一、学习目标和要求
1. 学习和掌握以下单词和习惯用语
1) 单词
coal; attend; issue; summarise; content; introduction; representative; killer; access; violence; premier; stress; equality; fairness; responsibility; willingness; harmony; suffering; unfair; wipe; worldwide; alternative; defend; incorrect; affect; advise
2) 习惯用语
take notes; the United Nations; the World Health Organization; take action; air conditioner; in harmony with; wipe out; advise sb (not) to do sth.
2. 功能意念项目
学会用英语谈论自然和生态环境。
3. 语法
1）复习学过的虚拟语气；
2）倒装。
4. 语言运用
运用所学语言,围绕自然和生态环境这一题材,完成教科书和练习册中规定的听、说、写的任务;阅读课文 “Welcome to the Earth Summit”, 确切理解并完成有关课文内容和练习; 练习写一篇明确阐述个人观点和建议的评价性短文。
二、学 习 指 导
1. 单词和习惯用语的用法
1）attend vt. 出席；上（大学等）； 照料
例： Only 12 people attended the meeting. 只有12个人参加了会议。
Please let us know if you are unable to attend. 如果你不能参加请告知我们。
I am the first child in my family to attend college. 我是家中第一个上大学的孩子。
On his deathbed the General was attended by several doctors. 将军临终前有几个医生在照顾。
2）summarize vt. & vi. 概括；总结
例： The authors summarize their views in the introduction. 作者们在导言中概括了他们的观点。
Your final paragraph should summarize the main points of your essay. 你论文的最后一段应该总结一下你的观点。
summary n. 摘要；概要
3）content n. （书、报纸等的）内容，目次，目录;
例： "It is advisable to look at the contents page of a book, before buying it." 买书前最好是先看一看目录。
含量;
the content of silver in a ton of ore 一吨矿砂中银的含量
(pl) 内容；所容之物;
The contents of the box fell onto the floor. 这个盒子里的东西掉到地上了。
adj. 满足的；满意的；甘愿的
She is content with very little. 她易于满足。
（常与to连用）满足于…的
The old couple seem content to sit in front of the television all night. 老夫妇俩似乎整夜坐在电视机前就心满意足了。
vt. 使（人或自己）满足；使满意；使安心
Nothing contents her, she is always complaining. 没有什么能使她满意，她总是抱怨。
We should never content ourselves with a little book knowledge only. 我们切不可满足于仅仅有一点点书本知识。
be content to do sth. 乐于做某事
be content with 沉迷［满足］于
to one's heart's content 心满意足， 尽情地
content oneself with 满足于， 对...感到满足
4）introduction n. 序言；介绍；引进；采用
例：The introduction of new advanced techniques in the factory is under discussion today. 在工厂采用新的先进技术的问题是今天的议题。
foreign words of recent introduction 新传入的外国字
a letter of introduction 介绍信
Introduction to Radio 《无线电入门》
5）representative n. 代表；典型；议员
例：The representatives were all amazed by what had happened in the factory. 代表们听了这个工厂里发生的事都感到惊愕。
adj. 有代表性的；典型的
a representative collection of ancient Greek art 古希腊艺术代表作品集
6）access n. 接近；进入；接近的方法；到达的权利
例：There is no access to the street through that door. 穿过那个门没有通向大街的路。
The only access to that ancient castle is along a muddy track. 到那座古老城堡去的唯一通道是一条泥泞小路。
Students need access to books. 学生需要使用书本。
Access to the papers is restricted to senior management. 文件的使用权只限于高级管理者。
a man of easy access 易于接近的人, 平易近人的人
The only access to the town is across the bridge. 到镇上唯一的通路是经过一座桥。
Citizens may have free access to the library. 市民可以自由使用图书馆。
7）stress vt. 着重；强调
例：The report stressed that student math skills need to improve. 报告强调学生的数学技能需要提高。
Crawford stressed the need for more housing downtown. 科劳福德着重指出了城区住房的更大需求。
She stressed the importance of a balanced diet. 她强调了平衡饮食的重要性。
n. 压力, 紧迫, 困难; 【语】重音, 重读;
under the stress of poverty 在贫困的压力下
time of stress 危难之际, 非常时期
Stress and rhythm are important in speaking English. 讲英语时重音及节奏都很重要。
We must lay stress on self reliance. 我们必须强调自力更生。
Give stress to the 2nd syllable. 重读第二音节。
