一、句子成分
句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
练习一
1、用符号划出下列短文各句中的句子成分：
I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.
2、给下列文字加上标点符号。
During a bullfight a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring the crowd began to shout but the drunk didn't realized the danger the bull was busy with the matador (斗牛士) at the time but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was wearing a red cap the bull forgot all about the matador and rushed to the drunk the crowd suddenly grew quiet the drunk however seemed quite sure of himself when the bull got close him he stepped aside to let it pass the crowd burst into cheers and the drunk bowed by this time however three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk outside even the bull seemed to fell sorry for him for it looked on sympathetically(同情地) until the drunk was out of the way before once more drew its attention to the matador.
The answer: During a bullfight, a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring. The crowd began to shout, but the drunk didn't realize the danger. The bull was busy with the matador (斗牛士) at the time, but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was wearing a red cap. The bull forgot all about the matador and rushed to the drunk. The crowd suddenly grew quiet. The drunk, however, seemed quite sure of himself. When the bull got close him he stepped aside to let it pass. The crowd burst into cheers and the drunk bowed. By this time, however, three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk outside. even the bull seemed to fell sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically(同情地) until the drunk was out of the way before once more drew its attention to the matador.
二、常用句式
按句子的用途可分四种：
1） 陈述句（肯定、否定）
否定句型
一般否定句：（改为否定句）
He dares to tell the truth. He doesn’t dare to tell the truth.
He used to live in a quiet village. He used not to live in a quiet village.(He didn’t use to)
He has two brothers. He doesn’t have two brothers./He has not two brothers.
He has two pieces of bread for breakfast. He doesn’t have two pieces of bread for breakfast.
He has to copy other’s idea. He doesn’t have to copy others’ idea.
半否定句
We hardly/seldom/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing.
I know little Spanish. I saw few people.
特指否定
I don’t think/believe/guess/suppose/imagine you are right.
部分否定
All the answers are not right
All is not gold that glitters
I don't know all of them.
I can't see everybody/everything.
Both of them are not right.
2) 疑问句型
反意疑问句及回答
He is a teacher, isn't he? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t
It isn’t that cheap, is it? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t
You must have told lies yesterday at the court, didn’t you?
否定疑问句及回答
Haven’t the police found the murderer? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t
3).祈使句：
祈使句的反意疑问句及回答Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class; You, clean the kitchen today. Will you?
4）感叹句：
The moon is shining brightly.（改为感叹句）How brightly the moon is shining!
按句子的结构可分三种
（一） 简单句
I、 主语+谓语：
It is raining now.
We've worked for 5 hours.
The meeting lasted half an hour.
Time flies.
这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语，常见的不及物动词有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, ,jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect.
1. 让我们立即行动起来. (act)
Let’s act at once/ immediately
2. 乌云低沉沉的,天下着大雪.(hang,)
Dark clouds hung overhead, and a heavy snow fell/ it snows heavily.
3. 恰好他身边有钱. (happen)
He happened to have some money with him.
4. 慢慢地她脸上露出了一丝笑容. (appear)
Gradually a smile appeared on her face.
5. 背起书包我急忙赶到学校. (hurry)
I hurried to the school with my schoolbag.
6. 他满面笑容. (smile)
He is smiling all over his face. OR: He wears a smile on his face.
7. 我英文学得不错. (do)
I did well in English.
II.主语+系动词+表语：
常见的系动词有： be, look, feel, prove, sound, taste, smell, seems, appear, stay, keep, go, come, get, turn, become, remain等。
1. 从自行车上掉下来, 他受了伤. (get)
He fell of his bike and got hurt.
2. 他提的意见证明是正确的. (prove)
His advice proved (to be) right.
3. 商店开到八点. (stay)
The shop stays open till 8 o’clock.
4. 机器出了毛病. (go)
The machine went wrong.
5. 这些努力似乎全都白费了. (seem)
All these efforts seem in vain
6. 这话听起来有道理. (sound)
These words sound reasonable.
7. 房里一会儿就挤满了人. (become)
The room soon became crowded.
III、主语+谓语+宾语： 可分为以下几种情况：
⑴ 主语+谓语+宾语
⑵ 主语+谓语+宾语(人+物)
间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有：allow, bring, deny, do(带来）， give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。
间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing, spare等。
⑶ 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
1. 祝一路平安.
Wish you a pleasant journey.
2. 你让我等了三个钟头。
You keep me waiting for three hours.
3. 他捡起了香蕉皮扔到了垃圾箱里。
He picked up the banana peel and threw it in the dustbin.
4. 给我几分钟考虑一下。
Give me a few minutes to think.
5. 我去开门。
I’ll go and answer the door.
