I. Language Study
1. then adj.（形容词）being so at that time:当时的：
the then chairman of the board.当时的委员会主席
2. conclude vt. 作出结论，断定；终止； 决定
conclude that….
conclusion n.
come to the conclusion that... 所得结论是..., 断定
draw the conclusion得出结论，推断
leap(jump) to a conclusion 冒然断定，过早下结论
in conclusion = lastly 最后,总之
The doctor concluded that the patient's disease was cancer.医生断定病人患的是癌症。
The judge concluded that the accused was guilty.法官判定被告有罪。
We concluded not to wait any more.我们决定不再等待了。
In conclusion I’ d like to say that you did it very well.
3. hire租用，租；雇用
take on, employ, rent
He hired a car for two days.他租了一辆小汽车使用两天。
We'd better hire a car for the weekend.我们最好租一辆汽车在周末用。
You may hire a suit for your wedding.你可以去租一套礼服结婚时穿。
The owner of the house refused to hire the mowing done.
这有房屋的主人拒绝为已完毕的割草工作付钱。
The fruit is picked by hired labourers.这些水果是由雇佣工采摘的。
We hired an advertising company to help us sell our new software.
我们委托一家广告公司替我们推销新软件。
This car is for hire.这辆车是出租的。
◆都含“租用”或“出租”的意思。
hire 有“雇”、“短期租借”的意思（人、物作宾语）
hire servants雇佣人。
hire a hall for an evening租礼堂用一晚上。
rent指“较长期地租用或租出(房屋、土地等)”（物作宾语）
rent a house租房子
They took on more workers during the harvest. 他们在收获期间雇了更多的工人。
The firm employs about 100 men.这家公司大约雇了100人。
This motor plant is employing three thousand workers.这家汽车工厂雇用着三千员工。
The firm employs the retired professor as an adviser.这家公司聘这们退休的教授担任顾问。
4. what later became ….后来成为……的东西
1)what与that 在引导名词性从句时的区别：what的含义是“所……的东西”，在所有名词性从句中须充当一定的句子成分，而that则不充当任何句子成分且无词义。
He said (that) he was not interested in it. 他说他对这件事不感兴趣。(宾语从句)
He did what he could to help me.他尽力帮助我。(宾语从句)
That he was chosen made us very happy.他的当选使我们很高兴。(主语从句)
What we need is more time. 我们所需要的是多些时间。(主语从句)
They are just what we need.这些正是我们所需要的。(表语从句)
The reason why he didn't come was that he was badly ill.他没来的原因是他得了重病。(表语从句)
5. ever since (then) adv.从那时到现在
since then其后, 从此一直
◆since
①conj.从...以来; ...以后；因为; 既然; 鉴于；
We have both changed since we parted.分别以来我们彼此都变了。
It was three years since we had been there.我们在那儿已呆了三年。
Since that is so, there is no more to be said.既然如此, 再没什么可说的了。
②adv.（和完成时连用）(=since then)以后, 后来, 以来
I have not seen him since.(那时)以后我没见到过他。
6. set sth. down写下来
set sb. down 使坐；停车让乘客下车；
We set down the facts.我们记下事实。
Why don’t you set your idea down on paper?
Set the baby down here.让小孩坐这儿。
The bus stopped to set down an old lady.
I’ll set you down on the corner of the street.
7. keep track of sb./ sth.
lose track of
lose track of time说不准现在的确切时间
It’s hard to keep track of all one’s old school friends.
8.live to be 活到 (不定式 to be 作结果状语)
She lived to be 80. 她活到了八十岁。
Eat to live, but don’t live to eat. 吃为了活着，但不要为了吃而活着。
类似结构：
prove /turn to be…证明是；结果是
9. balance n. 天平；平衡；谐调，匀称；余额
Have you brought something to weigh the flesh? A balance?
balance of nature
keep/lose one’s balance
All the parts of the building are in perfect balance.
I must check my bank balance.
v. 使……保持平衡；结算；等价，抵消
How long can you balance on one foot?
balance an account / one’s books 结帐
This year’s profits will balance our previous losses.
10. stand out突出；杰出；明显；醒目；坚持；支撑；容忍；允许
to stand out a crisis挨过危机； Stand still ! 站住，不许动！
stand by 在场；靠近; 袖手旁观； stand by one's promise 遵守诺言
stand down退出竞选;离开证人席；stand for代表，表示；意指；象征
stand in当替身；代替； stand up耐久；耐用; 成立
Will the charge stand up in court? 这个指控在法庭上能成立吗？
stand up for维护；拥护；支持
11. next to 在……旁边；跟在……之后；几乎，近于；仅次于
He lives next to me.
Next to skiing her favorite sport was ice-hockey.我最喜欢的运动是滑雪，其次是冰球。
next to impossible 几乎不可能
next to last 倒数第二
next to nothing（none）差不多没有, 很少
12. Impressive as the record is, it fades next to the story of Armstrong’s struggle against disease.
◆As 引导让步状语从句（部分倒装）（课后注释）
Impressive as the record is = Though the record is impressive
Angry as he was, he listened to me patiently. 他很恼火，却能耐心地听我说话。
The air was cold, bright as the sun was. 虽然阳光灿烂，天气却很冷。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Young as/though he is, he can do it well.
Much as/though I like the book, I won’t buy it.
Try as/though he may, he won’t succeed. 他或许会尝试，但不会成功。
◆复习：though, although, in spite of, despite
◆fade vi. 从视觉﹑听觉或记忆中渐渐消失
The sound of the cheering faded away in the distance. （＝died away）
欢呼声在远方渐渐消失。
As evening came, the coastline faded into darkness.
夜幕降临时，海岸线消失在黑暗中。
The memory of her son will never fade from her mind.
