Unit 1 That must be a record
Words and expressions
beard n. the hair which grows on a man's face (下巴上的)胡须；络腮胡子
Sailors often grow beards. 船员常爱留胡子。
cheetah n. 猎豹；印度豹
sailfish n. 旗鱼
voyager n. 航行者；航海者；航天者；旅客
tight adj. firm so that you can not untie or undo it easily 紧的；牢固的
These shoes are too tight----I need a bigger pair. 这鞋太紧--我需要一双大一点的。
tightrope n.[c] 拉紧的绳索/钢索
a tightrope walker 走绳索 (表演) 者
gorge a deep, narrow passage with steep rocky sides; a ravine 峡谷
the Three Gorges 三峡
edition n.[c] form in which a book is published 版本；版次
The first edition of Robinson Crusoe was printed in 1719.
《鲁滨逊漂流记》第一版是在1797年出版的。
moustache n.[c] 髭(蓄在上唇之须)；小胡子=(美)mustache
have [wear] a mustache [a pair of mustaches] 留着小胡子 [留着八字胡]
Urumqi [uXrumqi] n. 乌鲁木齐(即迪化,中国新疆自治区首府省会)
brewery n. an establishment for the manufacture of malt liquors, such as beer and ale
啤酒厂 pl. breweries
conclude vt. to bring or come to an end 结束
The meeting was concluded yesterday. 会议昨天结束了。
vt. come to an idea after thinking 推断出；断定
We concluded that the animal was dead as it did not move.
我们断定这只野兽是死的，因为它一动也不动。
hire vt. pay to use something, or to use someone's help 租；雇佣
He hired a car with a driver. 他租了一辆带司机的汽车。
send in send to the proper person or authority; hand in 递送；呈送；提交
Have you sent in your application? 你的申请书送上去了吗？
set down to write down; copy; record in writing or printing 写下；抄下；记下
You had better set your idea down before you forget it.
你最好在未忘记以前把你的想法写下来。
feat n. an act of skill, endurance, imagination, or strength; an achievement 技艺；本领
feats of horsemanship 马术
a notable act or deed, especially an act of courage; an exploit 功绩
a feat of arms 战功
length n.[u] the distance from one end to the other 长；长度
What is the length of the car? 这辆汽车有多长？
hectare n. a metric unit of area equal to 100 ares (2.471 acres) 公顷 [等于100公亩(2.471英亩）]（合十五市亩）
athletic adj. of, relating to, or befitting athletics or athletes 运动（员）的
athletic sports 体育运动
adj. physically strong; muscular体格健壮的
an athletic girl 身强力壮的女孩
fade vi. to lose strength, colour, freshness, etc. 凋谢；褪色
Flowers fade when they come to an end. 花儿开过就凋谢了。
vt. cause to lose colour 使褪色
The sunlight has faded my tie. 阳光晒得我的领带褪了颜色。
in a row 一个接一个地；连续不断地
sit in a row 坐成一排
in the first place adv. 首先；第一
account n. saying or writing about what happened 叙述；描写；报道
He has given me an account of what happened. 他对我讲了事情的经过。
n. a record of money owned or owed in a bank, hotel, etc. 账目；账户
A shop keeper must keep accounts. 店主必须记账。
attempt vt. to try 尝试；试图；努力
They attempted to finish the work within a month. 他们试图在一个月内完成这项工作。
n. the act of trying 企图；试图
He made an attempt to pass the exam, but it was too difficult.他试图通过考试，但考试太难了。
suitable adj. right for a person, happening, place, etc合适的；恰当的
Thick clothes are not suitable for hot weather. 厚衣服不适于热天穿。
apply for ask for 申请; 请求
He applies to the consul for a visa. 他向领事申请签证。
inspect vt. look at something carefully 检查；细看
Ted inspected the car before he bought it. 特德仔细看了那辆车之后才买。
vt. visit people or places to see that work is done well 视察；参观
Several years later, they heard that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them.
