一定行的）
----I failed the exam yesterday. What should I do?
----Cheer up！You‘ll do better next time.
5、当别人提出道歉时
----I’m sorry that I lost your pen.
----That’s alright/It’s OK/It does’t matter. Forget it.
----I’m sorry to give you so much trouble.
----It does’t matter/ Never mind.
6.当别人提出建议、想法时
---Why not go out for dinner.
---(That’s a) good idea!
---Sounds great!
---How about going shopping this weekend.
---Sounds good,(but I have to study for the final exams)
---Would you mind opening the door?
---Of course not!/Certainly not! （当然不介意）
---Would you mind my smoking here?
---Yes, you’d better smoke outside./I’m afraid so. (表示介意，不同意对方的做法）
十五、反意疑问句
基本特点：前肯后否，前否后肯，抓准助动词。
1、入门级别：
You like football, don’t you? 你喜欢足球，不是吗?（前肯后否，助动词为do）
Tom is 5 years old, hisn’t he? 汤姆5岁了，不是吗？（前肯后否，助动词为is）
He can’t swim, can he? 他不会游泳，是吗？ （前否后肯，助动词为can）
Jimmy haen’t been to Beijing, has he? 吉米没去过北京，是吗？（前否后肯，助动词为has）
The story is interesting， hisn’t it? (主语为一个具体的名词时，反问部分主语用“it/them”代替。
2、渐进级别：
反意疑问句前半部分有“hardly，never，seldom，nothing，little，few，nobody”等否定词时，后半部分用肯定形式，如：
He speaks little English, does he?
Nina has few friends, has she? (知识链接：不定代词little，few用法）
He never eats onions, does he?
You seldom exercise, do you?
3、高级级别
当主语是this,that,these,those时，反意部分主语分别改为it, they; 当主语是 everybody，everyone，no one，nobody等指人的合成词时，反意部分主语通常用he. 当主语是everything，something， anything，nothing等指物的合成词时，反意部分主语用it.
This is his first time here, hisn’t it?
These are Sarah’s books, Daren’t they?
No one likes Germy, does he?
Nothing is more important than life, is it?
知识延伸：
（1）There be 句型的反意疑问句。
There are two books on the desk, Daren’t there?
There is a pen and two bananas on the table, hisn’t there?
(2）祈使句的反意疑问句：统一用will you？/won’t you.
Open the window, won’t you?
Don’t talk aloud in the reading room, will you?
(3)Let’s 句型跟Let us句型的反意疑问句
Let’s have a rest, shall we?
Let us have a rest,will you?
详解：Let’s缩写时是针对大家的意见，用“shall we？”，Let us 针对的是被询问的人，用“will you？”
十六、定语从句(状语从句详见连词中的从属连词部分）
定语从句：相当于形容词的功能，根据先行词（被修饰的名词或代词）的不同，关系代词有如下变化：
1、who/whom: 先行词是人，who在从句中充当主语，whom充当宾语
He is the boy who got the first prize in the competition.
I saw an old man in the street who had no hair.
Is she the girl to whom you were talking?
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.
2、whose,that：先行词是人或物，whose表示...的，如：
I know this girl whose mother is a nurse.
I bought a book whose cover was red.
He went into a shop that supplied food.
Ryan showed me a photo (that) he took in Casa.
3、which，先行词是物
Last night, I watched a film which was made by Spielberg.
I found my computer which was stolen last night.
The book (which)I gave you was worth 10$.
知识延伸：
（1）当先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级时，常用that，如：
This is the most beautiful lake (that )I’ave ever seen.
Thomas Edison was the first person that invented the lamp.
He is always the first one that arrives at school.
(2) 当先行词既有人又有物时，用that.
This is the photo of the boy and the house that I will never forget.
Mr. Thomas and his dog that I talked about last night were two characters from the book.
十七、宾语从句
从句在句子中充当宾语，主要有两大类：
（1）that 引导的宾语从句，that在从句中不充当任何成分。
He said that he wanted to have a car.
I’m sorry that I hurt you.
I’m sure that he will come.
(2)由 when，where,how, w