一、单元考点提示
1.重点单词
handshake agreement
Asian guest
custom proud
manner disagree
comfortable nod
wave fist
manage distance
composition type
juice rose
check magazine
fix hand
rail chief
event immediately
develop add
lorry weekly
suitable speed
daily
2.重点短语
take…for example 以……为例
accept…as 认为……是
kiss sb.goodbye 吻别
obey the customs 遵守习俗
keep a certain distance 保持一定的距离
face to face 面对面地
take a photograph 照……相
get down 开始（认真做某事）
as well as 也，又
be popular with sb. 受某人欢迎
work on 从事
3.重点句型
What (How)about…?
make oneself understood
while表对比
either…or;not… but…
They are said to be very good.
There is no more time left for adding new stories.
4.交际英语
Can /shall I help you?
Would you like some help?
Would you like me to do…?
Where is the best place to meet?
Shall we meet at six?
What time shall we meet?
Do you know what they are?
5.语法
部分否定；
with + n. + 补足成分构成独立主格结构；
动词不定式作主语时的形式主语it；
疑问词后跟动词不定式；
动名词作主语和宾语。
二、考点精析与拓展
1.manage vt.经营；设法；对付
She managed the house very well.她把家管理得很好。
We managed to finish the work ahead of time.
我们设法提前完成了任务。
I shan’t be able to manage without help.
没有人帮助，我无法办到。
[辨析] manage to do sth. /try to do sth.
manage to do sth.强调已达到目的或出现了结果，含“成功”之意。try to do sth.意为“试图或尽力做某事”，多表示一种企图或决心，而不表示一定成功。如：
we’ve managed to make up for the lost time.
我们设法把失去的时间补了回来。
He tried to pass the examination,but failed.
他努力想通过考试，但没成功。
2.pleasure n.荣幸；愿意
It’s my pleasure to help you.愿意为你效劳。
It’s a pleasure for me to be invited to the party.
应邀参加晚会我深感荣幸。
3.
You can take it for example that he always helps the old.
你可以把他帮助老人这件事作为一个例子。
Take Peter as an example, he is brave and kind.
以彼得为例，他既勇敢又善良。
4.not…but … 不是……而是……
Shakespeare was not a musician but a writer.
莎士比亚不是音乐家而是作家。
Not the students but the teacher is hoping to visit the Great Wall.不是学生而是老师希望去参观长城。
He can’t read or write in English,but can speak English fluently.
他不能读英语和写英语，但能流利地说英语。
They neet not money but time.
他们所需要的不是钱，而是时间。
5．[辨析] for example / such as
for emample 用来举例说明，例子通常是一个。它可放在所举例子的前面，也可放在后面；such as 用来列举事物，只能放在所列举的事物的前面。另外，只列举有代表性的事物，并不全部列出。如：
Some students are often late for school, Li Ling ,for emample .
有些学生上学经常迟到，例如李玲。
He can speak several foreign languages, such as English, Janpanese,
German and so on.
他会说好几种外语，比如英语、日语、德语等。
6.distance n.距离；远处
When they finish their talk, the two may be quite a distance from the place where they were standing.当谈话结束时，两个人离他们原来站的地方可能有相当一段距离了。
The waterfall can be heard at a distance of two miles.
在两英里外就能听到这瀑布声。
Hills are blue in the distance.远处的山呈蓝色。
The lion looks dangerous, so I decide to keep a distance away from it.狮子看起来很危险，所以我决定离它远点儿。
What’s the distance between Beijing and Shanghai?
北京到上海之间的距离是多少？
7.[辨析] chief/ main
两者都有“主要的”、“首要的”之意，但有区别。
chief 主要用于人，表示“为首的，有最高地位或权力的”。
main一般说明事与物，可指某些具体的或抽象的东西。如：
He is the chief policeman. 他是警长。
This is our main teaching building. 这是我们的主教学楼。
8.[辨析] event/ accident/ incident
event一般指重大事件。accident多指意外或偶然发生的事故，特别是不幸的、有损害性的事故。incident相对于accident来说，显得不很重要，指“小事件”，它还可以用来表示“事变”，如叛乱、爆炸等。如：
The broadcaster is broadcasting the news on current events.
