Ⅲ.背景知识
1.History of Mother's Day
In the U.S.,Mother's Day is a holiday celebrated on the second Sunday in May.It is a day when children honor their mothers with cards,gifts,and flowers.First observance in Philadelphia,in 1907,it is based on suggestions by Julia Ward Howe in 1872 and by Anna Jarvis in 1907.
Although it wasn't celebrated in the U.S. until 1907,there were days honoring mothers even in the days of ancient Greece.In those days,however,it was Rhea,the Mother of the gods that was given honor.
Later,in the 1600's,in England there was an annual observance called“Mothering Sunday”.It was celebrated during June,on the fourth Sunday.On Mothering Sunday,the servants,who generally lived with their employers,were encouraged to return home and honor their mothers.It was traditional for them to bring a special cake along to celebrate the occasion.
In the U.S.,in 1907 Anna Jarvis from Philadelphia,began a campaign to establish a national Mother's Day.Jarvis persuaded her mother's church in Grafton,West Virgina to celebrate Mother's Day on the second anniversary of her mother's death,the 2nd Sunday of May.The next year Mother's Day was also celebrated in Philadelphia.
Jarvis and others began a letter-writing campaign to ministers,businessmen,and politicians in their quest to establish a national Mother's Day.They were successful.President Woodrow Wilson,in 1914,made the official announcement proclaiming Mother's Day a national observance that was to be held each year on the 2nd Sunday of May.
Many other countries of the world celebrate their own Mother's Day at different times throughout the year.Denmark,Finland,Italy,Turkey,Australia,and Belgium celebrate Mother's Day on the second Sunday in May,as in the U.S.
2.The Origin of Christmas
The name Christmas is short for“Christ's Mass”.A Mass is a kind of Church service.Christmas is a religious festival.It is the day we celebrate as the birthday of Jesus.
There are special Christmas services in Christian churches all over the world.But many of the festivities of Christmas do not have anything to do with religion.Exchanging gifts and sending Christmas cards are the modern ways of celebrating the Christmas in the world.
The birth of Jesus had a story:Mary,a virgin,was betrothed to Joseph.Before they came together,she was found with child of the Holy Spirit.Joseph,her husband,was minded to put her away secretly.While he thought about these things.Gabriel,an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and told him not to be afraid to take Mary as wife.And Mary will bring forth a Son,and he shall call his name.Jesus,for he will save his people from their sins.
Before Jesus births,there went a decree from Caesar Augustus,that all the world should be taxed.And this taxing was first made when Cyrenius was govenor of Syria.So all went to be registered,everyone to his own city.Joseph also went up out of Galilee,out of the city of Nazareth,into Judea,to the city of David,which is called Bethlehem,because he was of the house and of the lineage of David,to be registered with Mary,his betrothed wife,who was with child.So it was that while they were there,the days were completed for her to be delivered.And she brought forth her firstborn Son,and wrapped him in swaddling cloths,and laid him in a manger,because there was no room for them in the inn.And that,Christmas is the feast of the nativity of Jesus,is on 25th,December every year.But nobody knew the actual birthday of Jesus.And the Christmas has become popular when Christmas cards appeared in 1846 and the concept of a jolly Santa Claus was first made popular in nineteenth century.
The First Period
I．Teaching Aims:
1.Learn the following words and phrases:dress up,fighting,crime,argument,destruction
2.Train the students' speaking and listening abilities.
3.Learn to talk about festivals,customs and habits.
II．Teaching Important Point:
Improve the students' speaking and listening skills by talking about and listening to something about festivals.
III．Teaching Difficult Point:
How to further develop the students' speaking and listening skills.
IV．Teaching Methods:
1.Pair work and group work to train the students' speaking ability.
2.Listening-and-chooing activity to train the students' listening ability.
V．Teaching Aids:
1.pictures
2.a projector
3.a tape recorder
VI．Teaching Procedures:
Step Ⅰ. Greetings
Greet the whole class as usual.
Step Ⅱ. Free Talk and Lead-in
T:The Spring Festival has just gone by.Did you have a good time?
Ss:Yes.
T:We all know that the Spring Festival is the most important and greatest festival to our Chinese people.And we also know that there are some other important festivals in our country.Can you tell me the names of them?
Ss:Yes.There are Lantern Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, Tomb Sweeping Day,Mid-Autumn Day,New Year's Day,May 1st,National Day…
(Teacher writes them on the blackboard.If possible,teacher can show some pictures to talk about some of them briefly with the students)
T:Well.Thank you.Then how much do you know about foreign festivals?
Ss:Not very much.Just know about Chritmas Day,Thanksgiving Day,Mother's Day,April Fools' Day,Valentine's Day…(Teacher writes them on the Bb.)
T:Oh.You've known many of the foreign festivals.Today we are going to learn Unit 14 Festivals.In this unit,we'll learn about some foreign festivals,such as Mardi Gras,Ramada,Easter,Kwanzaa.First let's learn the new words in listening and speaking.
(Teacher writes the names of the festivals on the Bb.And then deal with the new words with the whole class.)
Step Ⅲ. Warming up
T:Now please open your books at Page 5.Look at the pictures below Warming up.They are all pictures of some festivals.Look at them carefully and discuss these three questions on the screen with your partner.
(Show the screen.)
1.Do you know the names of the festivals?
2.Do you know which countries the festivals come from?
3.What are the people in the pictures doing? Why are they doing this?
(After the students discuss for a while,teacher asks some of them to describe the pictures.One student,one picture)
T:OK.Stop!Who'd like to talk about the first picture?
S1:I think it must be Halloween from America,which is celebrated on October 31.In this picture,we can see the people are dancing at the fancy ball.They are wearing ghost costumes,false faces and witches' hats.Maybe they want to frighten away spirits looking for living bodies to possess.
T:Very good!The second picture?
S2:This picture shows the Day of the Dead in Mexico.In many places in Mexico,the celebration begins as early as October 18 and continues until November 9.In this picture,they are honoring their past lovers before a memorial to memorialize and welcome their departed loved ones and to offer them a brief time of earthly pleasure.One of them holds a toy skull.
T:Well done!Thank you.The last picture?
S3:I think this picture shows Yu Lan Festival from Japan.In most parts of Japan,it is celebrated from August 13 to August 16.In some parts of Japan,it is celebrated between July 13 and July 16.In the picture,we see the lanterns lighting to welcome their past ancestors back home.
T:You all did very well.Next,please think of a Chinese festival and a foreign festival,and then work in pairs to compare them.After that,you can exchange your information with another pair.The following questions on the screen can help you,and you can ask me if you don't know of any festivals from other countries.Begin to work now.(Teacher shows the screen first,and then walks around the class to help them and check their work)
Festival___________ ___________
1.When is the festival celebrated?
2.Who celebrates the festival?
3.How do people celebrate it?
4.Why do people celebrate the festival?
5.What are some important themes,for example,“family”,“peace”?
6.How old is the festival?