Worry over his job and his wife's health put him under a great stress. 忧虑自己的工作及妻子的健康问题使他陷于过分的紧张中。
8）take action 采取行动；take notes 记笔记；take effect见效, 生效；开始发生作用；
take exercise做体操, 做健身活动；take farewell 告别, 辞行；take ground占领阵地
(飞机)着陆；take notice 注意；take office 就职；take steps 采取措施
9）put an end to 结束； put an end to 结束；bring sth. to an end 结束；
come to an end 结束；make (both) ends meet收支相抵；
10）affect vt. 影响；感动；（疾病）侵袭
例：Smoking affects health. 吸烟影响健康。
He was deeply affected by my words. 他听了我的话很受感动。
be affected by heat [cold] 中暑[着凉]
词义辨析：affect effect influence
作为动词, 都含“影响”的意思。
affect 指“产生的影响之大足以引起反应”,着重“影响”的动作, 有时含有“对...产生不利影响”的意思, 如:
This article will affect my thinking. 这篇文章将会影响我的思想。
effect 指“实现”、“达成”,着重“造成”一种特殊的效果, 如:
This book effected a change in my opinion. 这本书使我的看法起了变化。
influence 指“通过说服、举例等对行动、思想、性格等产生不易觉察到的,潜移默化的影响”, 如:
Influenced by a high-school biology teacher, he took up the study of medicine. 在一位中学生物教师的影响下, 他从事医学研究。
2. 语言要点
1）According to the World Health Organization, the big three cause more than seven million deaths every year. 据世界卫生组织统计，三大杀手每年致死七百万人。
death: [countable] a particular case when someone dies 死亡人数；死亡案例
We should take action to reduce the number of traffic deaths. 我们应该采取措施减少交通事故死亡人数。
2）Air pollution alone causes almost three million deaths. 只是空气污染就导致近三百万人死亡。
此句相当于 Only air pollution causes almost three million deaths. alone相当于only, 但alone置于被修饰的名词或代词的后面。再如：
Julie alone knew the truth. 只有朱莉知道真相。
3）If we are to develop the world successfully, we must make sure that everyone is able to take part in the new world we create. 如果我们打算成功地发展世界，我们必须确保每一个人都能够加入到我们建设的这个新世界中来。
（1）be ＋不定式：这种结构表示计划，安排或用来征求意见。
The highway is to be opened in May.
Am I to take over his work？
（2）be going to ＋动词原形：这种结构表示“决定，打算要做什么事，或有迹象表明即将发生，可能会出现什么情况”。
I am going to buy a new coat this winter.
There is going to be a storm.
（3）be about ＋不定式：这种结构表示即将发生的动作，句中不可以用表示未来时间
的状语。
The talk is about to begin.(正)
The talk is about to begin soon.(误)
4）Among the speakers was China’s then Premier Zhu Rongji, who stressed the need for equality and fairness in the world. 在会上发言的人中就有强调世界上需要平等和公正的中国当时的总理朱鎔基。
then adj. being so at that time, 当时的
又如：the then chairman of the board. 当时的委员会主席
5）Richer countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries and must do whatever they can to help others. 相对富裕的国家有尽力帮助贫穷国家的责任。
这个句子是一个省略句，即：Richer countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries and must do whatever they can do to help others. 动词不定式 to help others 是目的状语。
6）Had I known that air conditioners cause so much pollution, I would never have bought one. 如果知道空调能造成这么大的污染，我怎么也不会买的。
这是一个含有虚拟语气的句子。虚拟条件句中省略了If, 构成了倒装句。
7）Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation. 直到我们了解了更多，我们才能够改善这种状况。
这是一个倒装句，因为否定词not 位于句首。其正常语序应该是：We will not be able to improve the situation until we know more.
8）A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act. 对环境的更好更深入的理解是必要的，是我们行动的内驱力。
这个句子是一个由as 引导的非限定性定语从句。
3. 语法说明：
1）虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)
概念：虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观意愿或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。
在条件句中的应用：
条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
（一）真实条件句
真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生。
时态关系
句型： 条件从句 主句
一般现在时 shall/will+动词原形
If he comes, he will bring his violin.