几年以后，听说拿破仑本人要来视察他们。
confirm vt. make certain 证实；确认
The statement is confirmed by testimony. 这个说法由证据所证实了。
certificate n. piece of paper with writing that tells something about someone 证书；证明
I received this certificate when I passed the exam. 我考试及格以后领到了这份证书。
gradual adj. happening slowly and step by step; not sudden 逐渐的；逐步的
It didn't happen suddenly; the change was gradual. 这事情不是突然发生的，是逐渐变化的。
blank adj. empty; with no writing on it 空白的
Give me a blank sheet of paper, please. 请给我一张空白的纸。
n. a space left empty or to be filled in 空白处
Fill in the blank with prepositions. 用介词填空。
enthusiastic adj. with enthusiasm 热情的；热心的
The imperialists are enthusiastic about the war. 帝国主义者热衷于战争。
bid n.[c] the amount offered or proposed; an offer or proposal of a price投标；出价
Bids were invited for building the bridge. 为新桥的建造而进行招标。
vi. to make an offer to pay or accept a specified price 投标 (bid; bid)
Several companies will bid for/on the contract. 数家公司要投标争取合约。
decade n.[c] a period of 10 years十年
Prices have risen steadily during the past decade. 过去十年中价格已稳步地上涨。
committee n. small group of people chosen by others to plan and organize委员会
The bill has passed through the committee. 该提案已在委员会通过。
fascinate vt. to attact; to charm 使入迷；吸引
The monkeys in the zoo fascinated me. 动物园里的猴子使我着了迷。
burst vi. to break because of the force inside 炸破；胀破
The bag was so full that it burst open. 袋子那么满，都胀裂了。
vi. explode 爆炸
I had an accident when a tyre burst. 车胎爆了，我出了事故。
burst into begin suddenly or violently 突然开始；爆发出
They were so moved that they burst into tears. 他们都感动得哭了起来。
underline vt. draw a line under a word, sentence, etc.在（词、句子等）下面划线
Underline all the sentences you do not know. 在你不懂的句子下面划一条线。
globe n. anything round like a ball 球状物；地球；地球仪
I'm interested in studying the globe in my spare time. 闲暇时我对研究地球仪很感兴趣。
bush n.[c] plant like a short tree, with many branches灌木
My coat caught in a bush. 我的衣服被矮树丛钩往了。
n.[u] wild country with small trees 灌林地带；荒野
There is much bush in Australia and Africa. 在澳洲和非洲有许多未开发的丛林。
spaceman n. 宇航员；太空人
ramp n. an inclined surface or roadway connecting different levels. 斜面；斜坡
a place where a sharp change in level or direction occurs 弯道
skilful adj. experienced 熟练的；有技巧的；灵巧的
The child has become skillful in reading and writing. 那个小孩变得善于读写。
He is skillful with his fingers. 他的手指灵巧。
skateboard n. long piece of wood or plastic on wheels on which one stands while it runs quickly over the ground 滑板
skateboarder R n. 玩滑板的人
administration n. management, especially of business affairs; the activity of a sovereign state in the exercise of its powers or duties 经营；管理；行政
permission n.[u] allowing someone to do something允许；许可；同意
May I have permission to leave early? 可以让我早点走吗？
schoolmate n. a companion or an associate in one's school 同学；校友
They are my schoolmates. 他们是我的同学。
grandparent n. a parent of one's mother or father; a grandmother or grandfather (外）祖父（母）
recently adv. lately; not long ago 最近地；近来地
This book was published recently. 这本书是最近出版的。
familiar adj. usual, that you often see, hear, etc. 熟悉的；常见的
I am familiar with this idea. 我晓得这个意见。
The singer is familiar to every one of us. 这位歌唱家是我们大家熟悉的。
capture v. catch and hold someone or something 捕获；占领
Our army captured 1,000 of the enemy. 我军俘虏敌军一千人。
to attract and hold 吸引
tales of adventure that capture the imagination 引起想象的探险故事
centre on/upon 将某人/谋事当作中心/重点