One possible sample
Step Ⅳ. Listening
T:Next,let's do a listening-and-choosing exercise about the following three festivals:Mardi Gras,Ramadan and Easter.Turn to Page 6.Look at the listening part.I give you some seconds to look at the pictures and read the exercises for each festival.Then I'll play the tape for you to finish each exercise.At the end,I'll check the answers with the whole class.Are you clear?
Ss:Yes.
T:OK.Now please listen to the tape carefully and finish each exercise.
(Teacher checks the answers after the Ss listen to the tape.Then teacher goes on to deal with the other exercise in Listening.)
T:Well done!Now it's time for you to try it.Work with your partner to describe one of your favourite festivals.I give you three minutes to prepare for it.You can begin now.
(Teacher can walk around to check their work while the Ss are preparing.Three minutes later,teacher says the following.)
T:Well.Time is up.Who'd like to talk about your festival?
S1:My favourite festival is the Spring Festival,which is also known as the Lunar New Year,the greatest festival.It is celebrated in late January or early February.It means rest and relaxation between winter and spring as well as celebration.Before the Spring Festival,people clean their houses,put red couplets on their gates and set off firecrackers,according to fairy tale,for driving a demon,named Nian,away.On the eve of the Spring Festival,a get-together banquet is a must,and the most popular food is Jiaozi,which is supposed to bring good fortune.On the first day of the new year,everybody wears new clothes and greets relatives and friends with bows and congratulations,wishing each other the best during the new year.
S2:My favourite festival is Lantern Festival,which is one of the most important festivals.This traditional festival is celebrated on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month.On that day,various types of lanterns are exhibited,fireworks set off,and acrobatics and dances displayed.Traditionally.Yuanxiao is eaten on the night of the Lantern Festival,because it symbolizes family unity and happiness.Yuanxiao is a dough stuffed with sweet stuffings such as sugar and bean paste.Therefore,the Lantern Festival is also called the Yuanxiao Festival.
S3:…
S4:…
Step Ⅴ. Speaking
T:As we all know,there are many festivals in the world,and most of them have a long history.Would you like a new holiday?
Ss:Yes.
T:OK.Here is a task to decide what a new holiday should be about.I'll show you some information and an example on the screen for you to refer to.
(Teacher shows the screen,goes through it with the whole class and makes brief explanations where necessary.)
Peace Day:No fighting or crimes are allowed.People learn and talk about peace.
Happiness Day:People must only do things that will make others happy.People learn about happiness.
Friendship Day:No arguments or fights are allowed.People learn about friendship.
Nature Day:No pollution or destruction of nature is allowed.People learn and talk about nature.
Example(Student A):I think that the new holiday should be a Peace Day.On this day,no fighting or crimes are allowed.People will use the holiday to learn and talk about peace.The holiday will be celebrated on__________and people will celebrate by__________.I think this is the best idea,because__________.
T:Well.Now please work in groups of four.Prepare a role card and tell the other group members why your holiday is the best one.Remember each student in one group decides a different holiday from the others.Are you clear?
Ss:Yes.
(After the Ss prepare for a while,teacher asks some Ss to talk about their new holiday separately.)
T:I think you must have got ready for it.Who'd like to talk about Peace Day?
SA:I think that the new holiday should be a Peace Day.On this day,no fighting or crimes are allowed.People will use the holiday to learn and talk about peace.The holiday will be celebrated on the same day as National Day and people will celebrate by setting all the pigeons free at the same time all over the world.I think this is the best idea,because an atmosphere of peace will fill all parts of the world at the same time and all the people will feel closer and live together peacefully.
T:Exellent!Next one:Happiness Day?
SB:I think that the new holiday should be a Happiness Day.On this day,no quarrelling and fighting are allowed.People must only do things that will make others happy.The holiday will be used to learn about happiness.It will be celebrated on November 17th and people will celebrate by telling happy stories and talking about the happy past.I think this is the best idea,because this will make people become younger and healthier.
SC:I think that the new holiday should be a Friendship Day.On this day,no arguments or fights are allowed.People will use the holiday to learn about friendship.The holiday will be celebrated on the last day of July and people will celebrate by sending presents and best wishes to each other.I think this is the best idea,because this will help people see the value of friendship much more than before.
SD:I think that the new holiday should be a Nature Day.On this day,no pollution and destruction of nature is allowed.People will use the holiday to learn and talk about nature.The holiday will be celebrated on March the fifth and people will celebrate it by planting trees and flowers.I think this is the best idea,because it can make our country and the world more and more beautiful.
T:All of you did very well.I think your hopes will be realized some day.
Step Ⅵ. Summary and Homework
T:In this class,we've mainly learned something about festivals by speaking and listening,so we've got more information about festivals,and our listening and speaking abilities have been improved.At the same time,we've learnt some words and phrases,such as fighting,crime,argument,destruction,dress up…
(Teacher writes them on the Bb.)You should remember them and learn to use them.After class,try to collect more information about festivals and prepare for next part-reading part.That's all for today.Goodbye,everyone!
Ss:Goodbye,teacher!
Step Ⅶ. The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard
Unit 14 Festivals
The First Period
Ⅰ.Chinese Festivals
Lantern Festival
the Dragon Boat Festival
Tomb Sweeping Day
Mid-Autumn Day
New Year's Day
Double-ninth
National Day
May 1st
Ⅱ.Foreign Festivals
Christmas Day
Thanksgiving Day
Mother's Day
April Fools' Day
Valentine's Day
Mardi Gras
Ramadan
Easter
Ⅲ.Words and Phrases:
dress up,fighting,crime,argument,destruction
The Second Period
I．Teaching Aims:
1.Learn and master the following words:honour,ancestor,nation,self-determination,
purpose,generation,faith,joy,light
2.Train the Ss' reading ability.
3.Let the students learn about the relation between festivals and history and culture.
II．Teaching Important Points:
1.Improve the students' reading ability.
2.Help the students learn about foreign history and culture by reading about festivals.
III．Teaching Difficult Point:
How to help the students understand the passage exactly.
IV．Teaching Methods:
1.Discussions before reading and after reading to make the students interested in what they will read and further understand what they have read.
2.Fast reading and careful reading to understand the passage correctly.
3.Pair or group work to make the students take an active part in the activities in class.
V．Teaching Aids:
1.a TV set and a VCD
2.a projector
3.a recorder
VI．Teaching Procedures:
Step Ⅰ. Greetings
Greet the whole class as usual.
Step Ⅱ. Discussion and Lead-in
T:Yesterday we learned about festivals by listening and speaking.Are you interested in festivals?
Ss:Yes.Very much.
T:Me too.So,let's watch a program about a festival now.(Teacher turns on the TV set and plays the VCD.After the students watch the TV program for a while,teacher asks them some questions.)
T:Can you tell me which festival the program is about?
Ss:Yes.It's about the Spring Festival.
T:How do you know?
Ss:From what they are wearing and what they are doing.And also from the happy atmosphere.
