08届高一全国中学生英语能力竞赛语法冠词语法精讲精练
(一)不定冠词的用法
不定冠词有a和an两种形式。a用在以辅音音标开头的词前,an用在以元音音标开头的词前。
a house,a useful book,a one-eyed camel,a European village
an hour,an umbrella,an office,an exercise
不定冠词的用法主要有:
1)泛指某人或某物,不具体说明其为何人或何物。在行文叙述时,第一次提到某个人或事物时,通常使用不定冠词,此为“泛指”。例如:
A girl is asking for you on the phone.
My mother works in a hospital.
2)用在单数可数名词前,表示一类人或事物,即以一个个体代表整类人或事物,此为“类指”。例如:
A plane is faster than a train.飞机比火车快。
A snake is a cold-blooded animal.蛇是冷血动物。
3)表示“一”,但数量概念没有one强烈。例如:
They waited there for an hour.他们在那等了一个小时。
Rome wasn't built in a day.罗马非一天能建成。(即:冰冻三尺非一日之寒。)
如特别强调数量,应使用one。例如:
I have only one dictionary and I need it myself.
4)用在表示时间、速度、价格等计量单位的名词前表示“每一”,相当于per或every。例如:
The plane can get 300 kilometers an hour.飞机的速度是每小时300公里。
The doctor told her to take the medicine three times a day.医生叫她一天服三次药。
We work five days a week.我们一周工作五天。
5)用于抽象名词、物质名词前(特别是这两种名词有定语修饰时),使之意义具体化,表示“一种”、“一件”、“一份”等。例如:
It is an honour for me to be invited to the party.我被邀请参加聚会是一种荣誉。(honour是抽象名词,an honour指一件荣誉的事)
There was heavy rain last week.(rain为物质名词,这里指一场雨)
6)用于序数词(后加名词)前,表示又一个,又一次。例如:
He tried a sixth time and succeeded.他又试第六次,结果成功了。
When I sat down,a fourth student rose to speak.当我坐下时,又有第四个同学起立发言。
7)用于某一个人名、地名前,使专有名词普通化。例如:
A Mr.Li has been waiting for you.一位姓李的先生一直在等你。
Chongqing is known as a Shanghai of the west.重庆被称作西部的上海。(Shanghai是专有名词,本句中a Shanghai指和上海一样繁华的城市)
8)用于某些固定词组中,是这些词组不可缺少的组成部分。例如:
in a moment立刻,马上 once upon a time从前
as a result (of)作为(……)的结果 in a hurry急忙地
in a word一句话,总而言之 once in a while偶尔地
have a good time过得很愉快 have a word with与……说句话
have/take a look (at)看一看 have/take a rest休息一下
take an active part in积极参加 (比较:take part in参加,不能说take a part in)
do sb.a favour帮某人的忙 put an end to结束
at a mouthful一大口地 all of a sudden突然地
(二)不用冠词的场合
1)不可数名词(物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词)前通常不用冠词;可数名词复数表示泛指时其前也不用冠词。例如:
Water is changed into steam by heat and into ice by cold.水加热变成蒸汽,遇冷则变成冰。
On Sundays shops are always crowded with people.
2)称呼语以及表示独一无二的职位的名词作表语、同位语、宾语补语(或主语补语)时,前面不用冠词。例如:
Will you help me to solve the maths problem,Mother?
Bush Jr.was elected president of the United States.
3)名词前已有作定语的代词this,that,my,your,whose,which,some,any等修饰时,不用冠词。例如:
They had no children.
Whose bike is this?
4)表示节日、月份、星期、学科、运动项目以及三餐饭的名称的名词前通常不用冠词。例如:
Christmas (Day)is coming.
We will hold a meeting on Friday.
Maths is as interesting as physics.
Let's go and play football,shall we?
Let's go and watch them play chess.
We went out for a walk after supper.
季节、月份、日期前如有限制性定语修饰,应用定冠词,如表示“某一个”或“一种”时,也可用不定冠词。例如:
He graduated from school in the summer of 1990.
We had a terribly hot summer this year.
特指某顿饭时可加定冠词,有定语修饰时三餐饭名称前可用不定冠词。例如:
What do you think of the dinner?你认为晚餐如何?
They had a wonderful lunch.他们吃了顿丰盛的午餐。
5)as引出的让步状语从句中,作表语的名词提前,通常不用冠词。例如:
Child as he was,he knew two foreign languages.虽然他是个孩子,却懂得两门外语。
6)报纸的标题、书名、剧本提示等中常省略冠词。例如:
Workers On Strike工人在罢工
7)某些习惯用语中名词前不用冠词,具体名词表示抽象概念。例如:
He goes to school by bus,but I go to school on foot.
Postmen deliver newspapers and letters from door to door.
He was so tired that he went to bed without supper.
责任编辑：李芳芳