广播员正在播报时事新闻。
He was badly injured in the traffic accident.
在那起交通事故中，他严重受伤。
There was an incident on the bus: a man fought with the conductor.
那辆公共汽车上发生了一件事，有个人和售票员打了起来。
Have you heard of Xi’an Incident?
你听说过“西安事变”吗？
9.fix vt.安排；修理；准备；安装；固定
We have fixed the time and date of the party.
我们已经确定了聚会的日期和具体时间。
Something has gone wrong with my tape-recorder. I must have it fixed.
我的录音机坏了，我得请人修一下。
Mother decided to fix them something to eat.
母亲决定给他们准备点吃的。
It’s not polite to fix your eyes on others.
盯着别人看是不礼貌的。
It is necessary for a child to form the habit of fixing his attention on/ upon what he is doing.
孩子养成专心做事情的习惯是很有必要的。
10.[辨析] work on/ work at
work on与work at可通用，表示“忙于……”。但在work on sth.中，sth是work的具体对象；而在work at sth.中，sth. 只说明所从事工作的性质，即时间、精力用在某一方面的事情上，而不在于说明正在做什么。如：
He is working on/ at a novel.
他正在专心写一部小说。
They have worked at this subject for many years.
他们从事这项课题的研究已经好多年了。
Bob worked hard on organizing other singers to sing for him for free.鲍勃积极地组织其他歌唱家为他义务演唱。
11.[辨析] take photograph of/take photograph for
take photograph of 表示拍照的内容。 take photograph for 表示拍照的目的。如：
He took some photographs of these beautiful flowers.
他拍了一些这些美丽的花的照片。
He took some photographs for the foreigners.
他为那些外国人拍了一些照片。
12．[辨析] as well/ as well as
as well 表示“也”，是副词短语，用作状语，通常放在句末，也可放在主语之后，相当于too,但一般无标点符号与句子隔开.as well as 通常看作一个复合并列连词,连接两个成分相同的词、短语或句子，表示“既……又……，不但……而且……”当它连接两个主语时，谓语动词的人称和数要与第一个主语保持一致。如：
The children learn to read, write and they play games as well.孩子们学习读书写字，他们也做游戏。
With television,we can see a picture as well as hear sound.
利用电视,我们既能听到声音,又能看到图像.
Tom,as well as his parents,likes pop music.
汤姆以及他的父母都喜欢流行音乐。
8。[辨析] besides/except/but
besides用作介词时,表示“除……以外还有”之意，即所除去的东西要包括在内。用作副词时，表示“此外，而且”
except表了“除……之外”所除去的东西不包括在内。
but只能用在no,all,nobody,anything,anywhere等词之后。
如：Besides knowing some Greek,she was fluent in Italian.
她除了懂些希腊语之外，意大利语也说得很流利。
Do you play other games besides tennis?
除网球之外，你还进行其他的运动吗？
It wasn’t a good hotel;besides,it was very expensive.
这不是一家好旅馆，况且房价也很贵。
Harrison had thought of everything except the weather.
哈利森什么事情都考虑到了，惟独没有考虑到天气。
Under the soil there is nothing except/but sand.
土壤下面只有沙子。
三、精典名题导解
题1（NMET 2000）
_________production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.
A.As B.For C.With D.Though
分析：C. production 之后为up,它是一个副词，for不能位于句首且常引导原因状语从句。A、Ｄ不适于“介词＋宾语＋宾补”这一结构。
题２（NMET 1997）
I would love_____________to the party last night.But I had to work extra hours to fnish report.