T:Yes.We are Chinese,so we are very familiar with it.Now look at the questions on the screen and discuss them with your partner.(Teacher shows the screen.)
1.How does your family celebrate the Spring Festival?
2.Why do we celebrate the Spring Festival?
3.Do festivals help us understand our history and culture?
4.Do you think that people are spending too much on gifts and other things during major festivals like Christmas and the Spring Festival?
(After the Ss discuss for a few minutes,teacher begins to ask them to talk about the questions one by one.)
T:OK.Stop!Who'd like to talk about the first question?
S1:Before the Spring Festival,we clean our houses and put red couplets on our gates.On the eve of the Spring Festival,we set off firecrackers and a get-together banquet is a must.The most popular food is Jiaozi.On the first day of the new year,everybody wears new clothes and greets relatives and friends with bows and congratulations wishing each other the best during the new year.
T:How about the second question?
S2:To celebrate the rebirth of Nature;to mark the beginning of the planting season and other outdoor activities;to have a good rest and relaxation between winter and spring after a year's hard work.
T:The third one?
S3:Yes.I think so,because most of the festivals were created a long time ago.
T:Then the last question?
S4:No,I don't think so.People spend much money,but this shows a kind of culture and the closeness between people.
S5:I think it's too much.It causes a waste of money.
S6:…
T:Oh.Your opinions are different.But time is limited in class.After class,you can continue your discussion.OK?
Ss:OK.
T:Well.Today we'll read a passage-The birth of a festival.First,let's learn the new words in the passage.(Teacher deals with the new words with the whole class.)
Step Ⅲ. Reading
T:Now please turn to Page 7 Read the passage silently and quickly to get the general idea.After a while,I'll ask you a few questions about it.(When the Ss are reading the passage,teacher writes the questions on the Bb:
1.Why did Dr. Karenga create Kwanzaa?
2.When is the festival?How do people celebrate it?
3.What are the seven principles of Kwanzaa?
Several minutes later,teacher checks the answers.)
T:Well.Have you finished reading it?
Ss:Yes.
T:OK.Who'd like to answer the first question on the blackboard?
S7:Karenga created Kwanzaa so that Africa-Americans would be able to celebrate their history and culture.
T:The second one?
S8:It begins one day after Christmas and ends on New Year's Day.By lighting a candle each day and discussing one of the seven principles of Kwanzaa.
T:What are the seven principles?
S9:They are unity,self-determination,living together,working together,purpose,creativity and faith.
(Teacher writes the seven principles on the Bb.)
T:Well.Now re-read the passage carefully to further understand it.Then work in groups of four to discuss the following questions on the screen.(Teacher shows the screen.)
1.Many festivals are celebrated at the same time,often at certain times of the year.Why do we celebrate these festivals at these times?
2.Compare Kwanzaa with the Chinese Spring Festival and Christmas.How are they similar or different?
3.Look at the seven principles of Kwanzaa.Which one do you think is the most important?Why?Are there any other festivals which have one or more of the same principles?
(After the Ss discuss for a few minutes,teacher asks some of them to talk about each question.)
T:Who'd like to talk about the first question?Li Hui,can you have a try?
S10:I think it's because their purposes are similar,the themes of them may be the same and the things they celebrate may have something to do with the times.
T:The second question.Liu Chang,please.
S11:They are all the ways to celebrate their history and culture and the ways to get together to greet new year and think about the past.But Kwanzaa is not the same as the Spring Festival and Christmas with commercial activities,and they are celebrated at different times and in different ways.
T:You are careful.Then the last question.Volunteers?
S12:I think“unity”is very important,because“Unity is power.”
S13:I think“creativity”is very important,because no creativity,no happy days and no glorious future.
S14:I think “faith”is very important,because faith is the basis for communication with each other.
S15:…
…
T:Your opinions are all reasonable.Next please tell me if there are any other festivals which have one or more of the same principles.
S16:I think National Day has “unity”and“creativity”.
S17:…
…
T:You all did very well.So much for this part.Now please read aloud the passage and try to understand it better.At the same time,pay attention to the useful phrases in it.(After a while,teacher shows the following on the screen and asks the students to finish it together.)
Fill in the blanks with the right phrases.
in common believe in as well as as…as one can so that so…that
1.The boy over there is bleeding__________badly__________he can not stop it.
2.I__________ __________his good character.
3.I have nothing__________ __________with Jane.
4.He grows flowers__________ __________ __________vegetables.
5.Many more trees should be planted __________ __________the soil can be held in place on the hillside.
6.Try to speak English__________often__________ __________ __________.
Suggested answers:
1.so…that 2.believe in 3.in common 4.as well as 5.so that 6.as…as you can
Step Ⅳ. Listening and Consolidation
T:OK.Now you've been familiar with the passage,so close your books.Listen to the tape and finish the “true”or“false”exercise on the screen.
(Teacher shows the screen and then turns on the recorder.After listening,teacher checks the answers with the whole class.)
The sentences below summarize the reading.Read them and decide if they are true or false.Write the letter“T”if the sentence is true.If it is false,write“F”and correct the error.
1.( )Kwanzaa is a very old festival.
2.( )The word Kwanzaa means first fruit in Swahili.
3.( )Kwanzaa is based on old African festivals.
4.( )Dr Karenga created Kwanzaa to celebrate American culture.
5.( )Kwanzaa is celebrated on the same day as Christmas.
6.( )People who celebrated Kwanzaa light a candle for each of the seven principles.
Suggested answers:
1.F Kwanzaa is a very young festival.
2.T 3.T
4.F Dr Karenga created Kwanzaa to celebrate Africa-American culture and history.
5.F Kwanzaa is celebrated from December 26 to January 1.
6.T
Step Ⅴ. Summary and Homework
T:In this class,we've learned more about festivals,customs and habits by reading“The birth of a festival”.We know festivals are closely related to a country's history and culture.We should also know that they all play important parts in learning a country's language.After class,please further understand its meaning in history and culture.Besides,please preview next part-Language study.That's all for today.Good-bye,everyone!
Ss:Good-bye,teacher!
Step Ⅵ. The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard
The Third Period
I．Teaching Aims:
1.Review the new words appearing in the last two periods.
2.Learn to use the modal verbs-must,have to,have got to.
II．Teaching Important Points:
1.Learn to guess the missing word according to the given sentence.
2.Master the modal verbs correctly.
III．Teaching Difficult Point:
How to use“must”,“have to”and“have got to”properly and how to use their negative forms correctly.
IV．Teaching Methods:
1.Practise and consolidate the words learned in the last two periods.
2.Giving examples to explain the difference between “must”and“have to”and the difference between“mustn't”and“don't have to”.
3.Making sentences to consolidate the usages of the modal verbs.
V．Teaching Aids:
1.a projector 2.some slides
3.some pictures
VI．Teaching Procedures:
Step Ⅰ. Greetings
Greet the whole class as usual.