factor n. any of the things that cause or bring about a certain result因素；要素
Time is an important factor to consider in cooking. 烹调过程中掌握时间是很重要的。
concentrate vt. bring together into one place 集中
We concentrated our forces against the enemy's position. 我们集中兵力攻击敌人的阵地。
vi. meet in a common centre 集中
He's tired and can't concentrate. 他累了，注意力不能集中。
concentrate on fix one's efforts and attention on把…集中在…上；全神贯注于
We are concentrating our efforts on socialist construction. 我们正集中力量建设社会主义。
helmet n. a head covering of hard material to protect the head头盔；钢盔；防护帽
The man on the motorcycle wore a helmet. 骑摩托车的人戴了一顶头盔。
teenage adj. of, relating to, or applicable to those aged 13 through 19 十几岁的；
青少年的
a teenage girl 一个十几岁的女孩
truly adv. really; sincerely; genuinely 真正地；真诚地；真心地
Are you truly happy in your work? 你真的对你的工作满意吗？
We are truly sorry for the inconvenience. 我们真心为不便感到抱歉
delight vt. make someone very pleased, happy, etc.给人快乐；使欣喜
Her dancing delighted everyone. 她的舞蹈使人人高兴。
n.[u] great pleasure or happiness 快乐；欣喜
She read the book with delight. 她读了这本书感到非常满意。
delighted adj. very pleased; happy高兴的；快乐的
I am delighted to see you. 见到你很高兴。
energetic adj. 精力旺盛/充沛的；充满活力的
an energetic person 精力充沛的人
an energetic performance 充满活力的演出
cautious adj. careful 小心的；谨慎的
The students should be cautious not to make any mistakes in spelling.
学生们拼写时应非常小心，以避免发生错误。
outgoing adj. eager to mix socially with others; friendly好交际的；外向的
an outgoing personality 开朗的性格
register v. to enroll officially or formally, especially in order to vote or attend classes; to set down in writing; record 登记；注册；记录
He registered the birth of his child. 他登记了孩子的出生日。
skim v. to read or glance through (a book, for example) quickly or superficially浏览；略读
The book is worth skimming through. 这本书值得浏览一下。
the Tour de France 环法自行车赛
Unit 2 Crossing limits
Words and expressions
evaluate vt. to examine and judge carefully; appraise; to ascertain or fix the value or worth of 评价；估计
The research project has only been under way for three months, so it's too early to evaluate its success. 这个研究项目进行了不过三个月,所以要对它的成绩作出评价为时尚早。
various adj. of different kinds各种各样的；不同种类的
There are various ways of cooking rice. 做米饭有各种不同的方法。
in the name of acting for 以…的名义；代表…
We're very glad to greet you in the name of the Chinese people.
我们非常高兴以中国人的名义向你们致意。
key adj. of crucial importance; significant 关键的；极重要的
key decisions 意义重大的结论 the key element of the thesis 论文的中心成分
origin n. beginning; start of anything 起源；来源
What was the origin of Man? 人类的起源是什么？
n. parentage, birth, or ancestors 出身；来历
He is a researcher of working class origin. 他是工人出身的研究员。
equip vt. put in a place, or give someone, all the tools, instruments, etc. that are needed 装备；配备
Our factory is equipped with modern machines. 我厂是用现代化机械装备的。
endeavor n. an earnest attempt 努力；尽力
We make every endeavor to satisfy our customers. 我们尽全力使顾客满意。
v. to attempt by employment of effort 努力；尽力
We must always endeavour to improve our work. 我们总要努力改进自己的工作。
puzzle n. problem; something that is difficult to understand; game where you must find an answer 难题；谜
It is a puzzle to me how he could come here. 我不知他是怎么到这里来的。
vt. make you think a lot because you do not understand it 使困惑；使糊涂
I am puzzled by the difficult question. 我被难题难住了。
wealthy adj. having much wealth富有的；富裕的
Wealthy men are not always happy. 有钱人未必总是幸福的。
Asian adj. native of Asia 亚洲(人)的
What's the difference between the Asian elephants and African elephants?