A.to go B.To have gone
C.going D.having gone
分析：B.动词不定式的一般式to go表示动作发生在谓语动词之后；to have gone是动词不定式的完成式，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。这里有“愿做某事但未做成之意”。
题３（上海 1999）
She can’t help___________the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A.to clean B.cleaning
C.cleaned D.being cleaned
分析：Ａ.此题的句意是：她不能帮忙打扫房子，因为她忙于做蛋糕。can’t help cleaning是“忍不住要打扫”，与下文矛盾。
题4（NMET 1999）
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _______ it more difficult.
A.not make B.not to make
C.not making D.do not make
分析：B.空白处以后部分与to make life easier为并列成分，因此后面也用不定式。
题5（NMET 1999）
Robert is said___________abroad,but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A.to have studied B.to study
C.to be studying D.learning
分析：Ａ.从studied in可知不定式的动作指过去，应用完成时。
题6（NMET 1997）
She __________his number in the phone book to make sure that she had got it right.
A.looked up B.took for
C.picked out D.picked up
分析：Ａ.句意为“查阅电话号码”。
题7（上海 1997）
-What do you think made Mary so upset?
- __________her new bicycle.
A.As she lost B.Lost
C.Losing D.Because of losing
分析：Ｃ.从问句看，问的是made的主语。上述选项中只有动名词可作主语。
题8（上海 2001春）
Ｗhen you turn on the TV set ,clear picture will______________appear on the screen.
A.rapidly B.hurriedly
C.lately D.immediately
分析：Ｄ.“立即，马上”指时间。相当于soon。
四、课后巩固训练
第一卷（三部分，共115分）
第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）
1. How much did each dinner cost?
A. $16. B. $8. C. $32.
2. What does the woman want to know?
A. Where Sally lost her money last week. B. What Sally had done to break her arm. C. How Sally was feeling.
3. Which dress did the woman wear?
A. The prettier one. B. The new one. C. The more comfortable one.
4. Who is the woman?
A. Ann Robinson’s sister. B. Ann Robinson’s sister. C. Ann Robinson’s friend.
5. What will happen if the man does shopping?
A. The woman will cook. B. He will dine out. C. He will have to buy some food for the dinner.
第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）
听第6段材料，回答第6-7题。
6. What are they talking about?
A. Where to spend their holiday. B. How to drive a tractor. C. Their summer vacation.
7. Where did Jane spend her summer holiday?
A. On a farm. B. At home. C. In a fruit garden.
听第7段材料，回答第8-11题。
8. Where did the man go this morning?
A. His own garden. B. A playground. C. The Summer Palace.
9. Did the man often go there early in the morning in the past?
A. No, this is the first time for him. B. Yes, often. C. No, only several times.
10. Who did the man see sitting under a tree?
A. Two old women. B. Two old men. C. Two young girls.
11. What kind of sports is Taijiquan?
A. Proper sports. B. General sports. C. National sports.
听第8段材料，回答第12-14题。
12. Where is the man calling?
A. A train station. B. A park. C. A theatre.
13. What are the prices of the tickets he wants?
A. $3.50. B. $5. C. $7.50
14. What time does he have to collect the tickets?
A. Before 7:50 B. Before 7:45 C. Before 7:15
听第9段材料，回答第15-17题。
15. What is the man doing?
A. He is painting a picture. B. He is painting the house. C. He is painting the fence.
16. What is the woman going to help the man with?
A. She is going to clean the house. B. She is going to buy a carpet. C. She is going to make some curtains.
17. Why does the man say sorry to the woman?
A. Because he made a mess in the house. B. Because he dropped some paint on the carpet.
C. Because he used a colour that woman doesn’t like.
听第10段材料，回答第18-20题。
18. What did the man do at about 4 o’clock?
A. He drove to have supper with his daughter. B. He drove to fetch his daughter.
C. He drove back home with his daughter.
19. What did the man stop off at a shop for?
A. To get something for his car. B. To get some gas. C. To buy some fruit and bread.
20. What happened according to what you hear?
A. His car fell off the bridge. B. An earthquake happened. C. There was something wrong with his car.
第二部分：英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）
第一节 单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
21. -When will your group go for the spring journey, next week or the week after? -____
A. Yes, we will. B. At the end of the year, I think C. That depends. D. It’s my pleasure.
22. -Why not join us in the game? -_____
A. Oh, that’s all right. B. Sure, please do. C. No, you do the same. D. Ok, coming.
23. -I can’t find my umbrella. -You _____ it on the bus.