Step Ⅱ. Revision
T:In the last class,we read the passage-The birth of a festival.By reading it,we've learnt something about Kwanzaa,such as the birth of it,the purpose of it,the way of celebrating it,and the seven principles of it.Now I want to ask you some questions about it.The first one:Who created this festival?
Ss:Dr Maulana Karenga.
T:The second one:Is it a young or an old festival?When was it born?
Ss:It is a young festival born in 1966.
T:When do people celebrate it?
Ss:From December 26(one day after Christmas)to January 1(New Year's Day).
T:How do people celebrate it?
Ss:By lighting a candle each day and discussing one of the seven principles of Kwanzaa.
T:Why did Dr Karenga create Kwanzaa?
Ss:To celebrate Africa-American culture and history.
T:Quite right.In fact we are all creating new festivals every year-festivals and holidays are always changing and as we celebrate them,we make new history and develop our culture.All the holidays and festivals help us understand who we are,remember where we come from and share our hopes for a happy future.Do you think so?
Ss:Yes.
T:So much for my questions about the passage.Besides,we learned some words in it.Do you still remember the meanings of them?Let's do an exercise on the screen.(Teacher shows the screen.)
Find the right explanation for each word.
1.nation 2.faith 3.determination 4.purpose 5.generation 6.ancestor 7.peace 8.trick
A.a strong wish to succeed in doing something
B.large community of people;country
C.belief in something or someone
D.an action meant to deceive(欺骗)someone
E.a reason for doing something
F.the people born at a certain time
G.a person in your family who lived a long time ago
H.quietness and calm
T:Now please look at the screen.Find the right explanation for each of the words.I read the word,and you find and read aloud the right explanation to it.OK?
Ss:OK.
T:Nation.
Ss:Large community of people;country.
T:…
Ss:…
…
Suggested answers:
1-B 2-C 3-A 4-E 5-F 6-G 7-H 8-D
T:Well done.Next,we'll deal with Language study.First,Word study.Then,Grammar.Now open your books at Page….Look at the part-Word study.…Are you ready?
Ss.Yes.
T:Here is an exercise for you to do.Choose the best word to fill in each blank.Change the form of the word where necessary.Three minutes later,I'll check your answers.
Suggested answers:
1.theme,faith,purpose
2.nations,generation,determination
3.joy,ancestors,birth
4.trick,peace,treated
Step Ⅳ. Grammar
T:We all know that Dr Karenga wrote seven principles of Kwanzaa in the reading material“The birth of a festival”.Can you tell me what they are?
Ss:They are unity,self-determination,living together,purpose,working together…
T:What does“purpose”mean?
Ss:We must remember our past and build our future….
T:How about self-determination?
Ss:We have to build our own lives,create for ourselves,and speak for ourselves.
T:Quite right.(Teacher writes these sentences on the Bb.)Now,please look at the blackboard.In these two sentences,“must”and“have to”are both used to talk about obligation.But their meanings are not quite the same.“Must”is most often used to talk about an obligation that depends on the person speaking of listening.“Have to”is generally used to talk about obligations that come from “outside”.Let's look at another two sentences and compare them.(Teacher writes the fallowing sentences on the blackboard:
1.We must be back by ten.
2.We have to be back by ten.)
T:Xiao Yu,can you tell the difference in meaning between them?
S1:Yes.The first sentence means that we think it is necessary for us to be back by ten.The second one means someone else thinks it necessary for us to be back by ten,or means that there seems to be no other choice.
T:(To the whole class.)Do you agree with him?
Ss:Yes.
T:Then when can we use“have got to”?
Ss:In informal English,“have got to”can be used instead of“have to”.
T:Can you give an example?Zhao Ning,you try,please.
S2:It's getting late,so I'm afraid I've got to go.(Teacher writes it on the Bb.)
T:Very good.Thank you.Now,please look at the pictures on the screen and describe what an army man must do or have to do.(Teacher shows the pictures and ask the students to describe each of them one by one.)
Suggested answers:
1.You have to keep your hair short.
2.You must stand to attention.
3.You have to keep your boots clean.
4.You have to get up early.
5.You must keep fit./You must do exercises.
6.You must salute your superiors.
7.You have to learn to use a rifle./You must learn to shoot.
8.You must keep your equipment clean./You have to clean your equipment.
T:Well done.You've known the differences between them in meaning.Besides,we should know that“have to”has more tenses than“must”.“Must”can only be used to express present and future obligation;past obligation is usually expressed by using“had to”.For example,when I was your age,I had to get up at 5 every morning.But in reported speech,“must”can be used.Look at this sentence:I told him he must make a decision.Have you understood my explanations?(Teacher writes the examples on the Bb while explaining.)
Ss:Yes.
T:Very good.Now let's go on with the negative forms of them.Li Hua,can you tell us the negative forms of“must”and“have to”?
S3:…
(Teacher writes the negative forms on the Bb:must not=mustn't;do not have to=don't have to)
T:Do they have the same meaning?
Ss:No.They have quite different meanings.
T:Well.Let's compare another two sentences.
(Bb:You mustn't tell George.You don't have to tell George.)
T:Li Hui,would you like to have a try?
S4:Yes.The first sentence means“don't tell George”.The second sentence means“you can if you like but it isn't necessary”.
T:Quite right.Instead of“don't have to”,needn't is often used in British English,so we also say“You needn't tell George.”It has the same meaning as “You don't have to tell George.”Can you understand?
Ss:Yes.We're quite clear about that.
T:OK.Next,let's do some exercises.
Step Ⅴ. Practice
T:Now,turn to Page 9.Look at the first exercise in Grammar part.Here are some greeting manners in the table.First you have to decide which are necessary and which are not.Then make sentences using“must”,“have to”or their negative forms after studying the given examples below.A few minutes later,I'll ask some of you to read your sentences to the class.Are you clear?
Ss:Yes.
Suggested answers:
1.When you're talking with someone,you must look into his or her eyes.
2.If you meet a friend from China,you don't have to kiss him on the cheek or hug him.
3.When a soldier meets his officer,he must salute him.
4.When you are invited to a formal party,you must wear clean clothes.
5.If you want to show your respect to others,you must take off your hat when you greet them.
(After that,teacher goes on to deal with the second exercise.)
T:Next,let's do the second exercise.Suppose you are spending the Spring Festival at your grandparents' house.Complete the following sentences with“have got to”.First do it by yourself,then exchange your work for comment and correction with your partner.
Suggested answers:
1.Your school starts tomorrow,so you have got to say“Good-bye”to your grandparents.
2.You broke your grandma's favourite vase,so you have got to make an apology to her.
3.Your parents went back to work three days ago,so you have got to stay alone at your grandparents' house.
4.Your grandparents have given you quite a lot of money,so you have got to consider how to spend it.
5.You have done your homework all wrong,so you have got to do it again.
6.You do not know when you should go to school tomorrow,so you have got to make a call to ask your classmate.