她永远忘不了她的儿子。
13. set a record
beat（break, cut）the（a）record 打破记录
hold record保持记录
keep a record (of) 记下来, 记录
set (up) a new record创新纪录
The doctor keeps a record of all the serious illnesses in the village.
这个医生保存了这个村庄所有严重疾病的记录。
14. achieve one’s goal
in a row 连续， 一连串
in rows 成行， 成排，排列着
China women volleyball team won five champions in a row in the 1980s.
They planted the trees in rows.
15. in the first place首先, 第一点；in the last place最后
in the next place其次, 第二点
in place of 代替, 用...而不用…
in places 在某些地方, 有几处
in one’s place处于某人的位置, 为某人设身处地想一想
make place for 为……腾出地方, 让位于
take one's place就座, 入座; 占有 地位;代替某人; 接替某人的位置
take the place of 代替
take place发生, 举行
The darkest place is under the candlestick. [谚]
灯台只照人不照己(意指当事者往往最不了解情况)。
There is no place like home. [谚]作客固佳, 在家更好; 在家千日好, 出门一时难。
16. make for v. ①有利于，有助于；②(尤指匆匆地)走向, 倾向于, 导致；向……前进
Small details can make for comfort. 一些小节可令人舒适。
This visit made for better communication between us.
这次访问促进了我们之间的更好的交流。
The large print makes for easier reading.大号字体便于阅读。
Does early rising make for good health? 早起有利于健康吗？
17.apply for vi.申请
◆apply ( to sb.) for sth.向(某人)申请某物
apply to do sth. 申请干某事
◆ vt. 应用；运用
apply sth. to sth.
◆ vi.适用;产生作用;有直接联系
apply to sb./ sth.
apply oneself to (doing) sth.
=devote oneself to (doing) sth. 专心从事/埋头于…
application n. u申请,请求，n. c申请书
applicant n.c 申请人
applicable adj.使用的，合适的
18. confirm vt.
vt.
1）. 证实;确定[+(that)][+wh-]
His letter confirmed everything.
他的信证实了一切。
2）. 坚定;加强
The latest developments confirmed me in my belief.
最新的发展使我坚信我的信仰。
3）. 批准,确认
The queen confirmed the treaty.
女王批准了此项条约。
19. result vi.; n.
result in=lead to/cause/bring about 导致
result from…=be caused by 由…导致/造成
His carelessness resulted in failure. 他的粗心造成了失败。
Failure resulted from his carelessness. 失败是由他的粗心导致的。
20.be fascinated by 被…迷住
be fascinated with迷上…
21. burst into sth.=burst out doing sth. 突然而猛烈地发出或产生某物
~ into cheers/laughter/tears/screams＝burst out cheering/laughing/crying /screaming
突然喝彩/大笑/大哭/尖叫
22 head 前往；朝向；head down to ；head for（更常用）；head north
When I saw the car heading for me, I stepped aside.
Clouds are gathering. I think we’d better head for the hotel in case it starts to rain.
23. inspect[In5spekt] vt.①检查；审查；②视察；调查
He inspected the car before he bought it.他买这辆车之前仔细检查了一下。
The government sent sb. to inspect our school.政府派人来视察我们学校。
24. be around来(访)，come around来(访)；到来
25. an outgoing personality开朗的性格
a warm, outgoing personality.热情友好的个性
26. ◆familiar
sb. be familiar with sth. 某人对…熟悉/通晓
sb. be familiar with sb. 与某人过分亲热
sth. be familiar to sb. 为某人所熟悉
familiarity n. 熟悉，亲密
◆similar
be similar to 与…相似/类似；similarity n. 相似，相似之点
27.A new generation of sports is capturing the hearts and minds of people who are willing to try something new. 新一代的体育运动占据了想尝试新鲜事物的人们的所有心思。
capture: vt. 捕获；占领；赢得
Our task was to capture a number of these monkeys alive. 我们的任务是活捉许多猴子。
He captured first place in the men’s broad jump with a leap of 7.51 meters.
他以7.51米的成绩取得了男子跳远的第一名
28center v.
~ on /upon 将…当作中心或重点; 集中于
Their talks always center on politics. 他们的谈话总是围绕着政治。
The discussion centers on the most important questions.
~ sth. on /upon 将某物集中在…上/集中于….
29 concentrate vt.
1) 集中
~ (one’s thought/attention…) on/upon…集中(思想/注意力…) 于…
We must ~ our attention on efficiency. 我们必须把注意力集中在效率上。
2) 聚集, 集结＝center
Our population is concentrated in the big cities. 我国人口集中在大城市里。
concentrate on/upon全神贯注;专心致志于；全力以赴；专心
She couldn't concentrate on a book very long. 她不能长时间专心读一本书。
n. concentration camp 集中营
There is too much noise outside, I can not _____my attention on my work.
A. fill B. connect C. flat *D. concentrate
30.delight n.
1) 欣喜,愉快 [U]＝joy
to one’s delight令…高兴的是
with delight兴高采烈/高兴地
take/find delight in以…为乐
2) 乐事,乐趣[C]
He enjoyed the delights of New York's night life. 他喜欢纽约夜生活的乐趣。
vt. 使高兴；使愉快=please
The clown ~ed the audience. 小丑逗乐了观众。
I'm delighted that you are back. 你回来了,我很高兴。
We were delighted to read your novel. 我们很高兴拜读你的小说。
be delighted by/with sth. 因…而高兴
31.register
1) vt.登记,注册,申报; (仪表等)标示,;记录=read
He went to the city hall to register the birth of his son.
他去市政厅为他儿子作出生登记。
The thermometer registered 70 degrees. 温度计显示七十度。
2) vi.登记,注册
I registered at a hotel near the train station. 我在靠近火车站的一家旅馆登记住宿。