A. must forget B. must leave C. must have forgot D. must have left
24. That was the day, I think _____ I’ll never forget in my life.
A. the one B. when C. on which D. in which
25. If you don’t _____ him and his advice seriously, you may feel regret for this some day.
A. keep B. take C. accept D. receive
26. -Why do you drink so much tea? -Well, _____it doesn’t keep me awake in the nights.
A. although B. as soon as C. as long as D. while
27. With _____ she needed _____, she left the store.
A. something, to buy B. anything, having bought C. everything, to buy D. everything bought
28. I can _____ some noise while I am reading, but I can’t stand loud noise.
A. put up with B. keep up with C. get along with D. catch up with
29. I don’t think there’s _____in what you’ve said.
A. anything interest B. anything of interest C. interest of anything D. interesting anything
30. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the courtyard because the light happened to _____.
A. be turned on B. be put up C. go out D. give in
31. They were not yet aware of the hopelessness of their situation, _____the lack of fresh water on the lifeboat.
A. giving B. given C. to give D. being given
32. _____ she wondered if she had made a mistake.
A. Not until long afterwards that B. It was not until long afterwards that
C. Not long until afterwards D. It was long afterwards until
33. Hello! I ____ you _____ in Beijing. How long have you been here?
A. don’t know, were B. haven’t known, are C. didn’t know, were D. hadn’t known, are
34. Ten years had passed. I found she had ____.
A. much white hair B. a little white hair C. a few white hairs D. a white head of hairs
35. Chaplin, for ____ life had once been very hard, directed a film about life in an American factory.
A. whom B. whose C. that D. which
第二节 完形填空（共20小题：每小题1.5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36-55各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
I made a promise to myself on the drive down to the vacation beach cottage. For two weeks I 36 try to be a loving husband and father. Totally 37 . No ifs, ands or buts.
The idea had come to me as I listened to a commentator 38 my car’s tape player. He was 39 a passage about husbands being 40 of their wives. 41 he went on to say, “Love is an act of 42 . A person can choose to love.” To myself, I had to admit that I had been a selfish husband 43 our love had been dulled by my own insensitivity (感觉迟钝) . In unimportant ways, really; scolding Evelyn for her tardiness (拖拉); 44 on the TV channel I wanted to watch; throwing 45 day – old newspapers that I knew Evelyn still wanted to read. Well, for two weeks all that would 46 .
And it 47 . Right from the moment I kissed Evelyn at the door and said, “That new yellow sweater looks 48 on you.” “Oh, Tom, you noticed,” she said, surprised and 49 , maybe a little puzzled.
After the long drive, I wanted to sit and read. Evelyn 50 a walk on the beach. I started to refuse, but then I thought, “Evelyn’s been alone here with the children 51 week and now she wants to be alone with me.” We walked on the beach while the children flew their kites.
So it went. Two weeks of not calling the Wall Street investment (投资) firm 52 I am director; a visit to the shell museum, 53 I usually hate museums (and I enjoyed it); 54 my tongue while Evelyn’s getting ready for a late dimmer for us. Relaxed (轻松) and happy, that’s how the whole vacation passed. I made a new promise to keep on 55 to choose love.
