Reference for Teaching
Ⅰ.异域风情
Weddings in the U.S.
Weddings in the United States vary as much as the people do.There are church weddings with a great deal of fanfare1;there are weddings on mountain-tops with guests barefooted2;and there have been weddings on the ocean floor with oxygen tanks for the guests.But many weddings,no matter where or how they are performed,include certain traditional customs.
Before a couple is married,they become engaged.And then invitations are sent to those who live nearby,their close friends and their relatives who live far away.When everything is ready,then comes the most exciting moment.
The wedding itself usually lasts between 20 and 40 minutes.The wedding party enters the church while the wedding march is played.The bride carrying a bouquet enters last with her father who will “give her away”.The groom enters the church from a side door.When the wedding party is gathered by the altar3,the bride and groom exchange vows.It is traditional to use the words “To have and to hold from this day forward,for better,for worse,for richer,for poorer,in sickness and in health,to love and to cherish,till death do us part”.Following the vows,the couple exchange rings.Wearing the wedding ring on the fourth finger of the left hand is an old custom.After the ceremony4 there is often a party,called a “reception” which gives the wedding guests a chance to congratulate the newlyweds.
The car in which the couple leaves the church is decorated5 with balloons,streamers and shaving cream.The words “Just Married” are painted on the trunk or back window.The bride and groom run to the car under a shower of rice thrown by the wedding guests.When the couple drives away from the church,friends often chase them in cars,honking6 and drawing attention to them.And then the couple go on their honeymoon.
1.fanfare n.铜管乐声
2.barefooted adj. 光着脚的
3.altar n.圣坛，祭坛
4.ceremony n.典礼，仪式
5.decorate v. 装饰
6.honk/h莐/ v. 鸣笛
Ⅱ.知识归纳
1.浅析非谓语动词的被动式结构
非谓语动词的逻辑主语是该非谓语动词动作的承受者时，一般要用非谓语动词的被动式。如何在句中使用这些被动式呢？现分述如下：
（1）动词不定式的被动式
①用作句子的真正主语。如：
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.
我很荣幸应邀在这里讲话。
It is necessary for us to be constantly reminded of our shortcomings.
经常有人提醒我们自身的缺点是有必要的。
②用作某些动词的宾语。如：
He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.
他请求派他到西藏去工作。
He hated to be flattered.
他讨厌别人对他阿谀奉承。
③用作表语。如：
What I want is to be left alone.
我只想一个人呆在这里。
The question is what is to be done next.
问题是下一步该干什么。
④用作宾语补足语。如：
He wanted the paper to be typed at once.
他要求立刻把文件打出来。
They didn’t expect the book to be so well received.
他们没有想到这本书受到读者如此的厚爱。
⑤用作主语补足语。如：
The book are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.
这些书不许带出阅览室。
The date is expected to be announced before long.
估计具体日期不久就会公布于众的。
⑥用作名词的后置定语。如：
Are you going to the banquet to be given at the embassy?
你打算去参加大使馆的宴会吗？
It will be the first such project to be designed by Chinese engineers.
这将是中国工程师设计的第一项这种类型的工程。
⑦用作状语。如：
The children are going to the hospital to be inoculated.
孩子们将去医院打预防针。
She was not old enough to be given such heavy work.
她年龄还小，不宜让她干这么重的活。
有时可用不定式的完成被动式，表示当时已经完成的被动动作。这样的被动式可在句中充当上面所述的各种语法成分。如：
It was a good thing for him to have been criticized.
他受到批评是件好事。（to have been criticized作真正的主语）
（2）动名词的被动式
①用作句子的主语。如：
His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.
主人对他的冷漠使他更加不舒服。
So being killed by sharks was a common occurrence.
因此被鲨鱼吃掉是经常发生的事。
②用作动词宾语或介词宾语。如：
He didn’t mind being left at home.
他并不介意把他留在家里。
She couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.
她不能容忍别人如此嘲笑她。
We congratulated him on his being admitted to the Party.
我们祝贺他入党了。
They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers.
他们坚持要大家把他们当作普通工人看待。
如果要表示已经发生的被动动作，则应使用动名词的完成被动式。如：
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.
我不记得谁曾给过我试验这种方法的机会。
(3)现在分词的被动式
①用作名词的后置定语，表示当时正在进行的被动动作。如：
The building being repaired is our library.
现在正在修维的那座楼房是我们的图书馆。
This is one of the experiments being carried out in our laboratory.