典型例题
The volleyball match will be put off if it_______.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
注意：
（1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.
(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
(对)If you leave now, you will never regret it.
（2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall(will)+动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
（二）非真实条件句
（1）时态：可表示过去、现在和将来的情况。其基本特点时态退后。
a. 同现在事实相反的假设。
句型： 条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should(would)+动词原形
If they were here, they would help you.
b. 表示与过去事实相反的假设。
句型： 条件从句 主句
过去完成式 should(would)have+过去分词
If he had come yesterday, I should have told him about it.
含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
c. 表示对将来的假想
句型： 条件从句 主句
一般过去时
were+不定式 should(would)+动词原形
should+动词原形
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right
（2）混合条件句
主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主、从句谓语动词虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
(从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。)
If it had rained last night(过去)，it would be very cold today(现在).
（3）虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should 或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
Were they here now, they could help us.
=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him.
=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
注意：
在虚拟语气的从句中，动词 ‘be’的过去时态一律用 “were”。
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right.
典型例题
_______ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前，变成were, should, had+主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说Were I not to do. ,而不能Weren’t I to go.
（4）特殊的虚拟语气词：should
① suggest/order/command/propose/demand/insist/require/ request… + that … (should) do
② the suggestion that … (should) do
③ This suggestion is that …(should) do
④ It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required/insisted … + that … (should) do
⑤ It is necessary/important/natural/strange… + that … (should) do
⑥ It is a pity/ a shame, no wonder… + that … (should) do
在宾语从句中的应用
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。
order, suggest, insist … + (should) do
---I suggest that we(should)hold a meeting next week.
---He insisted that he(should)be sent there.
注意：如suggest, insist不表示“建议”或“坚持要某人做某事时”，即它们用作 “暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
---The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
---Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
---I insisted that you were wrong.
在表语从句、同位语从句中的应用
在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即(should)+动词原形。
My idea is that we (should)get more people to attend the conference.
I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
（5）wish的用法
用于wish 后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
wish + (that) … did/were …(现在时：从句与主句动作同时发生)
wish + (that) … had done …(过去时：从句动作先于主句动作)
wish + (that) … would/could do (将来时：从句动作于主句动作之后)
I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn’t said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
（6）if only
if only 表示“如果就好了”。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。
if only也可用于陈述语气。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来了。
only if 表示“只有”:
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
（7）It is (high) time that …
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
It is time that the children went to bed.
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
（8）虚拟语气在其他状语从句中的用法
在as if引导的状语从句中，用过去式表示与现在事实不符，用过去完成式表示与过去事实不符；在so that，in order that引导的状语从句中，常用should/would/could/might+动词原形来表示虚拟语气。如：
They talked as if they had been friends for years．
She stayed at home for a few days so that she could take care of her mother．
（9）would rather sb did/had done …
(would rather do)
---I’d rather stay at home than go out.
---He’d rather you came on Friday.
2）倒装
在英语中最基本的语序是“主语 + 谓语 + 其他”，即：Who + do + what + how + where + when， 而且这个语序还十分固定。如果把主语后面的某一部分提到它前面，就是倒装（Inversion）。没有按照正常顺序排列句子成分，叫广义倒装。如果把谓语动词全部或部分放在主语的前面，叫狭义倒装。我们这里讨论的就是后者。如果谓语动词全部放到主语前面（主要适用于一般现在时和一般过去时，其他时态不能使用）叫完全倒装。如果助动词或是情态动词放在主语前面，行为动词放在主语后面，叫部分倒装。
e.g. In came the headmaster, followed by a group of teachers. (完全倒装)
校长走了进来，后面跟着一群老师。
There goes the bell. (完全倒装)
Never shall I do that again. (部分倒装)
注：副词、介词短语和直接引语在句首使用全部倒装。
（一）倒装的意义
1. 适应一定语法结构的需要，主要是指表达疑问句结构的需要。
e.g. How can I get to the railway station?
2. 为了强调某一部分，而把这部分放在了句首，引起倒装。
e.g. Only in this way can we learn English well.
So early did he come to school that no other children came.
3. 为了保持句子平衡。
e.g. Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.
“ Me, too,” said the boy anxiously.
（二）英语倒装的几种情况
（1）在疑问句中
e.g. How are you getting along with your work?
Is this report written in detail?