36. A. used to B. would C. should D. could
37. A. loving B. lovely C. lovable D. loved
38. A. at B. with C. on D. on
39. A. thinking B. writing C. believing D. reading
40. A. helpful B. useful C. thoughtful D. hopeful
41. A. Instead B. Then C. Otherwise D. Thus
42. A. play B. will C. promise D. story
43. A. that B. but C. when D. if
44. A. insisting B. hanging C. sticking D. suggesting
45. A. about B. up C. away D. in
46. A. happen B. change C. develop D. forbid
47. A. would B. had C. did D. was
48. A. great B. big C. sorry D. tight
49. A. frightened B. anxious C. took D. pleased
50. A. asked B. suggested C. took D. began
51. A. all of B. all C. all of a D. all a
52. A. which B. what C. where D. that
53. A. if B. but C. as D. though
54. A. stopping B. preventing C. keeping D. holding
55. A. reminding B. requiring C. repaying D. remembering
第三部分：阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
A
The “standard of living” of any country means the average person’s share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country’s standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its ability to produce wealth. “Wealth” in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy: “goods” such as food and clothing, and “services” such as transport and entertainment.
A country’s ability to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of which have an effect on one another. Wealth depends to a great extent upon a country’s natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on.
Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to use. China is perhaps as well as the U. S. in natural resources, but suffered for many years from wars, and for this and other reasons was unable to develop her resources. Stable political conditions and freedom from foreign invasion(侵略) , enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country well served by nature but less well ordered. Another important factor is the technical efficiency (效能) of a country’s people. Old countries that have, through many centuries, trained up a lot of skilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are laregely unskilled. Wealth also produces wealth. As a country becomes wealthier, its people have a large margin for saving, and can put their savings into factories and machines which will help workers to turn out more goods in their working day.
56. A country’s wealth lies in _____.
A. its standard of living B. its ability to develop its natural resources
C. its ability to provide goods and services D. its ability to provide transport and entertainment
57. The word “for most” means _____.
A. most importantly B. firstly C. largely D. for the most part
58. Which of the following is true?
A. China does not have the ability to turn all its resources to use.
B. U. S. is wealthy just because it has a vast land.
C. According to the passage, water is not a kind of natural resource.
D. With rich natural resources, people can live better.
B
At 2:30 on December 5, 1945, five US Navy training planes took off in clear weather from the base Lauderdale, Florida. The planes flew east over the coast…and disappeared. The group was Flight 19, on a run between Florida and Bahamas. Tailor was the group leader. At about 3:40, Tailor reported that his compasses were not reading properly. The other planes followed their leaders aimlessly, first east, then west, then northeast over the ocean, as Tailor tried to make sure of the direction by radio. Then, suddenly Tailor was heard to give orders to dive…
Quickly, two giant Martin seaplanes were sent up to search for Flight 19. Several hours later, the wind became strong and visibility (能见度) dropped. A return to base was ordered. But only one of the Martin seaplanes landed. Four days later, the Navy and Coast Guard combed a 100,000 square miles area with more than 100 planes and ships. No sign was ever shown of the missing planes.
Today, people have noted the disappearance of many ships and planes in the southwest part of the North Atlantic and began to call this area the Bermuda Triangle (百幕大三角区).
The points of the triangle are Bermuda, Puerto Rico and a spot in the Gulf of Mexico, west of Florida. It is a two – faced water world of tiny islands, bright beaches and beautiful waters. Yet thick fogs, powerful currents (激流) and sudden storms are hidden behind this smiling surface.
59. Why did Flight 19 disappear?
A. Because the wind became strong and visibility dropped.
B. Because Tailor was given wrong orders to dive.
C. Because Tailor couldn’t read his compasses correctly.
D. Because something unknown made the compassed unable to work as usual.
60. In what position did Flight 19 disappear?
A. In the southeast part of the Atlantic Ocean. B. In the northeast part of the Atlantic Ocean.
C. To the southwest of Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean. D. To the northeast of Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean.