这是我们实验室里正在进行的实验之一。
②用作宾语补足语，表示当时正在进行的被动动作。如：
You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.
你会发现到处都在议论这个话题。
As we approached the village,we saw new houses being built.
走近村子时，我们看到那里正在盖新房。
③构成独立主格结构作状语。如：
The key having been lost,she couldn’t enter her room.
由于把钥匙丢了，所以她进不了屋。（The key having been lost作原因状语）
The decision having been made,the next problem was how to make a good plan.
决定作出后，下一个问题就是如何制定一个好计划。（The decision having been made作时间状语）
2.turn用作名词，表示“顺次”，常见的短语、句型有：
(1)by turns轮流、交替
e.g.They wash dishes by turns.
他们轮流洗碗碟。
She went hot and cold by turns.
她一阵发热，一阵发冷。
(2)in one’s turn(常用作插入语)轮到某人也（做某事），也
e.g.They,in their turn,made a proposal.
他们接着也提出了一个建议。
（3）in turn依次，轮流
e.g.speak in turn依次发言
Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.
理论的基础是实践，又转过来为实践服务。
(4)on the turn正在转变中；（牛奶）正在变酸
e.g.His luck is on the turn.
他时来运转了。
The milk is on the turn.
这牛奶快要变酸了。
(5)serve one’s/sb.’s turn合某人之用，有助于达到某人所要达到的目的
e.g.This hoe will serve my turn.
这把锄头我用着合适。
(6)take turns轮流，依次
e.g.The nurses and doctors take turns to be on night duty.
护士和医生轮流值夜班。
(7)It’s one’s turn to do sth.
轮到某人做某事
e.g.It’s your turn to keep guard.
轮到你放哨了。
Ⅲ.词语辨析
1.live on,depend on,make a living by doing sth.,live by
(1)live on表示“靠……为生/过活”时，介词on的宾语一般是维持生命的主要食物和主要经济来源，也能接人，但表示的是“靠某人的钱生活”之意。如：
I don’t know what he lives on.
我不知道他以何为生。
She still lives on her parents’ wages.=She still lives on her parents.
她仍靠她父母的工资生活。
(2)如果表达“靠某人过活”,可用depend on/upon。如：
Tom has to depend on his parents(for support).
汤姆只好靠他父母过活。
Children depend on their parents for food and clothing.
小孩的衣食均依赖于父母。
3.表示靠某种职业或工作为生时，常可用make a living by doing sth.或live by doing
sth.。如：
She makes a living by teaching.(=She lives by teaching.)她靠教书为生。
2.insist on,stick to,keep on,persist in
(1)insist on意思是“demand or maintain persistently”,“坚决要求，坚持认为”，是对要求、看法、意见或主张的“坚持”。“on”是介词，后面接名词或动名词作宾语。如：
She insisted on her opinion at the meeting.
她在会上坚持自己的意见。
She insisted on going with us.
她坚持要和我们一起去。
(2)“stick to”的意思是“persist in,not abandon”,是对“愿望、原则、决定、诺言、意见、理想或某种理论”的坚持不渝。“to”是介词，接名词或动名词作宾语，不能接不定
式。如：
We should stick to the study of Marxism-Leninism.
我们应当坚持研究马列主义。
We stick to the point that theory comes from practice.
我们应当坚持理论来源于实践的观点。
We stick to what is right and correct what is wrong.
我们坚持正确的，修正错误的。
(3)keep on意思是“continue to do”,“on”是副词，表示克服困难，顽强奋斗之意，后面通常用动名词作宾语。如：
They kept on until the work was finished,although they were rather tired.
虽然他们很疲劳，但还是坚持把工作做完。
Keep on practising and you will speak English well.
坚持多练，你就能说好英语。
(4)persist in后面常接名词或动名词，表示对某种活动坚持不懈或对某种信念固执不
改。如：
If you persist in breaking the law,you will go to prison.
如果你固执要犯法，你将会坐牢的。
He persisted in his own belief.
他固守自己的信念。
3.recover from,get well,be well again,be all right(again)
(1)recover from…意为“从……状态中复原”。如：
He has completely recovered from his illness.
他已完全康复。
The country has not recovered from the effects of the war.
这个国家还没有从战争的创伤中恢复过来。
(2)get well,be well again,be all right(again)都是口语中表示恢复健康的用语，译为“好了，痊愈了”。如：
I have got well.
我的病已好了。
He will soon be quite well again.
他不久就会康复的。
You will be all right again in a week or two.
