Lesson 51
Teaching procedures:
Step 1.Revision
1. Check the homework exercises.
2. Say something about the great scientist Albert Einstein:
In 1879 Born in Germany
When he was a young boy, Used to ask lot s of questions, didn’t enjoy school, found it hard to get along with others
By the time he was 14 Learned maths all by himself
From the year he was 17 Studied in Switzerland, earned money to go no with his studies.
In 1905 Received a doctor’s degree
Between 1905~1915 Began the research and studies leading to his new discoveries
In 1918 Received world-wide praise for his research
In 1921 Won the Nobel Prize for physics; gave talks in many countries
In 1933 Left Europe for the USA; accept the job as a professor; asked for little money; never interested in becoming rich
In 1940 Took American nationality, spent time working for human rights and progress
In 1955 Died at the age of 76
Step 2.Fast-reading
Read the second passage and answer the following question:
What was Einstein’s discovery in the text?
Light becomes bent when passing the stars.
Step 3.Detailed-reading
Now get the students to read the second text more carefully, and do the judgment on P75 with the class. The following statements are mainly based on the second text. Tell me if they are true or false.
(F) 1.Einstein proved that light traveled through space in a straight line.
(T) 2.Einstein’s discovery was completely new at that time.
(T) 3.Many of the scientists did not accept Einstein's scientific ideas at first.
(F) 4.Einstein had to stop his research because he couldn't prove his ideas.
(T) 5.By 1919 he quickly became world-famous because the scientists who had been watching the stars supported his work.
(F) 6.He took Swiss nationality in 1909 in order to study there.
(T) 7.He hated war and he thought fighting and killing in wars was wrong.
(F) 8.Germany was ruled by Hitler during the First World War.
(F) 9.Einstein and his family left Europe for the USA in 1933 because he was afraid of being killed in the war.
Step 4.Language points of the text:
1. Before Einstein, scientists believed that light travelled through space in a straight line.在爱因斯坦之前，科学家们相信光线是以直线通过太空的。
1) travel, quarrel的过去式、过去分词以及现在分词既可双写“l”，也可单写“l”。而control, level, signal的过去式、过去分词以及现在分词必须双写。
2) 在space前一般不加冠词，如:
in space在太空 in outer space在太空
其他有关天体方面的名词前的冠词大致如下:
in the universe 在宇宙中 in heaven 在天堂 in the sky 在天空中
in nature 在大自然里 on the earth/on earth, on Mars 在地球或火星上
2. But Einstein was able to prove that light coming from the stars was bent as it passed the sun. 但是爱因斯坦成功地证明了从恒星上传来的光线在经过太阳时被弯曲了。
1) be able to do sth. 的过去时was/were able to do sth. 常常表示“成功地做了某事”之意，相当于managed to do sth./succeeded in doing sth./did sth. successfully. 如：
The pilot was able to land his plane safely in the end. 那个飞行员最终成功地安全着陆了。
We were able to beat Chicago Bulls in the second half. 我们在下半场打败了芝家哥公牛队。
2) 动词prove的结构比较多，有prove sth., prove to be, prove sth. to be, prove+adj., prove+that 名词性从句等等。如：
Einstein's theory proved (to be) correct. 爱因斯坦的理论证明是正确的。
Galileo proved that the earth moves around the sun like the other planets.
伽利略证明地球像其他行星一样围绕太阳转。
Can you prove (yourself) to be fit for the position? 你能证明自己胜任这个职位吗?
We need to prove the will before it can take effect. 遗嘱生效之前我们需要证实它。
名词：proof［C］［U］证据
Is there any proof that she was on the spot when the murder took place?
有证据证明谋杀发生时她在谋杀现场吗?
3. As a result, it appeared to scientists on earth that the stars had moved.
结果，在地球上的科学家看来，似乎恒星移动了。
在本句中，appear不是不及物动词“出现”，而是系动词“似乎”、“看上去”，相当于seem,其结构也与seem相近，如：
Why do you appear/seem (to be) so pale? 你为什么显得如此苍白?
There appear/seem to have been great changes here in the past decade.
在过去的10年里，这里似乎发生了很大的变化。
It appears/seems that they are short of money now. 他们似乎缺少资金。
appear 是凭视觉印象产生的一种看法，这种看法可能与事实不符合，
look 是貌似之意，指凭视觉作出的判断，
seem 似乎，好象，表示对某事作出判断时，虽有根据，但仍然不是很确定；
seem, look可与like连用，但appear则不可，
seem, appear 可与动词不定式连用，可用于形式主语it…that的句式，look则不可。
He appears(内心可能并不激动，显得)/seems(尽管外表不怎么激动，似乎)/looks(无论外表内心都，看上去)很激动。
4. He worked out just how much the light would be bent; he could also work out how far the stars would appear to have moved. 他计算出了光线被弯曲的程度；他也能够计算出恒星看上去移动了多少。
work是一个活跃的动词，不仅本身有许多词义， 还可以和一些介词或副词组合成词组。除了work out以外，还有下列词组曾经出现在中学英语课本中：work on 做；制作，work hard at 致力于。本课中work out意为“解出”，但它还有一些其他的语义。如：
He was working out the code messages. 他正在解密码信息。
5. But Einstein stuck to his opinion and went on with his research. 但是爱因斯坦坚持自己的意见并继续研究。
1)stick是多义动词，也是名词。如：
We gathered some dry sticks to make a camp fire. 我们捡了些干树枝生篝火。
The old man cannot walk without a walking stick. 这位老人没有拐杖不能行走。
The man stuck his fork into a potato. 那个男人用叉子叉了一块土豆。
Stick a stamp on an envelope before you put it into the mail-box.