7.Your grandma was seriously ill,so you have got to send her to hospital.
8.You have not bought the ticket to return to your home,so you have got to wait to buy it the next day.
Step Ⅵ. Summary and Homework
T:In this class,we've reviewed the new words we learned.And we've also learnt to use the modal verbs“must”,“have to”and“have got to”.After class,review the contents in this class,paying special attention to the differences between“must”and“have to”and the differences between“mustn't”and“don't have to”.You'd better do more exercises to learn to use them properly.That's all for today.See you!
Ss:See you.
Step Ⅶ. The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard
Ⅰ.must,have to,have got to
a.We must remember our past and build our future.
We have to build our own lives,create for ourselves,and speak for ourselves.
b.We must be back by ten.
We have to be back by ten.
c.It's getting late,so I'm afraid I have got to go.
Ⅱ.Forms in Tense
a.When I was your age,I had to get up at 5 every morning.
I told him he must make a decision.
Ⅲ.Negative Form
must-must not(=mustn't)
have to-do not have to(=don't have to=needn't)
e.g.You mustn't tell George.(=Don't tell George.)
You don't have to tell George.(=You needn't tell George.)
The Fourth Period
I．Teaching Aims:
1.Learn the following words and phrases:reminder,care about,respect,cycle,fool,play tricks on,take in,invitation
2.Review the language points and modal verbs in this unit.
3.Train the students' intergating skills,especially writing skill.
II．Teaching Important Points:
1.Useful expressions:care about,play tricks on,take in
2.Practise expressing and supporting an opinion.
3.Write an invitation.
III．Teaching Difficult Points:
1.How to create a festival and describe it.
2.How to write an invitation.
IV．Teaching Methods:
1.Review method to consolidate the language points of this unit.
2.Individual,pair or group work to finish the reading and writing tasks.
V．Teaching Aids:
1.a projector 2.some slides
VI．Teaching Procedures:
Step Ⅰ. Greetings
Greet the whole class as usual.
Step Ⅱ. Revision
T:Yesterday,we learned to use “must”,“have to” and “have got to”.We know all of them can be used to talk about obligation.Do you remember when we should use “must”,when we should use “have to”and when we should use“have got to”?
Ss:Yes.
T:Very good.Zhao Liang,can you tell“must” from “have to”?
S1:You use“must”when you think it is necessary for someone to do something;you use “have to” when someone else thinks it is necessary or there seems to be no other choice.
T:Quite right.Li Hao,can you tell “have to” from “have got to”?
S2:In informal English,“have got to”is used instead of “have to”.
T:You are right.Do the negative forms of them have the same meaning?
Ss:No,quite different,“Mustn't” means “don't do something”;“dont't have to”means “you can do it if you like,but it is not necessary”.
T:Can you tell any other differences between them?
Ss:Yes.“Have to”has more tenses than“must”.“Must”can only be used to express present and future obligation;past obligation is usually expressed by using “had to”.
T:Very good.So much for revision.Today we are going to read about some other festivals.Besides,you can create a festival and then write an invitation to invite your guests to your festival.First,let's learn the new words.(Teacher deals with the new words with the whole class.)
Step Ⅲ. Reading
T:Now,please turn to Page 9.Read the passage carefully.Try to remember some information about each festival.(The Ss begin to read.After a few minutes,the teacher begins to ask them questions about the passage.)
T:OK.Now I want to ask you some questions about the festivals in the passage.Listen carefully!What is the purpose of Earth Day?Any volunteer?
S1:To celebrate life and our planet;to remind us to care about the world we live in and to respect life and nature.
T:Right.The next question:When is Martin Luther King.Jr Day?
S2:On the third Monday of January.
T:Quite right.Next one:What does the Day of the Dead celebrate in Mexico?
S3:The festival celebrates both the living and the dead.It is not a sad day,but rather a time to celebrate the cycle of life.
T:You are right.The last question:What kind of things may happen on April Fool's Day?
S4:Strange things may happen.People play tricks on each other and try to fool each other.Whatever the trick is,if a person is taken in,he or she is called “April Fool!”
T:Correct.You all did very well!You've understood the passage better.Now let's learn some useful expressions in it.Look at the screen.(Teacher shows the screen and explains the use of them to the Ss.)
1.care about
e.g.He doesn't seem to care about his failure in the exam.
He didn't care about his kingdom or his people.
2.play tricks on/play a trick on
e.g.He plays tricks on others in that way.
Jack planned to play a trick on this giant.
3.take in
e.g.She took me in completely with her story.
You won't take me in that easily
(Bb:care about,play tricks on,take in)
T:(After the useful phrases)OK.Now I give you some more time to re-read the passage and discuss the questions after the passage with your partner.After a while,I'll check your work.
(The Ss begin to carry out the task.Several minutes later,the teacher says the following.)
T:Well.Now I want to know your opinions about these questions.Who'd like to talk about the first one?Volunteers?
S1:We can plant trees.
S2:We can tell stories about the creation of the earth.
S3:We can draw pictures to show our beautiful world or draw pictures to warn people not to do harm to the earth.
S4:…
T:Your ways are all very good.The world we live in must become more and more beautiful so that we can live more comfortably.Are there any similar festivals in China?
S5:Yes.Like Tree-planting Day.
T:Quite right.Next question:Have you heard of an April Fool's Day?What happened?
S6:Yes.People played tricks on each other and a lot of people were taken in.
T:The third question:Why do so many festivals honour our ancestors?
S7:I think it's because our ancestors created and developed our history and culture.This way,we'll remember the history and culture created by them;we'll go on creating new history and developing our culture;we'll understand what we are,remember where we come from and share our hopes for a happy future.
T:Excellent!We all know that some festivals are to celebrate the memory of a great man or woman.How would you celebrate?
S8:We tell stories about them or their deeds.We get together to discuss what we should learn from and what we should do in the future.Besides,we do something useful for the society to honour them.
T:Who are some great men and great women you think we should celebrate?
Ss:Chairman Mao,Zhou Enlai,Deng Xiaoping,Song Qingling,Liu Hulan…
T:The last question:What do you think“A day on,not a day off”mean?
Ss:It means that the holiday is not just a day off from work or school,but a day on and a time to get involved in community service initiatives.
T:Quite right!So much for these questions.
Step Ⅳ. Writing
T:Up to now,we've read a lot about festivals.We've read about the principles of Kwanzaa and how the festival was created.Can you tell me what we should write about to creat a festival?
Ss:First we should give the name of the festival,and then give its date,its meaning,its principles as well as the way of our celebrating it and the symbol of it.
(Teacher writes the contents above on the Bb.)
T:You are right.Now it's your turn to create a festival.First please finish the contents mentioned on the blackboard.Then write a short description of your festival.At the end,tell your classmates about your festival.You can begin now.One possible sample.