亚洲象和非洲象有什么不同
n. a native or inhabitant of Asia 亚洲人
in exchange for in the place of something that you have given to someone 交换；互换
I'll give you three sweets in exchange for an apple. 我拿三块糖换你一个苹果。
spice n. things like ginger, pepper, cinnamon, cloves, etc. that are put into food 香料；调味品（如姜、胡椒等）
Pepper is a spice. 胡椒是一种调味品。
Arab n. a native of Arabia 阿拉伯人
adj. of the Arabs or Arabia; Arabian 阿拉伯(人)的
westernmost adj. 最西 (端) 的
African n. a native or inhabitant of Africa 非洲人
adj. of or relating to Africa or its peoples, languages, or cultures 非洲(人)的
ambassador n. a diplomatic official appointed a as representative by one government to another 大使；使节
He was appointed ambassador to Japan. 他奉派为驻日大使。
Roman adj. of or relating to ancient or modern Rome or its people or culture
罗马(人)的
n. a native, inhabitant, or citizen of ancient or mod
ern Rome 罗马人
empire n. a group of countries under one ruler, usually an emperor 帝国
the Roman Empire 罗马帝国
rhinoceros n. 犀牛
horn n. a hard, pointed thing which grows on the head of some animals（羊、牛、鹿等动物的）角
Horns are usually in pairs, one on each side of the head.
角一般都是成对的，在头部两侧一边长一个。
n. an instrument for making loud warning noises 喇叭
The taxi driver blew his horn to tell us that he had arrived.
出租汽车司机按喇叭告诉我们他到了。
wander vi. to go from place to place with no special purpose 漫游；闲逛
The boys wandered around the town with nothing to do.
那些男孩无所事事，在镇上到处闲逛。
motherland n. one's native land 祖国
awareness n.[u] 觉察；意识；知道
awareness of one's ignorance 意识到自己的无知
existence n.[u] being 存在；生存
The tree owes its existence to soil. 树木依赖泥土生存。
accurate adj. conforming exactly to fact; errorless 准确的
deviating only slightly or within acceptable limits from a standard 精确的
Is this watch accurate? 这只表准吗?
navy n. all the warships of a country, with officers and men 海军
the army, navy and air force 陆、海、空军三军
treasure n. store of gold, silver, jewels, money, or other valuable things 财宝；财富
They were looking for buried treasure. 他们在寻找埋在地下的财宝。
fleet n. big groups of ships; a number of ships, airplanes, automobiles etc. moving together 舰队；船队；机群；汽车队
The Sixth Fleet of the United States Navy was ordered to the South Sea.
美国海军第六舰队受命驶向南海。
command n. an order; the act of commanding 命令；指挥
The policeman gave the command to stop. 警察下令停下。
n. ability to control; mastery 控制；精通
He has a good command of English. 他英语掌握得很好。
vt. order; control 命令；指挥；控制
The policeman commanded the car to stop. 警察命令汽车停下。
set sail (from/to/for) on a voyage 启航；扬帆
The liner set sail for New York at 8:30. 轮船在八时半启航开往纽约。
royal adj. of or relating to a monarch. 王室的；皇家的
a royal family/palace 王室/宫 a royal house 皇家
embassy n.[c] place where embassy people live and work 大使馆
To go to the United States, you must get a visa at the U.S. embassy.