61. How many planes disappeared altogether that day?
A. Five. B. Six. C. Two. D. Only one.
62. The word “comb” in the passage means _____.
A. cover with B. fly over C. do up one’s hair with a comb D. search all over
63. Which of the following shows the correct position of the Bermuda Triangle?
(F=Florida, Bm=Bermuda, PR=Puerto Rico, Bh=Barhamas, MG=the Gulf of Mexico, Atl =the Atlantic Ocean, B=Base)
It could happen to you
Many people think there is no need to take special care over home safety.
I’m all right, I’m insured (投保).
Maybe – if you’re fully insured. Even then you can never recover the value you place upon your possessions. But you can’t insure against the suffering of mind that we all feel if our homes are torn apart by some stranger, our windows and doors broken, our possessions ruined.
“It won’t happen to me.”
Won’t it? A house is broken into every three minutes of the day. Loss of all kinds, including cars and things stolen from cars, happens every 3 seconds.
“I’ve nothing worth stealing.”
You may think not. But in fact everyone has something worth a thief’s attention. And we all have things of personal value, even if they’re worth little or nothing in hard cash.
“I’m only a tenant (房客) here.”
Most thieves are on the lookout for easy pickings. They are soon discouraged by houses they can’t get into quickly and easily. So do pay special attention.
“This booklet will help you ……”
it’s based on the practical experience of police forces throughout the country. Most of the suggestions will cost you only a few minutes extra time and thought. A few may cost some expense, but this is small compared with the loss and sadness you might otherwise suffer.
If you are in any doubt, ask for free advice from the Crime (罪犯) Prevention Office at your local police station.
64. The text mainly tells us about _____.
A. how to escape being caught B. how to take special care of ourselves
C. how to hire a safe house in the country D. how to protect your home
65. We can learn from the text that_____.
A. it’s impossible to prevent a house from being broken into
B. we all have something that a thief thinks worth stealing
C. most thieves are good at stealing thing from cars
D. you can’t afford to get advice from your local police station
66. If a house if difficult to get into, _____.
A. the thief may give up trying B. the thief will steal car or things from cars
C. the owner may think extra safety fittings are necessary D. the owner may think there is no need to take special care
D
Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human resources expert notices this in the job applications that comes across his desk every day. “It’s amazing how many candidates eliminate (淘汰) themselves,” he says.
“Resumes (求职书) arrive with stains. Some candidates don’t bother to spell the company’s name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate,” Crossley concludes, “If they cannot take care of these details, why should we trust them with a job?”
Can we pay too much attention to details? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “To keep from losing the forest for the trees,” says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco. “We must constantly ask ourselves how the details we’re working on fit into the larger picture. If they don’t, we should drop them and move to something else.”
Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off – course 90 percent of the time, says Garfield, “But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact position of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments (调节) as necessary. “Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.”
Too often we believe what accounts for others’ success is some special secret or a lucky break, But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow.
67. According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected _____.
A. because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resume
B. because of their limited education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume
C. because they failed to give a detailed description of their background in their application
D. because they eliminated their names from the applicants’ list themselves
68. The word “perfectionists” refuse to those who _____.
A. demand others to get everything absolutely right
B. know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstances
C. pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectives
D. are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do
69. The example of Apllo II moon launch is given to illustrate that _____.
A. minor mistakes may not be noticed in achieving major objectives
B. failure is the mother of success
C. adjustments are the key to the successful completion of any work
D. keeping one’s goal in mind helps in deciding which details can be overlooked
70. The best title for this passage would be _____.
A. Don’t Be a Perfectionist B. Importance of Adjustments
C. Details and Major Objectives D. Hard Work Plus Good Luck
E
Though salivation (分泌唾液) is natural, Pavlov noticed that a dog would salivate not just when it was eating, but also when it saw the man who usually fed it. In Pavlov’s early experiments he simply showed the dog some bread, enough to make the dog salivate. We cannot call this a natural reflex because a dog does not normally salivate at the sight of man. It is what psychologists call a ‘ conditioned response’(条件反射反应). The dog has been taught, or ‘ conditioned’, to salivate when he sees the man.
