1. stand for 代表
e.g. (1) P.O. stands for Post Office.
字母P.O.代表Post Office.
(2) P.R.C. stands for the People’s Republic of China.
P.R.C.三个字母是中华人民共和国的缩写。
2. would rather 宁愿
宁愿做某事 would rather do sth.
prefer to do sth.
宁愿不做某事 would rather not do sth.
prefer not to do sth.
宁愿做某事而不愿做（另外）某事
would rather do sth. than do sth.
prefer doing sth. to doing sth.
e.g. I’d rather stay at home than go shopping.
3. allow v.许可；容许；承认
allow后可接名词、代词、动名词或that从句作宾语。
e.g. (1) The law does not allow such actions.
法律不允许有这种行为。
(2) They don’t allow smoking here.
他们不允许抽烟。
(3) I allow that things are not easy.
我承认事情并不那么容易。
allow后还可接动词不定式的复合结构作宾语。
e.g. (1) My parents won’t allow me to stay out late.
我的父母不允许我深夜还不回家（留在外头）。
(2) We don’t allow such things to be done.
我们不允许有人做这样的事。
4. every four years每四年
every 与数词或other，few等连用，表示时间或空间的间隔，其几个主要结构如下：
（1）every+基数词+复数名词
The American people elect a president every four years.
美国人民每四年选举一任总统。
Take the medicine every six hours.
每隔6小时吃一次药。
（2）every+序数词+单数名词
He comes to see his uncle every third week.
他每三个星期来看望他叔叔一次。
（3）every +other+单数名词，“每隔一……”
Write on every other line.
请隔行写。
We have English lessons every other day;that is on Monday，Wednesday and Friday.
我们隔一天上英语课，就是在星期一，星期三和星期五。
（4）every +few+复数名词，“每隔几……”
Trees should be planted every few metres.
树应间隔几米种一棵。
5.compete v.竞争，比得上；比赛
compete in(a game，a match)参加
compete with/against sb.和某人竞争
compete for(a prize，a medal，the first place)角逐
e.g. (1) Will you compete in the race?
你会参加赛跑吗？
(2) He is going to compete against/with his old friend in the second round.
第2回合时他将与老朋友竞争。
(3) There is no book that can compete with this.
没有一本书抵得上这本的。
词形变化：competition n.竞争；比赛，竞赛
competitor n.竞争者，竞争对手
6.in modern times
time作“时代”解时，常用复数形式（times)。
in ancient times在古代
in modern times在现代
e.g. (1) Times have changed，and we shouldn’t fall behind them.
时代变了，我们不应落后于时代。
(2) She didn’t understand the spirit of the times.
她不理解那个时代的精神。
time作“时代”时，也可用单数形式。
in Shakespeare’s time(在莎士比亚时代)
7.more and more越来越多的……
“adj./adv.的比较级+and+adj./adv.的比较级”是一种双重比较结构，表示持续不断的变化，意为“越来越……”。
e.g. (1) She is getting thinner and thinner.
她变得越来越瘦了。
(2) We are going more and more slowly.
我们越走越慢了。
［比较］the more…，the more…越……越……
e.g. (1) The more you know，the more you will realize how little you know.
知道得越多，越会体会到自己知道得多么有限。
(2) The sooner，the better.
越快越好。
(3) The older I get，the happier I am.
我越老越幸福。
8.英语中表示“参加”的词和短语：
join， join in，join sb. in sth.， take part in，attend
(1)join“参加”指加入党派、社会、团体等并成为其中一员。
e.g.He joined the Party in 1980.
他是1980年入党的。
Many of them have joined the army.
他们很多人都参军了。
join sb.“和某人一起……；和某人待在一起”
Will you join us for dinner?
和我们一起吃饭吧。
You go first，I’ll join you in a few minutes.
你先行一步，我随后就到。
(2)join in表示“参加某种活动”，in可为介词，可为副词。作介词时，此短语可用join代替。
e.g.Eight million people joined in the battle against drought.
800万人参加了抗旱斗争。
They danced and danced until a lot of us joined in.
他们不停地跳着舞，直到我们中间有许多人都参加了进去。
(3)join sb. in sth./doing sth.表示“参加某人所从事的活动”。
e.g.Come and join us in the game.
来和我们一起做游戏吧。
All the family join me in wishing you a happy future.
全家人和我一道祝你将来幸福。
(4)take part in指“参加群众性活动、会议”等多用于正式场合，比join郑重。
e.g.We all take an active part in extracurricular activities.
我们都积极参加课外活动。
I took part in the game.
我们参加了比赛。
(5)attend “参加”着重指“到场，出席(会议、典礼、仪式等)”。
e.g.She is sure to attend the wedding.
她一定会去参加婚礼。
He decided to attend the meeting himself.
他决定亲自赴会。
注意：当后不接宾语时，用take part或join in。
Jim saw the new boy watching the game and asked him to take part.
吉姆看到新来的男孩在看比赛，就邀请他参加。
We are playing football.Will you join in?
我们在踢足球，你加入吗？
9．welcome v.欢迎，迎接
e.g. (1) Welcome home/back.
欢迎回家。
(2) Welcome to Beijing.
欢迎光临北京。
(3) welcome a suggestion warmly
热烈地接受一项建议
(4) He welcomed his friend to his house.
他欢迎朋友到他家。
adj.受欢迎的，叫人快乐的
e.g. a welcome guest 受欢迎的客人
a welcome suggestion能被高兴接受的建议
welcome news可喜的消息
(1) You are always welcome at our house.
我家永远欢迎你。
be welcome to…“欣然允许的，可随意做……的”
e.g. (1) You are welcome to borrow my bike.
欢迎你借用我的单车。
(2) He is welcome to the use of my books.
他可以随意用我的书。
(3) Anyone is welcome to my share.
欢迎任何人拿走我这一份。
(4) You are welcome.
（对于他人道谢的回答）不客气；哪里。
n.欢迎，款待；欢迎辞
e.g. (1) We received warm welcome.
我们受到了热烈欢迎。
(2) They gave me a cold welcome.
他们待我非常冷漠。
10. prepare v.准备……，预备……；使（某人）做心理准备
e.g. (1) We must prepare for the party.
我们必须为聚会做准备。
(2) I prepared my speech for the meeting.
我为集会准备演讲稿。
(3) Mother is preparing Father to enter the hospital.
母亲正在为父亲入院做准备。
(4) Have you prepared to go on a trip?
你已准备好去旅行了吗？
be prepared to do…/for sth.…准备着……，做好……的准备
e.g. I am prepared for anything.
我已做好应急准备。
vt.准备做……，配制
e.g. (1) I’ll prepare a meal tonight.
今晚我要做晚餐。
(2) She prepared her father lunch.
=She prepared lunch for her father.
她为她的父亲做午餐。