一两周后你就会好了。
4.aim at,aim for
二者的后面均可接名词、代词或动名词，都表示“目的是、旨在”的意义，一般可以换用。不同的是，aim at含“瞄准、对准”的意义，后既可跟表示目的的名词，又可跟射击的目标。
be aimed at是aim at的被动语态。aim for强调最终目的。总之，at强调“目标”，for强调最终目的。如：
What she is aiming at is to win a scholarship.
她的目标是争取奖学金。
He aimed(his gun)at the lion and fired,but missed him.
他瞄准了狮子开了枪，但没打中。
The visit was aimed at expanding relations between the two countries.
这次访问的目的是发展两国关系。
We aim for the completion of the task by the end of the year.
我们旨在年底完成任务。
Ⅳ.能力训练
1.单句改错
(1)How have you done with the letter?
答案：应将done改为dealt或将How改为What。因为习惯上how常与deal with连用，what常与do with连用。
(2)These girls called out their names in turns.
答案：应将turns改为turn。因为in turn是一个固定介词短语，意思是“依次、逐个地”。
（3）These agreements have an affect on both the buyer and the seller.
答案：应将affect改为effect。因为affect是动词，effect是名词，在这里，have an effect on意思是“对……有影响，起作用”。
（4）My remarks were not aim at you.
答案：应将aim改为aimed。因为be aimed at是一个短语，它的意思是“针对，目的是”。
（5）I’d like the question not to raised again.
答案：应在to后加be。因为问题是被提出，它们之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态。
（6）The flight was delayed as the result of fog.
答案：应将the改为a。因为as a result of是一个固定短语，它的意思是“由于……的
原因”。
（7）She seems to finish her work.
答案：应将finish改为have finished。因为不定式动作是发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前的，所以应该用不定式的完成式，即to have done。
2.根据所给汉语完成下列各句
(1)这些动物已经绝种。
These animals have already______ ______.
答案：died out
(2)那天我们打死打伤了大量的敌人。
That day we killed and wounded the enemy______ ______ ______.
答案：in great/huge/big/large numbers
(3)他们设宴招待代表团。
They gave a banquet______ ______ ______the delegation.
答案：in honour of
(4)贸易摆脱了战争的影响而很快复苏了。
Trade soon______ ______the effects of the war.
答案：recovered from
（5）他们为自己的成功而骄傲。
They______ ______ ______their success/of being so successful.
答案：were proud of
（6）昨天晚上他怎么也睡不着。
He tried______ ______to sleep last night.
答案：in vain
（7）小心别切断你的手指头。
Mind you don’t______your fingers______.
答案：cut，off
Ⅴ.高考真题
1.(2004上海春)Victor apologized for______to inform me of the change in the plan.
A.his being not able B.him not to be able
C.his not being able D.him to be not able
简析：选C。根据apologize for sth.(或doing sth.)应排除B和D；又因v.-ing的用法中，否定词not应放在v.-ing之前，故选C。
2.(2004上海)The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945,and their power______increased enormously ever since.
A.is B.was C.has been D.had been
简析：选C。本题考查动词时态用法。因句中有时间状语ever since,故应用现在完成时。
3.(2004江苏)The man insisted______a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.
A.find B.to find C.on finding D.in finding
简析：选C。本题考查动词短语的用法。insist on是一个动词短语，on为介词，所以
选C。
4.(2004浙江)The winter of 1990 was extremely bad.______most people say it was the worst winter of their lives.
A.At last B.In fact C.In a word D.As a result
简析：选B。at last“最后、终于”；in a word“简而言之”；as a result“结果是……”。根据题意选B，意为“实际上”。
5.(2004湖南)You were silly not______your car.
A.to lock B.to have locked
C.locking D.having hocked
简析：选B。根据句意：没有锁车，你真是太傻了。锁车动作发生在太傻之前，故用不定式的完成式。
6.(2004北京)______in the queue for half an hour,Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A.To wait B.Have waited
C.Having waited D.To have waited
简析：选C。本题考查非谓语动词的用法。作时间状语应该用现在分词；又因“wait”发生在“realize”之前，应用完成式。
7.(2004北京春)
He was in hospital for six months.He felt as if he was______from the outside world.
A.cut out B.cut off C.cut up D.cut through
简析：选B。cut out“切掉，裁剪出”；cut off“断绝，使隔绝”；cut up“切碎”；cut through“抄近路，凿穿”。该句意为：他在医院呆了六个月，觉得好像与外界隔绝了似的。可见B为最佳答案。