注：如疑问句作主语或者作定语修饰主语时，不发生倒装。
（2）在There be 及其类似结构中。There be +主语+地点。其中动词be也可以是其他词，如lie, stand等。
e.g. There are many different kinds of mooncakes on the table.
There in Greece lived a famous thinker, named Aristotle.
There seems to be still some elements undiscovered yet.
There stands a bridge across the river.
（3）在表示祝愿的句子中
e.g. Long live the People’s Republic of China!
May you succeed!
（4）在省略if的虚拟语气条件状语从句中
这类句子中有were, had, should 等词时，把were, had 或should置于句首。
e.g. Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.
Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided.
Should he be here next week, he would help us with the problem.
（5）在so, nor, neither 或no more 开头句子中
① 用于so 开头的句子，表示重复前面相同内容，意为“也怎么样”。另外，在结果状语从句句型so…that…中，如果so… 放在句首，主句需要部分倒装。
e.g. I often go out for a walk after supper. So does she.
So excited was she at the news that she couldn’t say a word.
So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.
So mush does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night
注：在该结构中，“so + 形容词”是表语前置；“so + 副词”是状语前置。.
② 用于nor, neither开头的句子，表示重复前面内容，“也不…”。
e.g. Li Lei can’t answer the question. Neither can I.
If you don’t wait for him, nor shall I.
（6）带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有：not, never, seldom, scarcely, rarely, barely, little, few, hardly, nowhere, nobody, in on way , on no account, at no time, not only…but also…, not once, under no condition, hardly…when, no sooner…than…等
e.g. Little did I think he is a spy.
Hardly had I reached home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I entered the room than the phone rang.
Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it .
Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains.
（7）当句首状语为表示地点方位的介词词组时，句子倒装。
e.g. Round the corner walked a large policeman.
Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.
West of the lake lies the famous city.
（8）“某些副词+不及物动词+主语” 的句式，或当句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词为go, come 等表示位置转移时需要全部倒装。常用的副词主要有：here, there, now, then, out, in, down, up, away等，表示强调。主语是代词时，不必倒装。
e.g. Up went the plane.
In came the chairman and the meeting began.
Out rushed the boy.
Down came the brown wave.
Here is a ticket for you .
Now comes your turn.
注：如果主语是代词则不发生倒装。
e.g. Out they rushed!
Lower and lower he bent.
（9）only 放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），语序要部分倒装。
e.g. Only in this way can we get in touch with them.
Only because he was ill was he absent from school.
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing
(10) 在as though 引导的让步状语从句中，一般将形容词，副词或名词等置于句首。
e.g. Small as the atom is, we can smash it.
Dog-tired though they were, they continued to march on.
(11) 如果直接引语后注明是什么人说的，而且主语是名词时，需要完全倒装；主语是代词时，一般不用倒装。
e.g. “Let’s go!” said the captain.
“Take off your boots!” ordered the guard.
“What do you mean?” he asked.
(12) 在强调表语时
e.g. Worst of all were the humiliations.
Such is the case.
(13) 在强调宾语时
e.g. Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction.
Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid.
注：当前置宾语由“not a +名词”或者“not a single +名词”构成时，也会引起倒装。
e.g. Alice had a terrible time touring that country. Not a day did she spend without having some unpleasantness with waiters in the hotel.
三、课文理解
根据课文内容判断正误（True or False）。
( ) 1. In 1972, the United Nations held a meeting in Stockholm, Sweden to share ideas about how we can save the earth.
( ) 2. In Johannesburg, experts from all over the world spoke about different topics and
discussed new ways to solve the problems facing our planet now.
( ) 3. The “big three” causes almost three million deaths.
( ) 4. In the world, developing countries can prosper on their own.
( ) 5. We can save the earth by changing the way we live every day.