Girls' Day
Apart from Women's Day and your birthday celebrated every year,have you ever dreamed of possessing a special day belonging to girls?Yes,I have.I hope there'll be a Girls' Day,and it will be celebrated on July 18.On that day,all the girls will gather at a party to celebrate their being more independent and confident than before.At the party,every girl will tell others one story about herself which she was most proud of.In the end,they will choose one to be the model at the party,from whom they should learn.
The principles of Girls' Day are:
1.Self-esteem.Only when we respect ourselves,can we get respect from others.
2.Self-independence.We have to build our own lives,work for ourselves,study for ourselves.
3.Self-confidence.We have to establish our own faith of overcoming difficulties before us,never easily give up without trying.
I hope people will remember this day,and people will have a renewed opinion about girls and treat them as equally as boys.I hope all the girls will like this day and become more and more independent and confident.
(After a short time,teacher says the following.)
T:OK.Now you've created your festival.Maybe you want to invite some guests to celebrate it with you.How will you invite them?
Ss:Send an invitation letter.
T:A good idea.Then how do you write an invitation letter?What should you tell them about the festival and what should be included in it?Now please read the tips at Page 10,which will tell you how to write an invitation.After that,please write your invitation by yourself.At the end,exchange your papers to comment and correct it.
One possible sample:
Invitation to Girls' Day
Miss…，
We are here honoured to invite you to take part in the party specially held for Girls' Day,which will be celebrated for girls' becoming more independent and confident.At the party,each girl will be asked to tell a story about herself which she is most proud of,and a model will be chosen at the end of the party.I think this will help to further improve the girls' qualities.The party will be held from 2：30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. on July 18 at the auditorium of Xinhua School.Hope to see you at that time.
Sincerely
×××
July 3, 2003
Step Ⅴ. Checkpoint
T:At the beginning of the class,we've revised the use of the modal verbs“must”“have to”and“have got to”.Now I want you to make some sentences with them or their negative forms.OK?
Ss:OK.
T:Any volunteer?
S1:You don't have to take this medicine,but your head may hurt less if you do so.
S2:You must not smoke in this part of the hospital.
S3:She will have to remain in hospital until she was better.
S4:I have to ask for a day off because my mother is ill.
S5:I have got to leave now,or I'll be late.
T:Excerllent!Besides,we've also learned some useful expressions in this unit.Can you tell me what they are?
Ss:They are dress up,care about,play tricks on,take in…
T:I'd like you to make some sentences with them.Volunteers?
S6:Don't bother to dress up-come as you are.
S7:I don't care much about music.
S8:They played a trick on me.
S9:Don't be taken in by his charming manner;he's completely ruthless.
S10:…
…
T:Perfect!I think the others must have good sentences,too.Please write in your exercise-books and check them each other after class.
Step Ⅵ. Summary and Homework
T:Now let's see what we've learnt in this class and then what we've learnt in this unit.In this class,we mainly did some reading and writing about festivals.After class,you should practise more.In this unit,we've learnt a lot about festivals.We should know that festivals play an important part in learning about a country's history and culture.So it is also very important in learning a nation's language.After class,try to learn more about festivals,customs and habits of foreign countries as well as those of our own country.So much for today.See you next day.
Ss:See you next day.
Step Ⅶ. The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard
Ⅰ.How to create a festival
Name of the festival:
Date:
Meaning:
Principles:
How is the festival celebrated:
What is the symbol of the festival
Ⅱ.How to write an invitation
What:
When:
Where:
Who:
Why:
Ⅲ.Useful Expressions:
dress up,care about,play tricks on,take in
The Fifth-Sixth Period
Modal Verbs(Ⅰ)
I．Teaching Aims:
1.Review the usages of modal verbs which express“obligation”.
2.Sum up some other main usages of these modal verbs.
II．Teaching Important Points:
1.How to correctly use modal verbs which express“obligation”.
2.How do tell the differences between“must”and“have to”and between“mustn't”and “don't have to”.
3.How to understand the meaning of the structure“should/ought to+have+p.p.”.
4.How to correctly use the negative forms of“had better”,“ought to” and “have to”.
III．Teaching difficult Points:
How to correctly choose modal verbs in different situations.
IV．Teaching Methods:
1.Review method and inductive method to enable the students to make clear what they've learned.
2.Practice to make the students master what they've learned correctly.
V．Teaching Aids:
a projector and some slides;a multimedia
VI．Teaching Procedures:
Step Ⅰ. Greetings
Greet the whole class as usual.
Step Ⅱ. Lead-in
T:In these two units,we learned to use some modal verbs to express“obligation and duty”and to give advice about something.Please tell me what they are?
Ss:They are must,have(got)to,had better,should and ought to.
(Teacher writes them on the Bb.)
T:Yes.Now let's do an exercise.(Teacher shows the screen.)
1.When travelling,you__________take care of your health.
2.In some parts of the world,you__________boil the water before drinking it.
3.If you have a stomach pain,you__________drink hot weak tea.
4.You__________take this medicine,but your head may hurt less if you do so.
5.You__________swim immediatly after a heavy meal.
6.You__________not wake me up when you come in.
Now look at the sentences on the screen and fill in each blank with the modal verbs on the blackboard.Let's finish them together orally.
Suggested answers:
1.should/must 2.must/have to 3.should/ought to 4.don't have to 5.should not/ought not to/must not 6.had better
Step Ⅲ. Revision of the Usages of the Modal Verbs
T:Well done.As we all know,“must,should and ought to”all express obligation and duty.When“must”expresses obligation and duty,it is much more forceful than“should”and“ought to”.It expresses very emphatic advice.For example:The work must be finished before dark.“Must”is only used in affirmative sentence and an interrogative sentence to express obligation and duty.Then what should we use in a negative sentence?
Ss:Don't have to,needn't or don't need to.
T:Why don't we use“mustn't”?
Ss:“Mustn't”expresses“be forbidden”.
(Bb:must,don't have to,needn't,mustn't)
T:Now please look at the exercise on the screen and choose the best answer.(Teacher shows the screen.)
-Must I do it now?
-No,you__________.
A.needn't B.don't have to
C.mustn't D.A or B
Ss:D.
T:Yes.It is D.We can't use “mustn't”to express obligation and duty.Are you clear about that?
Ss:Yes.
T:Do you know the difference between“must”and“have to”?
S1:Yes.“Must”expresses an obligation imposed by the speaker,while“have to”expresses an external obligation.
S2:Besides,“have to”can be used in all tenses,while“must” can only be used to express the present tense and the future tense.
T:Then how about the difference between“have to”and “have got to”?
S3In informal English,“have got to”is used instead of“have to”.
T:Quite right.Now please look at the sentences on the screen.(Teacher uses multimedia to show the sentences on the screen and study them with the students.)
1.That boy has to practise the piano every day.
2.You will have to keep your dog on a lead when you are travelling.
3.He lost all his money and I had to lend him $5.
4.Children must obey their parents.
5.I must go home to look after my mother.
(Bb:has to,will have to,had to,must.)