IV. "There be" 的句型（即 there be +主语+地点/时间状语），其中be 动词可以有各种时态变化，可替代的词有：used to be, seems to be, happen to be, live, stand, lie, sit, come, seem, exist.
There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.
There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.
There came a shout for "help".
There must have been a village here.
1. 最近几年,这个村庄发生了巨大的变化. (be)
Recently there have been great changes in this village.
2. 恰好河上有座桥. (happen)
There happens to be a bridge over the river.
3. 过去这条河上有座桥. (used to)
There used to be a river over the river.
4. 他的回答应该没有什么可怀疑的。（should）
There should be nothing doubtful.
5．山顶上有一个塔. (stand)
There stands a tower on top of the hill.
6．十字路口处站着一个警察. (stand)
There stands a policeman at the crossing.
（二） 并列句
1、 表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。
2、 表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。
3、 表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
4、 表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。
（三） 复合句
综合填空：
1. Give me one more minute ____ I’ll be able to finish it.
A. and B. or C. if D. so
2. It’s the third time that John has been late, ____?
A. hasn’t he B. isn’t he C. isn’t it D. hasn’t it
3. ____ joyful he was to meet his brother again!
A. How B. What C. What a D. What an
4. Let us pass, ____?
A. shan’t we B. shall we C. won’t we D. will you
5. I suppose he’s serious, ____ ?
A. do I B. don’t I C. is he D. isn’t he
6. You had better not smoke here, ____?
A. will you B. had you C. shall you D. have you
7. Train as hard as you can ____ you’ll win the swimming competition.
A. then B. but C. and D. or
8. I’m sorry to have to say this, ____ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.
A. and B. but C. so D. because
9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and ____.
A. Henry hasn’t too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry
10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, ____ others enjoy swimming.
A. or B. for C. while D. so
11. ---- Do you feel like going out ____ would you rather have dinner at home?
---- I’d like to go out. A. or B. and C. but D. so
12. ---- “____ is the temperature today?” ----“It’s 38 degrees.”
A. Which B. How C. How hot D. How high
13. ---- Your uncle isn’t an engineer, is he? ---- ____.
A. Yes, he isn’t B. No, he isn’t C. No, he is D. He is
14. ____ friendly ____ to everyone!
A. How, is she B. What, is she C. How, she is D. What, she is
15. Mary went to bed early, ____ she felt very tired.
A. or B. so C. for D. yet
16. Mother ____ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. was making B. makes C. is making D. made
17. He lay in bed ____ read something borrowed from library.
A. but B. and C. or D. yet
18. ---- I’d really like some lunch but I have so much work to do.
---- ____ what you want and I can get it for you.
A. Tell me B. If you would say to me C. You will tell me D. If you tell me
19. As he is strong, ____ can lift one hundred pounds.
A. yet he B. but he C. and D. he
20. ---- I thought you had an umbrella. ---- I had, ____ I’ve lost it.
A. since B. but C. because D. so
21. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room.
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn
22. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ fish. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ I like fish very much.
A. and, and B. and, but C. or, and D. or, but
23. ---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? ---- I’d like to, ____ I’m too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
24. Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
25. She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later.
A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived
26. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointed
27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A. whom B. where C. which D. while
28. ____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
29. ---- Alice, you feed the bird today, ____? ---- But I fed it yesterday.
A. do you B. will you C. didn’t you D. don’t you
30. ____ him and then try to copy what he does.
A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch
31. Excuse me for breaking in,_____ I have some good news for you.
A. so B. and C. but D. yet
32. The Parkers bought a new house but ______ will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
33. You had one of your teeth pulled out yesterday, _______?
A. had you B. hadn't you C. did you D. didn't you
34. ______ some of this juice--perhaps you'll like it.
A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Have tried
35. One more week, _________ we will accomplish the task.
A. or B. so that C. and D. if
36. There is no light in the dormitory. They must have gone to the lecture, _____?
A. didn't they B. don't they C. mustn't they D. haven't they
37. Be sure to write to us,______?
A. will you B. aren't you C. can you D. mustn't you
38. ______from Beijing to London!
A. How long way it is B. What a long way is it
C. How long way is it D. What a long way it is
39. Don’t smoke in the meeting-room, ________?
A. do you B. will you C. can you D. could you
40. Bill’s aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising TV is illegal, ______?
A. isn’t it B. is it C. isn’t he D. is he
41. There are eight tips in Dr Roger’s lecture on sleep, and one of them is: ______ to bed early unless you think it is necessary.
A. doesn’t go B. not to go C. not going D. don’t go
42. ________ straight on and you’ll see a church. You won’t miss it.
A. Go B. Going C. If you go D. When going
1~5 ACADD 6~10 BCBDC 11~15 ADBCC 16~20 ABADB 21~25 DDDCD 26~30 ADDBD
31-35 CBDBC 36-40 D ADBA 41-42DA