四、语法知识训练
1. You didn’t let me drive. If we ____ in turn, you ____ so tired.
A. drove, didn’t get B. drove, wouldn’t get
C. were driving, wouldn’t get D. had driven, wouldn’t have got
2. If it ____ for the snow, we ____ the mountain yesterday.
A. were not, could have climbed B. were not, could climb
C. hadn’t been, could have climbed D. hadn’t been, could climb
3. The new airport ____ if they hadn’t stopped working on it.
A. would complete B. had been completed
C. had completed D. would have been completed
4. I lost your address, otherwise (or) I ____ you long before.
A. had visited B. have visited C. would have visited D. should visit
5. The guard at the gate insisted that everybody ____ the rules.
A. obeys B. obey C. will obey D. would obey
6. The boss insisted that John ____ unfit for his work.
A. was B. is C. should be D. were
7. The officer commanded(ordered)the damaged bridge ____ before dawn.
A. must be repaired B. would be repaired
C. be repaired D. should have been repaired
8. I wish I ____ the TV program last night.
A. could watch B. have watched C. watched D. could have watched
9. The two strangers talked as if they ____ friends for years.
A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been
10. It is natural (strange, important requested, a great pity) that he ____ change his mind.
A. will B. should C. can D. ought to
11. I’d rather you ____ there yesterday. I’d rather you ____ there tomorrow.
A. didn’t go, went B. hadn’t gone, should go
C. hadn’t gone, went D. didn’t go, should go
12. If only we ____ to their advice.
A. listen B. listening C. listened D. had listened
13. ____ for your knowledge of the language, I should have been completely lost.
A. Hadn’t it been B. If it were not C. Had it not been D. Had it been not
14. Not until all the fish died in the river _____ how serious the pollution was．
A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized
C. the villagers did realize D. didn't the villagers realize
15. ______ can you expect to get a pay rise．
A. With hard work B. Although work hard
C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard
16. - It was careless of you to have left your clothes outside all night．
- My God ! _______．
A. So did I B. So I did C. So were you D. So did you
17. I finally got the job I dreamed about．Never in all my life ______ so happy．
A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt
18. Not a single song _____ at yesterday's party．
A. she sang B. sang she C. did she sing D. she did sing
19. _____it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
20. Little ____ about his own safety, though he was in general danger himself.
A. does he care B. did he care C. he cares D. he cared
21. Only by practicing every day_____ be able to master the language.
A. you can B. can you C. you will D. will you
22. So ____ that no fish can live in it.
A. the lake is shallow B. shallow the lake is
C. shallow is the lake D. is the lake shallow
23. Not only _____ polluted but _____ crowded.
A. was the city; were the streets B. the city was; were the streets
C. was the city; the streets were D. the city was; the streets were
24. ______, he knows a lot of things.
A. As he is young B. As young he is
C. He is as young D. Young as he is
25. Hardly ____ the helicopter ____ when the waiting crowd ran toward it.
A. had; landed B. has; landed C. did; land D. was; landing
五、综合训练
I. 基础知识运用
A. 单项选择
1. City officials are considering _____ a path to give the public access _____ the ruins.
A. to build; to B. building; to C. to build; for D. building; for
2. I may be late ---- I have got one or two things _____.
A. to attend B. to be attended
C. to attend to D. to be attended to
3. The number of _____ from AIDS _____ still increasing in many parts of the world.
A. deaths; is B. death; is C. deaths; are D. death; are
4. He hardly talked about his own work, and was content to _____ to the _____ of others.
A. listening; experience B. listen; experience
C. listening; experiences D. listen; experiences
5. You may _____, but you must not take any recording device into the room.
A. take notice B. take notes C. take action D. take steps
6. Do not place the blame anywhere but on yourself, because you _____ have chosen that path.
A. only B. just C. alone D. lonely
7. Don’t worry. We will do what we can _____ you.
A. help B. helping C. to help D. do help
8. What do you think of Li Hong’s suggestion that we ____ a play at the English evening?
A. will put on B. should put on C. must put on D. can put on
9. Then ______we had been looking forward to.
A. came the hour B. the hour came
C. comes the hour D. the hour is coming
10. --- That English fellow’s songs are very poetic.
--- ______the works to the songs , but he also composes the music.
A. he also writes B. Although he writes
C. Not only does he write D. It is not all that all writes
B. 选词并用词的适当形式填空。
summary introduce representative violence equality
responsibility willingness suffer correct advise
11. It is hard to imagine the pain and ________ they went through.
12. Could you give me some ________ about buying a home?
13. I wrote a letter ________ the main points we had discussed.
14. Choose two stones of roughly ________ weight and size.
15. Each class will elect two students to________ them on the School Council.
16. Police believe that the same man is ________ for three other murders in the area.
17. The information you gave us was ________.
18. After a brief________ by the Chairman, the meeting began.
19. Do ________ programs and video games really cause people to become more aggressive?
20. My father would be ________ to move with me and this of course would allow me to sell my present house.
II. 完形填空 用适当的词将下列短文补充完整，每空一词。
POLAR bears are getting thinner. It is not a diet and it is not because there is less food to __21__. It is because the world is getting __22__.