T:OK.“Must”can also express“guess”when we want to say that we are sure about something.“Must”is only used in this way in affirmative sentences.In questions and negatives,we use“can”and“can't”instead.We can use“must/can't +be+doing”to express the present continuous situation and can use“must/can't +have done”to express the situation which has already happened.Let't look at some sentences on the screen.(Teacher shows the screen and help the Ss understand them.)
He must be ill,for he looks so pale.
It must be raining outside.
It must have rained last night.The ground is wet.
He can't be ill.I saw him playing basketball just now.
What do you think this letter can mean?
(Bb:must/can't+do/be doing have done.)
(After that,teacher goes on to revise the usages of“should”“ought to”and “had better” with the Ss.)
T:Next,let's revise the usages of “had better”“should”and“ought to”.All of them can be used to talk about obligation and duty,but they are much less forceful than“must”.They can be used to give advice or opinion about something,in general to say what we think it is right or good for people to do.We know“had better”is less strong than“should”or “ought to”.Then who can tell me if there is any difference between“should”and“ought to”?
S4:In most cases,both“should”and“ought to”can be used with more or less the same meaning.There is,however,a very slight difference.“Should”generally means“in my opinion,it is your duty.”“Ought to”can be slightly stronger than“should”when it is used to refer to regulations or duties imposed from the outside.
T:Quite right.Do you know the negative forms of them?
Ss:Their negative forms are separately“shouldn't”, “ought not to”and“had better not”.
(Teacher writes the negative forms on the Bb.)
T:Correct.Now let's look at some sentences on the screen.
You should study first aid with a teacher.
You ought not to write so carelessly.
Oughtn't we to give him a chance to try?
You'd better hurry up if you want to get home before dark.
You'd better not look at this.
T:(After the above.)Besides,we use“should”or“ought to”with the perfect infinitive to talk about things which did not happen,although they were supposed to,and we use their negative forms with the perfect infinitive to talk about things which happened,although they were not supposed to.Please look at the sentences on the screen.
I ought to have taken those books back to the library last night.
You should have realized that she was joking.
She ought not to have sold the ring.
You shouldn't have given him the money.
(Bb:should(not)/ought(not)to+have done)
T:Moreover,“should”and“ought to”can also be used to talk about strong probability.Look at the examples on the screen.
It's nice o'clock.He should be at home,I think.
I've bought thirty pints of beer-that ought to be enough.
Note that“should”and“ought to”are used to talk about the present and future,not the past.
Step Ⅳ. Practice
T:OK.Now let's do some exercises to consolidate what we have learned.Please look at the screen.
Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks using have to,must,should,ought to,had better.
1.You__________not get down until the bus has stopped.
2.They__________be encouraged to speak English after class.
3.You often__________ __________wait a long time for a bus.
4.We__________ __________go and see Mary tomorrow,but I don't think we will.
5.I __________ __________ not miss my train.
Suggested answers:
1.must 2.should 3.have to 4.ought to 5.had better
Ⅱ.Correct the mistake in each sentence.
1.You have better hurry up.
2.The taxi should arrive to 8:30,but it didn't turn up.
3.That mustn't be the postman-it's only seven o'clock.
4.People ought vote even if they don't agree with any of the candidates.
Suggested answers:
1.have-had 2.should arrive-should have arrived 3.mustn't-can't 4.ought-ought to
Step Ⅴ. Summary and Homework
T:Today we've revised the usages of modal verbs“must,have to,had better,should and ought to”.All of them can be used to talk about obligation and duty,to give advice or opinion.Also we have revised their other main usages,such as,the difference between“must”and“have to”,the difference between“should”and “ought to”,the usages to express possibility and the structure“should(not)/ought(not)to have done”.You must remember them correctly and practise more.That's all for today.Bye.
Ss:Bye.
Step Ⅵ. The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard
Ⅰ.must,have to,have got to
1.must/will have to/had to/has to
2.mustn't/needn't/don't need to/don't have to
3.must/can't+do/being done/have done
Ⅱ.should,ought to,had better
1.shouldn't/ought not to/had better not
2.should/ought to have done
should not/ought not to have done
Step Ⅶ. Record after Teaching
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Reference for Teaching
一、异域风情
1. Valentine's Day
Valentine's Day(情人节)is named for Saint Valentine,an early Christian churchman who reportedly helped young lovers.Valentine was killed for his Christian beliefs on February 14 more than 1 700 years ago,but the day that has his name is even earlier than that.
More than 2 000 years ago,the ancient Romans celebrated(庆祝)a holiday for lovers.As part of the celebration,girls wrote their names on pieces of paper and put them in a large container.Boys reached into the container and pulled one out.The girl whose name was written on the paper became his lover or sweetheart for a year.
Lovers still put their names on pieces of paper and they send each other Valentine's Day cards that tell of their love.Sometimes they also send gifts,like flowers or chocolate candy.Americans usually send these gifts and cards through the mail system.But some use another way to send this message.They have it printed in a newspaper.The cost is usually a few dollars.Some of the messages are simple and short,“Jane,I love you very much.”Others say more.This one,for example,“Don,roses are red.Violets(紫罗兰)are blue.I hope you love me as much as I love you.Forever,Mary.”
Most of the newspapers that print such messages are local,but USA Today is sold throughout the United States and 90 other countries as well.This means someone can send a Valentine message to a lover in a far-away city or town almost anywhere in the world.These messages cost 80 dollars and more.An employee(职员)of USA Today says readers can have a small heart or rose printed along with their messages this year.Will this kind of Valentine's Day message reach the one you love?Well,just make sure he or she reads the newspaper.
2. Cluster-of-lights Festival
People travel enormous distances just to be home with their families for this happiest and most important of Hindu holidays.And the homes look inviting,too,throughout the late-autumn week of Diwali,especially at night,as celebrants line window sills,porches,and garden walls with long rows of tiny earthenware oil lamps,whose cotton wicks give off a soft,pulsating glow.Diwali is a sort of New Year,at which time people strive to settle old feuds and quarrels and,if they can afford it,buy brand-new clothes in which to celebrate.In the mountain region,bonfires devour the year's accumulation of combustible garbage;in many cities,fireworks dance across the sky.
The festivities honor the victory of Rama-an avatar of the love-god Vishnu-over the ten-headed demon who had stolen Rama's wife,Sita.Devotional music and lamp-lighting ceremonies give way to vegetarian feasts,games of chance,and the exchanging of gifts,usually fruits or sweets.Some Hindu temples display towers of pastries fifteen feet high.