你必须从美国大使馆得到签证才能去美国。
zebra n.[c] an African mammal related to the horse and having dark stripes on a light body 斑马
The zebra is a kind of horse that lives in Africa. 斑马是生活在非洲的一种马。
in return in exchange 作为回报
She presented me a dictionary in return. 她送给我一本词典作为答谢。
symbolic adj. of, relating to, or expressed by means of symbols or a symbol象征的；
符号的
The dove is symbolic of peace. 鸽子象征和平。
symbolic language 符号语言
volunteer n. someone who volunteers to do a job or to join the army 自愿者
That man is a volunteer fireman in this town. 那个人是这个镇里的志愿消防队员。
v. offer to do a job that is unpleasant, difficult, or dangerous 自愿从事
Two men volunteered to search for the missing climber.
两个人自告奋勇去寻找那位失踪的登山运动员。
radium n. a chemical element that gives off rays 镭
Radioactivity is a special quality of radium. 放射性是镭的一种特性。
sum n. an amount obtained as a result of adding numbers 总数；和
Eleven is the sum of six and five. 十一是六加五的和。
n. amount of money一笔（金额）
He paid a large sum for the house. 他出一笔巨款买了这所房子。
dam n.[c] a barrier constructed across a waterway to control the flow or raise the level of water 水坝；堤
There are several dams across the Huai River. 淮河上有几座水闸。
bring up look after and educate children, etc 教养；培养
I was brought up by my aunt. 我是我姑姑抚养成人的。
introduce to notice or consideration, mention 提出
Why don't you bring this up at the meeting? 你何不在会上提出这个问题？
horizon n. line where the earth or sea seems to meet the sky 地平线
The sun sank below the horizon. 太阳落到地平线以下了。
navigation n. the act of navigating; the passage of ships, etc. over the sea, etc. 航行；航海；航空
aerial navigation 空中航行；航空 ocean navigation 远洋航行
Korea n. peninsula in east Asia, extending south from northeast China 朝鲜；韩国
suggest vt. give someone an idea; say that something will be possible 建议；提议 I suggested that we (should) hold a meeting tonight. 我提议我们今晚开个会。
vt. bring to mind 使人想起；暗示
Smoke suggests fire. 有烟就有火。
accomplish vt. finish something; complete; carry out 完成；实现
You have accomplished a purpose. 你达到了目的。
apart from prep. with the exception of; besides 除…外；除…外还
Apart from the cost, it will take a lot of time. 除了费钱以外，还要花很多时间。
sickness n.[u] the condition of being sick; illness 疾病
Viruses and germs cause most sicknesses. 病毒与细菌引起大部分的疾病。
n.[u] be overcome by a feeling of sickness 恶心
unable adj. not able to do something不能的；不会的；无能为力的
He was unable to walk. 他不能走。
the Himalayas n. 喜马拉雅山脉
sacred adj. of god or religion; holy神圣的
A church is a sacred building. 教堂是一个神圣的处所。
Sherpa n. 夏尔巴人(西藏的一种族)
Tibet n. 西藏
honesty n. the condition or quality of being honest; freedom from deceit or cheating
诚实
(prov.) Honesty is the best policy. （谚）诚实为上策。
dedication n.[u] the act of dedicating奉献
His dedication to teaching gained the respect of his students.