把信投进信箱前在信封上贴上邮票。
The key(was) stuck in the lock. 钥匙卡在锁里了。
2)stick 还可以和几个介词或副词构成词组，如：stick at顾虑，stick out突出，stick together彼此忠诚友爱 等等。本课中stick to是“坚持”的意思。又如：
After the marriage, the couple will stick to each other all their lives.
婚礼之后，夫妇将终生厮守在一起。
They stuck to the experiment until they got the satisfactory result.
他们坚持实验直到得到满意的结果。
stick to 坚持原则、计划、决定、意见等；
insist on 坚持看法、主张等；
persist in 一般用于坚持行动，有时用于固执己见或坚持不改
6. From that time on Einstein was greatly respected as the leading scientist of the century.从那时起爱因斯坦被尊崇为本世纪最杰出的科学家。
1) respect常常被用作普通及物动词，或被用于respect sb. for sth.或respect sb. as sth两种结构，前者表示“因为什么而尊敬某人”，后者表示“将某人作为什么来敬重”。如：
I wish people would respect my privacy. 我希望人们尊重我的隐私权。
respect也可以被用作名词，意为“尊敬”“敬意”或“方面”。如：
The prime minister is held in the greatest respect. 首相备受拥戴。
respectable 可敬的； respectful 尊敬人的
2) from that time on 意为“自从那时起”，常与过去时连用。注意since that time/since then/ever since then 也表示“自从那时起”，但它们必须与完成时连用，如：
From then on, he began to read the newspapers and magazines in French.
从那时起，他开始阅读法文报纸和杂志。
3) leading是lead(领导)的现在分词，在句中作scientist的定语，意为“主要的”或“杰出的”，又如：
Who is the leading actor in the film? 片子的男主角是谁?
7. He had taken Swiss nationality in 1901 and therefore did not have to join the army, as Switzerland did not take sides in the war. 他在1901年加入瑞士国籍，因此可以免于参军，因为瑞士是中立国。
1) nationality一词来自nation-national, 意为“国籍”，提问时常用what, 如：
-What's your nationality? -你是哪个国家的?
-I'm of German nationality. /My nationality is German. -我是德国人。
2) therefore是副词，意为“因此”，注意它与so有所区别，so既是连词，也是副词，而therefore是副词，在引导并列句时需加and，或者单列大写，如
It rained yesterday, and therefore we had to put off our football match.
It rained yesterday；therefore we had to put off our football match.
It rained yesterday. Therefore we had to put off our football match.
3) take sides(with sb.)/take the side(of sb.)意为“同意、偏袒、支持(某人)”，be on one’s side如：
We were careful not to take sides for fear of getting into trouble.
我们留心不偏袒某一方，以免陷入麻烦。
Take sides in sth.参加；参与
8. What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.他所希望的是取消世界上所有的军队。
1) what he wanted to see 是名词性从句作主语，如：
What I saw was quite different from what I had heard.
我所见到的与我所听到的大相径庭。
2) end在本句中是名词，意为“终极”，如：
put an end to sth. come to an end
The story came to an happy end. 故事的结局美满。
9. When Germany was ruled by Hitler in the early 1930's, Einstein, who was a Jew, found it impossible to continue living in Germany. 20世纪30年代早期，德国处于希特勒控制之下，作为犹太人的爱因斯坦发现不能继续在德国住下去了。
rule在本句中是动词，意为“统治”。rule还可以作为名词使用，意为“规则”或“统治”，如：
It's against the rules to handle the ball in soccer.在英式足球中用手传球是违反规则的。
Step 5.Practice
1) P3, Part 4. Get the students to fill in the gaps with prepositions and adverbs. The students are told to do the work individually first and then check the answers with the class.
Answers: 1~7: out, on, to, of, with, of, up
2) P74, Exx3~4; 3) P76, Exx1~2; 4) P77, Exx1~2
Get the students to do the exercises and then check the answers with the students. Answers: (P74, Ex.3)
1. I can do everything at home except cooking.
2. She helps with cooking and washing besides looking after the child.
3. All of us, except Wang Ling, will go to the evening party.
4. Three other people also won the prize besides Li Dong.
5. She is fond of arts and music besides sports.
6. He is all right with all his lessons except maths.
Homework
(1) Finish off the exercises of Lesson 50~51 in the Foundational Ex. Book.
(2) Revise the key points of these two lessons.