Giant white bears __23__ live in the Hudson Bay area in the great Canadian north are at the moment impatiently waiting for ice to __24__. They need the ice to form a "bridge" to their food - seals. Seals usually live __25__ from land among the icebergs.
__26__, as the climate becomes warmer, winter is getting shorter and sea ice is decreasing（减少）in the area. This is making polar bears' lives increasingly difficult.
Bears need to eat as much food as possible in the winter to make __27__ fat enough to live through five months __28__ food in the summer and autumn. During the five-month ice-free season, the bears are forced to fast (绝食).
"For every week a bear has not been hunting food on ice, it is 10 kilograms __29__," said a scientist.
The average temperature of the region has risen from 0.3 to 0.4 degrees centigrade (摄氏度) __30__ 1950. With the change of the climate, the sea ice is melting earlier in the spring. Thus the hunting season for bears is getting __31__. And the bears, on average, weigh between 80 and 85 kilograms less than they did in 1985. In the future this could __32__ the bears' ability to reproduce (繁殖).
It is gradual global __33__ that has caused these problems for the bears. The greenhouse effect helps to regulate (调节) the temperature of our planet. Without a natural greenhouse effect, the average temperature of the Earth would be about zero degrees centigrade. Human activity has been increasing the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mostly carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) from __34__ coal, oil, and gas. This is increasing the power of the greenhouse effect, making the planet __35__ warmer.
III. 阅读理解
A
Asian countries continue to find better ways to solve their pollution problems. Singapore introduced a Corrective Work Order campaign(运动). C.W.O. requires those people who like to throw away waste materials in a public place to do public service. They must clean beaches, parks and housing developments. As a result, rubbish has decreased.
Thailand uses fear to control throwing away rubbish. A rich Thai woman designed “magic eyes” to encourage people to protect the surroundings. The eyes were put up in schools and on every street corner.
Certainly the most expensive plan is Japan’s large vacuum(吸尘器). This vacuum will operate along Osaka’s dirtiest road. The vacuum sucks up the air and makes it clean.
36. How does the Corrective Work Order solve the pollution problem?
A. It discourages students from throwing away waste paper.
B. It encourages people to protect the surroundings.
C. It punishes the people who throw away rubbish.
D. It praises the people who clean beaches and parks.
37. The passage is mainly about ______.
A. Asian plans for pollution B. air pollution in Asia
C. how to solve the problem of air pollution D. how to make the air clean
38. From the passage we can know ______ cost most money.
A. “magic eyes” B. beach-cleaner
C. Corrective Work Order campaign D. large vacuum
39. The word “decrease” refers to ______.
A. get more in numbers B. become less in numbers
C. increase in strength D. enlarge in quality
40. “Magic eyes” was introduced by a woman in ______.
A. Thailand B. Japan C. Singapore D. Asia
B
Many of the world’s pollution problems have been caused by the crowding of large groups of people into the cities. Supply for the needs of the people leads to further pollution by industry. If the rapid increase of world population in countries continues at the present rate, there may be much greater harm to human beings. Some scientists speak of the increase in numbers of people as “population pollution”.
About 2,000 years ago, the world population was probably about 250 million. It reached a billion in 1850. By 1930 the population was two billion. It is now three and a half billion. It is expected to double by the year 2005. If the population continues to grow at the same rate, there will be 25 billion people in the world a hundred years from now.
Man has been using the earth’s resources more and more rapidly over the past years. Some of them are almost used up. Now many people believe that man’s greatest problem is how to control the growth of the population. The material supplies in the world will be far from enough to support the human population, in time to come, if the present rate of increase continues. Already there is overcrowding in many cities and starvation in some countries. Should man’s population keep on growing so rapidly as before? Many people believe that human survival in the future depends on the answer to the question.
