（一）. 不定式
不定式的形式变化：
不 定 式 主 动 被 动
一般 to write to be written
进行 to be writing /
完成 to have written to have been written
完成进行 to have been writing /
动 词 不 定 式：
动词不定式是由 to + 动词原形构成，在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。
1. 动词不定式作主语：
掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。 To mast a language is not an easy thing.
教英语是我的爱好。 To teach English is my favorite.
很乐意帮助你。 It's my pleasure to help you.
动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。
你给了我们那么多的帮助真是太好了。It's very kind of you to have given us much help.
有必要找到目击者。It's necessary to find the witness.
2. 动词不定式作宾语：
我所希望的是把英语学好。 What I wish is to learn English well.
如果有可能的话，我喜欢帮助别人。I like to help others if I can.
3. 动词不定式作宾语补语 :
我们希望你和我们在一起。We expect you to be with us.
请叫他快过来 Please ask him to come here quickly.
4. 动词不定式作表语 ：
我应该做的是赶快完成任务。What I should do is to finish the task soon.
当务之急是马上去找孩子。 The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately.
5. 动词不定式作定语：
有许多方法能解决这个问题。There are many ways to solve the problem.
我有重要的事情要告诉你。 I have something important to tell you.
6. 不定式作状语：
我们去了医院看我们的老师。We went to the hospital to see our teacher.
她在做试验，从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物。
She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower.
(二).分词
分词
do go
主动 被动
现在分词 doing being done going
过去分词 / done gone
完成式 having done having been done /
1.分词作定语
我们可以看到东升的旭日. We can see the rising sun.
他是位退休的工人. He is a retired worker.
有个女孩坐在那里. There was a girl sitting there.
2.分词作状语
由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
3. 分词作补语
我发现我的车不见了。I found my car missing.
我想把我的手表修一下。I'll have my watch repaired.
4. 分词作表语
她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。She looked tired with cooking.
他依然站在桌旁。He remained standing beside the table.
5. 分词作插入语
generally speaking 一般说来
talking of （speaking of） 说道
strictly speaking 严格的说
judging from 从…判断
all things considered 从整体来看
taking all things into consideration 全面看来
从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。Judging from his face, he must be ill.
总的来说，他比我跑得快。 Generally speaking, he can run faster than I.
(三).动名词
动名词
时态/语态 主动 被动
一般式 writing being written
完成式 having written having been written
动名词作主语、宾语和表语
1.作主语
南方与北方开战了。Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
2.作宾语
这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
3.作表语
她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
[训练题]
1. 工作四小时之后, 我们休息了一会儿。
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2. 煤燃烧时放出热。
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3. 在北京逗留期间, 我参观许多名胜古迹。
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4. 在党的领导下, 中国人民在各方面取得了巨大的成就。
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5. 学生们说着笑着在田里劳动。
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6. 他一夜未睡,在准备一个发言稿。
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7. 她躺在床上听音乐。
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8. 父亲坐在火旁看报纸。
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9. 妈妈来信说弟弟病了。
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10. 他关掉灯, 什么也看不见。
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11. 因为没有公共汽车, 我们不得不步行回家。
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12. 冰加热就能变成水。
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13. 如果不邀请, 他不会来。
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14. 我们去买东西, 好吗?
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15. 喝口水, 他又接着干。
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16. 老师的一席话深深地感动了我, 我决心更加努力学习英语。
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[训练题]
Keys:
汉译英：
1. Having worked for 4 hours, we stopped to have a rest.
2. Burning, coal gives out heat.
3. While staying in Beijing, I visited many historic spots.
4. Led by the Communist Party, the Chinese people have made great achievements in all fields.
5. Laughing and talking, the students worked in the field.
6. He stayed up all night long, preparing his speech.
7. He is lying in bed, listening to music.
8. The father sat by the fire, reading a newspaper.
9. My mother wrote a letter to me, saying my younger brother was ill.
10. He turned off the light, seeing nothing.
11. There being no bus, we had to walk home.
12. Heated, ice can be turned into water.
13. He won’t come here unless invited.
14. Shall we go shopping?/ Let’s go shopping, shall we?
15. Having a drink, he went on with it.
16. Moved by my teacher’s words, I have made up my mind to study English harder.
句型转换：
(1).When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.（使用V-ing形式）
→On his arriving, please give me an e-mail.
(2).She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. (用过去分词)
→Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.
(3).They sang and laughed as they went back to school.( 使用V-ing形式)
→Singing and laughing, they went back to school.