Having decided to study this, Pavlov developed scientific methods for doing so. In order to make sure the experimenter did not disturb the dog and experimenter were put in separate rooms. Pavlov even put the dog in a kind of frame to make it stand still. He invented a system of tubes for giving the dog food, and watched what happened from outside the room. He found that he could condition the dog to salivate at almost any event – when a bell rang or a light flashed, for example – as long as this event was followed by food.
The American psychologist Skineer developed this idea of conditioning. He could condition animals to do quite complicated things by using a technique he called ‘shaping’. He could teach pigeons, for example, to play table tennis. At first he gave them a reward for knocking the ball a short distance in the right direction. Slowly he increased the distance they must knock the ball before getting the reward, and eventually they received it only when they knocked the ball past their opponent (对手).
71. Which of the following is not the experimenters’ aim?
A. To make sure the experimenter did not disturb the dog. B. To invent a system of tubes.
C. To condition the dog to salivate at almost any event. D. To teach pigeons to knock the ball in the right direction.
72. In order to make the dog salivate, Pavolv did not ____.
A. ring the bell B. give the dog food C. beat the dog D. put the dog in a frame
73. During experiments, Skinner ______.
A. gave pigeons a reward for knocking the ball into the hole
B. gave pigeons a reward for knocking the ball in opposite direction
C. decreased the distance because pigeons must knock the ball
D. gave pigeons a reward for knocking the ball past their ‘opponent’
74. An example of a ‘conditioned response’ is that _____.
A. a dog s mouth waters when it is eating B. a dog is conditioned to salivate when he sees the man
C. a dog is trained by an experimenter D. a dog is taught how to drink water
75. The underlined word “psychologist” means _____.
A. 心理学家 B.生理学家 C.物理学家 D.动物学家
第四部分：写作（共两节，满分35分）
第一节 短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
The former White House cook stopped working last April. He cooked
in traditional French way. His food tasted well, but contained a 76. ________
lot of fat. Doctors say this is not healthier. Welter Scheib. 77. ________
the new chief cook, will have a medical doctor as adviser. 78. ________
Dr Dean Ornish is a heart specialist and writer. He says foods 79. ________
can be low in fat and still delicious. The President’s wife 80. ________
Hillary Clinton chose Mr Scheib after tasted his cooking. She 81. ________
wanted fewer fat in the food she ate in the White house. 82. ________
She wanted to eat more fresh vegetables, and including vegetable 83. ________
pies without the use of chemical. The First Lady would also 84. ________
like the White House to serve more America food. 85. ________
第二节 书面表达（满分25分）
最近，你校同学正在参加某报社组织的一场讨论。讨论的主题是：中国是否应大力发展家用小汽车？请你根据下表所提供的信息，客观地介绍这两种不同的意见。
60%的同学认为： 40%的同学认为：
1．应大力发展 2．促进国家经济发展 3．增加就业机会 4．提高生活质量；方便、省时 1．应有限度地发展 2．增加城市交通拥挤，交通事故 3．修路占用土地 4．空气和噪音污染
注意：1．信的开头已为你写好。2．词数：100左右 3．参考词汇：国民经济-the national economy
About the discussion we’ve had about whether China should devote major efforts to developing car industry, opinions are divided on the question.
60% of the students
参考答案
1-5 BBCBC 6-10 CBCAB 11-15 CCBCB 16-20 CBBCB 21-25 CDDAB
26-30 CDABC 31-35 BBCCA 36-40 BACDC 41-45 BBAAC 46-50 BCADB
51-55 BCDDD 56-60 CAADC 61-65 BDADB 66-70 AACDC 71-75 BCDBA
76. well 改为good 77. healthier 改为healthy 78. adviser 前加an 79.√ 80. and 改为but 81. tasted 改为tasting 82. fewer 改为less 83. and 去掉 84. chemical 改为chemicals 85. America 改为American
第四部分第二节
About the discussion we’ve had about whether China should devote major efforts to developing car industry, opinions are divided on the question.