41. The rapid increase in population is considered to be ______.
A. the increase of resources B. population pollution
C. the development of mankind D. the present rate
42. The world population will be ______ by the year 2005.
A. 7 billion B. 250 million C. 25 billion D. 3.5 billion
43. It is very important for us ______.
A. to use the materials in the world B. to move into cities
C. to control the growth of our population D. to support the human population
44. If the present rate of increase continues, _______.
A. the world is going to end
B. the earth won’t be able to support the growing population in the future
C. pollution has nothing to do with the rapidly increasing population
D. there would be four billion in the world a hundred years from now
45. Which of the following is Not true according to the passage?
A. In 1850 the world population reached a billion.
B. Man must fight a battle against population pollution.
C. The world’s population is increasing with years.
D. All of the Earth’s resources are gone now.
C
People who live in heavily industrialized areas do not get as much sunshine as they should. Dust floating over a city at the height of more than 4,000 feet cut out between 20 and 50 percent of the sunlight and up to 90 percent of the ultraviolet light(紫外线). But dust is not the only thing to worry about. When materials for burning are burned, whether in a factory or in a home, or in the engine of a car, carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) and carbon monoxide(一氧化碳) are given off. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere prevents loss of heat and keeps warmth in and slowly raising the temperature of the earth. This could actually change the climate all over the world. Carbon monoxide is very poisonous and quite small amounts can kill.
Everybody wants to have a motor car, and sometimes when they are stuck in(塞住) a traffic jam it seems as though everybody has already got one. Unfortunately, while giving us so much pleasure, cars are also poisoning us. The amount of dangerous substances sent out by a car is quite astonishing. Did you know, for example, that a hundred cars can produce a third of a ton of carbon monoxide and many other poisonous substances every day? When you realize that in Great Britain there are over 18,000,000 motor vehicles, you can see the greatness of the problem.
What is the answer then? Scientists are trying to produce a car engine that gives off no pollution at all. What about the millions of cars already in use now? Must they all be thrown away? It would probably be very expensive to make changes in them so that they will have nothing to do with pollution.
46. According to the passage, people in big cities should ______.
A. throw away their cars B. get more sunshine
C. move to the countryside D. wear masks over nose and mouth
47. What is not harmful to health in the atmosphere?
A. Carbon dioxide. B. Carbon monoxide.
C. Dust. D. Enough ultraviolet rays.
48. According to the passage, how much carbon monoxide do the cars in Great Britain give off?
A. About 60,000 tons. B. More than 60,000 tons.
C. About 50,000 tons. D. Less than 50,000 tons.
49. Which of the following statements is not right?
A. No answer has been found to do away with the pollution caused by cars.
B. Millions of cars have already been equipped with new engines that give off no dirty gases.
C. It costs much to make the present cars free from pollution.
D. Scientists never stop looking for new ways to make the atmosphere clear.
50. What do you think people should not do to prevent pollution?
A. Take buses or walk when possible.
B. Drive cars which are good in quality.
C. Use high-quality oil in their cars.
D. Keep the engine of their cars going on when they are waiting for a train to pass across.
D
Hong Kong stars Nicolas Tse (谢霆锋) and Edison Chen (陈冠希) can be seen everywhere: magazines, newspapers, movies. But their latest action film might have trouble finding a place on prime time (黄金时间) TV.
The movie, "The Moving Targets" (《青年干探》), is one of many violent films that will soon no longer be shown between 7 pm and 9 pm. In an attempt to protect young minds from violence, a new regulation issued by China's State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARFT, 广电总局) is to make prime time a forbidden zone.
Directed by the famous Hong Kong film maker Wong Jing, "The Moving Targets" tells the story of two young detectives battling against gangsters. Unsurprisingly, it is full of explosions (爆炸), gun battles and street fighting. The movie was given a parental guidance (PG) rating in Hong Kong, and might now only appear after 9 pm on mainland TV screens. If it's a school night, most students will be fast asleep by the time it ends.
But despite this possible loss on entertainment, senior high school students in Beijing welcome the new rule, even boys who enjoy a good action movie.
"We think the regulation is for the benefit of teenagers like us, although we rarely watch TV at that time on weekdays," said She Fei, a Senior 1 student at Beijing Huiwen High School. "The prime time for TV channels is also the prime time for us to do our homework. Like many boys, I enjoy watching action movies, but I think violence has been over-played in recent years," She explained. "I'd like to watch more knowledge-based programmes like Samsung Intelligence Express (三星智力快车) on CCTV."