二、知识归纳
1.春节常用表达归纳
春节 the Spring Festival
正月 the first month of the lunar year
除夕 New Year's Eve
正月初一 the lunar New Year's Day
元宵节 the Lantern Festival
过年 celebrate the Spring Festival
春联 Spring Festival couplets
剪纸 paper-cuts
年画 New Year paintings
买年货 do Spring Festival shopping
敬酒 propose a toast
灯笼 lantern
烟花 fireworks
爆竹 firecrackers
灯谜 riddles written on lanterns
灯会 exhibit of lanterns
守岁 staying-up
拜年 pay New Year call;give New Year's greetings;New Year's visit
压岁钱 gift money
辞旧岁 bid farewell to the old year
扫房 spring cleaning;general house-cleaning
年糕 Nian-gao;rice cake;New Year's cake
团圆饭 family reunion dinner
年夜饭 the dinner on New Year's Eve
饺子 Jiao-zi;dumpling
汤圆 Tang-yuan;dumplings made of sweet rice,rolled into balls and stuffed with either sweet or spicy fillings
金玉满堂 Treasures fill the home.
生意兴隆 Business flourishes.
岁岁平安 Peace all year round.
恭喜发财 Wish you prosperity.
和气生财 Harmoney brings wealth.
心想事成 May all your wishes come true.
吉祥如意 Everything goes well.
招财进宝 Money and treasures will be plentiful.
祝你一帆风顺！ Wish you every success!
事业成功，家庭美满！ Wish you success in your career and happiness of your family!
祝你在新的一年里快乐幸福！
Wish you happiness and prosperity in the coming year!
祝你幸福一年胜似一年！
May each year bring you greater happiness!
祝你新年快乐，万事如意！
Wish you a happy New Year and the best of everything!
祝你新年大吉！
Wish you good luck in the New Year!
祝你在新的一年里百尺竿头，更进一步！
Wish you further progress in the New Year!
愿数不尽的幸福和成功与岁同增！
May each year bring you greater happiness and greater success!
2.表示“目的”的方法归纳
(1)用“介词或介词短语”来表示目的：
A.用介词for表“目的”，因for有“为了”之意。
e.g.go for a walk去散步
run for one's life逃命
read for pleasure读书以求乐趣
-Why do you come?你来干什么？
-For a dictionary.找本字典。
B.用“what…for”句型，表示“为什么，为何目的”？
e.g.What do you study English for?
你为什么学习英语？
What didn't you come for?
你不来的目的是什么？
C.用with/for the purpose of,for the sake of,in the hope of等短语表示目的，因为这些短语本身就是“为了”之意。
e.g.Today's advertisements often start with a question,or a puzzle,with the purpose of attracting the reader's attraction.
今天的广告常常以一个问句或一个谜语开头，目的是引起读者的注意。
He therefore loaded the ship with liters of winegar for the purpose of cleaning the inside of the ship.
因此，他在船上装了好几升的醋，用来清洗船舱内部。
(2)用“不定式或不定式短语”来表示目的：
to/in order to/so as to do sth.均可表目的，但in order to和so as to 比to语气更强烈，目的更明确。in order to可以放在句首，而so as to一 般不放于句首，若否定目的状语时，可在to 前加not。
e.g.We got up early to catch the bus.
为了赶车，我们起得很早。
Soapy broke the window in order to/so as to/to run away.
为了逃跑，苏比打破了窗子。
In order to fetch wood,people had to walk many kilometres.
要打柴，村民们得走好多公里的路程。
(3)用“从句”来表示目的。
so that 和in order that可以引导目的状语从句。从句中常用can,could,may,might等情态动词，两者常可互换，但in order that 可放于句首，so that不行。但so that后面不跟情态动词时，可引导结果状语从句。
e.g.Speak clearly so that/in order that they may/can understand you.
讲清楚些，好让他们听懂。
She learns English so that she may get more knowledge.
她学英语是为了获得更多的知识。
Everybody lent a hand,so that the work was finished on time.
人人动手，结果按时完成了任务。
注：in order to/so as to作目的状语常可和in order that/so that引导的目的状语从句互换，但主语必须一致，如主语不一致，不定式就要用for引出其逻辑主语。
e.g.He has to work hard so that/in order that he'll be able to exam.=He has to work hard to/in order to/so as to pass the exam.
她努力学习，以便能通过考试。
I'll water the plants so that they will grow.=I'll water the plants for them to grow.
我浇灌植物，以便他们生长。
3.dress用法归纳
(1)vt.A.给……穿衣服。表示自己穿衣服这个动作时，接反身代词作宾语或者用作不及物动词；表示替别人穿衣服时，接表示人的名词或代词作宾语。构成dress sb./oneself结构。
e.g.After the bath,he dressed himself.
洗完澡后，他穿上衣服。
She hurriedly dressed her son and took him to the kindergarten.
她匆匆忙忙地给她儿子穿好衣服，然后带他到幼儿园。
B.用过去分词作表语，表示穿着状况。
e.g.He is well dressed. 他穿得很好。
The man is poorly dressed.
那人衣衫褴褛。
C.be/get dressed in表示穿着……的衣服，后面接表示衣服或者颜色的词。
e.g.She was dressed in white.
她穿着白衣服。
The two foreign students were both dressed in Chinese style clothes.
那两个外国学生都穿着中式衣服。
(2)vi.A.穿衣；穿(夜)礼服，后面常接副词或表示目的、场合的介词短语。
e.g.Get up and dress quickly.
快起床穿衣。
I'll be ready in a moment;I'm dressing.
我一会儿就准备好；我正在穿衣服。
Few people dress for dinner now.
现在很少有人穿礼服赴宴了。
They all dressed well(badly).
他们穿得都不错(不好)。
B.dress up穿上盛装，乔装打扮(指欧美人在化装舞会或演戏时穿的特殊服装)。
e.g.Don't bother to dress up-come as you are.
用不着穿讲究衣服--就穿平常的衣服来吧。
(3)n.女服；礼服；服装
dress作“女服”“礼服”解时是可数名词，作“服装”讲时，是不可数名词。
e.g.At the palace ball,all the women wore their smartest dresses.
在宫廷舞会上，所有的妇女都穿着最漂亮的衣(礼)服。
In this old play,the actors wear the dress of 100 years ago.
在这出旧戏中，演员们都穿着一百年前人们穿的服装。
He doesn't care much about dress.
他不太注意衣着。
Exercise: 单句改错(make+复合宾语)
1.He will make me to try again.
答案：把to去掉。当不定式作make的宾语时，一般不能带“to”。
2.I make the distance be about 40 miles.
答案：把be去掉或者在be 前加to。当make作“估计，认为”讲时，宾补中的to be一般省去，有时也不省。但不可只省去“to”。如：What bird do you make that to be?
3.He has been made recite the text.
答案：在recite之前加to。make用于被动语态，其后的不定式不能省去“to”。
4.A heavy rain made the river overflowing its banks.
答案：把overflowing改为overflow。
make后不能用现在分词作宾补。
5.You must try your best to make yourself understand.
答案：把understand改为understood。
在复合宾语中的逻辑谓语应含被动意义，故用过去分词。
6.She made a lot of noise go upstairs.
答案：把go改为going。这里的make意为“发出(声音)”，后不接宾补。
应改为现在分词going。这一分词短语作状语。可见，当make作“使役动词”时，后面才可接复合宾语。
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