60% of the students think China should fully develop car industry. They believe this will speed up the development of the national economy. More workers will be employed. With cars the people’s life quality will be raised. They will save time and be more convenient in their life and work.
On the other hand, 40% of them think China should control its car industry development. Otherwise, the city traffic will be even heavier and more fraffic accidents will take place. At the same time, more land will be used for the new roads. What is more, air and noise pollution will become more serious.
听力材料
1. W: Is it true you only spent $ 32 on two dinners?
M: No, I only spent half of that.
2. M: Sally broke her arm last week.
W: How did she do that? She’d always been careful.
3. M: I was hoping that you’d wear your new dress. It’s much prettier.
W: But this one is more comfortable for hot weather.
4. M: Excuse me, are you Ann Robinson?
W: No, I’m not. I’m her sister.
5. M: If I go to the store, will you make dinner for us tonight?
W: Bring back enough food.
6. M: Hello, Jane.
W: Hi, Harry. Did you have a good summer holiday?
M: Sure. I went for my holiday on my uncle’s farm
W: Really? What interesting things did you do there?
M: I helped get in some rice, take care of the fruit garden and drove the tractor.
W: Drove a tractor?
M: Yes. It was easy to learn. Did you go away for your holiday, Jane?
W: Oh, no. I just stayed at home. My mother has been in hospital. I had to look after her and help do some cooking and washing at home.
M: I’m sorry. Oh, it’s late. I must be off now. Bye-bye.
7. M: Guess where I went this morning? I went to the Summer Palace at 5:30.
W: You got up so early. Did you have a good time?
M: Yes. It was the first time for me to go to the Summer Palace early in the morning. And I saw many people, especially older people doing morning exercises remained very still.
W: I know what you mean. They were doing “breathing exercises”.
M: I saw two old men sitting under a tree with their eyes closed. They must have been doing the same. There were also many people in the park practicing Taijiquan.
W: Same as Taijiquan, they are national sports. A lot of people practice them every day in the early morning in a park, on a playground, by a river or along the roadside.
8. W: Palace Theatre. Can I help you?
M: Do you have seats for Saturday evening’s Romeo and Juliet?
W: Yes, we’ve got tickets at $ 3.50, $ 5or $ 7.50.
M: I’d like to reserve four tickets at $ 5, please. Can I collect them on Saturday?
W: Yes, but you must pick them up at least half an hour before the performance. Can I have your name?
M: Smith. Mr. Peter Smith.
W: Right. That’s four seats at $ 5 for Saturday, the 8th .
M: What time does it start?
W: 7:45.
M: Thank you. Goodbye.
9. W: Hello! I’m home! Tom?
M: Hi, Mum! I’m in here.
W: Oh, my God! What going on here?
M: I’ll clear it up later. I’ve nearly finished. What do you think?
W: It’s lovely. I like the roof. What a beautiful red! She’ll love it.
M: I haven’t painted the front door yet. What colour do you think it should be?
W: I think green would be nice…or yellow…or perhaps blue…Oh, I don’t know. Would you like me to make some curtains for it?
M: Oh, that would be great, Mum. Oh…by the way…I’m afraid I’ve got a bit of paint on the carpet over there. I’m terribly sorry.
W: Oh, you haven’t, Tom!
M: It’s alright. I think it will come out. If not, I’ll just paint the rest of the carpet the same colour.
10. I was driving along the road to fetch my daughter from school. We were going to go swinning together. I’d finished work at about 4 o’clock and then gone to the post office. Then I’d stopped off at a shop for some fruit and bread. We liked to have some fruit and bread to eat after our swim.
I was driving fast when suddenly I saw the cars in front of me start to move from side to side.
I slowed down. Then my car started to shake! Perhaps something had gone wrong with my car, I thought. I stopped and got out of the car. And at the same moment a big tree by the side of the road fell down onto the car in front of me. I understood it was an earthquake!