For millions of parents in China, the new rule has been a long time in coming. "Measures to clean up TV to protect our children should have been introduced years ago," said Liu Yingming, a teacher and mother of a Senior 1 boy in Xi'an. "We have already seen the negative effects of TV and movie violence on children.
A juvenile delinquency (未成年人犯罪) case in Xi'an last month heard how a teenager was killed when 11 boys started a street fight. Aged as young as 13, they were armed with blades and daggers (匕首), local police said. The boys admitted that they were strongly affected by street fighting scenes in the Hong Kong gangster movie series "Young & Dangerous" (《蛊惑仔》). Many parents and teachers in Xi'an see this case as proof of the negative effect of TV and movie violence on teens.
This bad influence includes the use of bad language first heard used on screen. "As a result of watching unsuitable movies from Hollywood, many children do not speak English well," said Lu Ying, a teacher in Beijing. "But they are fluent in English swear words."
The administration admitted the rule was introduced following requests from many parents. "They hoped the government could create a more healthy environment for children," said deputy minister Zhao Shi. "Domestic TV productions have become more violent."
Answer the following questions.
51. Why may the movie, “the Moving Targets”, have trouble finding a place on prime time TV?
52. Why has the new regulation been issued?
53. Name the places that already have rating systems.
54. How are movies rated in the US?
55. What is the rating of the movie, “Terminator 3”?
IV. 单句改错
56. What are the biggest problems faced the earth?
57. What does she think is the most serious problem ?
58. We should spend more money in science so we can use the coal in a better way.
59. The United Nations held a meeting to share ideas about what we can take better care of the earth.
60. Representatives at the meeting discussed some of the most important problem.
61. Most of the deaths happen in rural areas, there people burn wood and coal to cook food and
stay warm.
62. Global development means the rich people get richer when the poor get poorer.
63. Many of the speakers at the summit said that education is the key of the future.
64. One out five children before age five die from diseases caused by environmental problems.
65. Only by changing how we live we can save the earth.
V. 书面表达
移动电话在中国发展很快，拥有和使用它已成为当今时尚。请根据以下提示,从正反两方面谈谈这种新潮。
正面：1. 是生活富裕的表现
2．方便，有利于工作，生活
反面：1．干扰正常生活，工作
2．造成安全隐患
3．给人不礼貌的印象（字数100-120）
Unit 9
三、课文理解:
1.F 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T
四、语法知识训练：
1-5 DCDCB 6－10 ACDDB 11－15 CDCAC 16－20 BDCBB 21－25 DCCDA
五、综合训练
I.基础知识运用
A. 1－5 BCADB 6-10 CCBAC
B. 11. suffering 12. advice 13. summarizing 14. equal 15. represent
16. responsible 17. incorrect 18. introduction 19. violent 20. willing
II.完形填空
21. catch 22. warmer 23. that 24. form 25. away 26. However
27. themselves 28. without 29. lighter 30. since 31. shorter 32. affect
33. warming 34. burning 35. even
III. 阅读理解
36-40 CADBA 41---45 BACBD 46---50 BDBBD
51.Because a new regulation issued by China’s State Administration of Radio, Film and
Television is to make prime time a forbidden zone for violent films and TV programs.
52. The new regulation has been issued to protect young minds from violence.
53. Hong Kong; the US and some other countries.
54. The movie rating systems in the US has five rating categories: G; PG; PG-13 ; NC-17 and R.
55. “Terminator 3” is R-rated.
IV. 单句改错
56 faced---facing 57 is放在句末 58 in--on 59 what--how
60 problem---problems 61 there--where 62 when---while 63 of---to
64 out后加of 65 can放在we前
V.书面表达
Mobile phone can be seen used nowadays everywhere in China. It is of course a sign that we are better off than before and it is also a good thing when you can continue your work or business without the limit of time and space just with a mobile phone in your hand. It helps a great deal in our work and life and it is so convenient that some people can not leave it for just a minute.
But with a mobile phone, it seems that you never have any peace of rest. Wherever you go, whatever time it is, calls and messages will annoy you. You have to answer the phone while you are eating, talking to someone else or having a meeting or even while you are driving. Just think how impolite and silly you are and how dangerous that is! Some experts even point out the radiation from mobile phones may do harm to people.