他对教学的奉献得到了学生们尊敬。
n.[c] words used in dedicating a book or other work 题献；献词
The book's dedication reads "To Mother". 本书献词写道：“献给母亲”。
ideal adj. very best, exactly right 完美的；理想的
This place is ideal for a picnic. 这个地方野餐最理想。
refer vi. speak about something 谈到；涉及；所指
This is not the dictionary which I referred to. 这不是我所指的那本词典。
vt. hand over to (someone) for a decision; send or direct to (someone or something) for help or action 呈交；提交
We refer the question to them. 我们把这个问题提交他们处理。
refer to 提到
Don't refer to that problem again, please. 请不要再提那个问题了。
run out become exhausted or used up; come to the end of a supply, etc. 被用完；耗完
The aircraft will run out of fuel in another hour. 飞机再过一小时燃料就将用完。
technological adj. 技术的
technological development 科学技术的发展
aircraft n. machine that flies; aeroplane; helicopter 飞行器；飞机
arise vi. happen; start发生；产生 (arose; arisen)
How did the quarrel arise? 争吵是怎样发生的？
vi. move upward; ascend 向上；上升
When I started off, the sun was arising. 我出发时太阳正在升起。
evidence n.[u] proof; something that shows what has happened and why it has happened 证据；证明
There is no evidence that he is guilty. 没有证据证明他有罪。
chairman n. the person who is in charge of meeting 主席；董事长
chairman of the meeting 会议主席 a bank board chairman 银行董事长
praise vt. say that something or someone is good表扬；称赞
The teacher praised Tom for his homework. 教员表扬汤姆的家庭作业做得好。
n. the act of saying that a person or a thing is good, words expressing admiration, applause
赞美；称赞 He had a lot of praise for Tom's work. 他十分称赞汤姆的工作。
Christopher Columbus [XkristRfR kRXlVmbRs] 克里斯托佛哥伦布(西班牙航海家)
Marco Polo [XmQkRu XpRulRu] 马可波罗(意大利旅行家)
Ceylon n. 锡兰(现称斯里兰卡)
Unit 3 The land down under
Words and expressions
Canberra n. 堪培拉(澳大利亚首都)
outback n. [the ～] (澳大利亚)内地 adj. 内地的
territory n. land that belongs to one government 领土；领域
This island is our territory. 这个岛是我国领土。
Queensland [‘kwI:nzlEnd] n. 昆士兰 (澳大利亚州名)
Victoria n. 维多利亚(澳大利亚州名)
Tasmania [tAz’meniE] n. 塔斯马尼亚(岛)（澳大利亚地名）
Aborigines n. (尤指澳大利亚的)土著居民
strait n. a narrow piece of water connecting two larger bodies of water 海峡
The strait is narrow. 这个海峡很窄。
Torres [‘tRrEs]Strait 托雷斯海峡
islander n. an inhabitant of an island 岛上居民
fellow adj. being of the same kind, group, occupation, society; having in common certain characteristics or interests 同事的，同类的
fellow workers 同事
n. people of the same sort, friends; a man 同类；伙伴；家伙
We are fellows at school. 我们是同学。
What a nice fellow he is! 他是个多么好的人啊！
Portuguese adj. 葡萄牙（人）的；葡萄牙语的 n. 葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语
Dutch adj. 荷兰(人)的；荷兰(语)的 n. [the ～] 荷兰人；荷兰语
claim vt. say that you should have something 要求
He can fairly claim to have more. 他可以正当地要求多给些。
vt. to say that something belongs to you 认领
I lost my umbrella, but claimed it at the lost property office.
我把伞丢了，后来在失物招领处认领回来了。
vt. state as a fact, despite objections; assert; maintain 声称
He claims to have written the article in two days. 他声称只用两天就把文章写成了。
n. a demand for something to which one has a real or supposed right 要求
They made a claim for higher pay. 他提出更高报酬的要求。
criminal n. a person who has done something seriously against law 罪犯；犯人
The judge imposes a punishment on the criminal. 法庭处罚这个罪犯。
adj. law breaking 犯罪的
Criminal parents could corrupt any child. 犯罪的父母可使孩子变坏。
govern v. to make laws for a country, to rule统治；治理
Who governs this country? 谁治理这个国家？
governor n. someone who rules a state or province 州长；省长；总督
Who is the Governor of Hong Kong? 香港总督是谁？
newcomer n. one who has only recently arrived 新来的人；新手
a newcomer to the big city 刚来到大都市的人
a newcomer to politics 政界的新人
as a consequence (of) in consequence 作为/由于……的结果；因而
She worked hard at her lessons and as a consequence got high marks.
她努力学习功课，因而得了很高的分数。
resemble vt. to exhibit similarity or likeness to 像；类似
She resembles her mother in the way she moves her hands when she talks.
她说话时打手势的动作像她妈妈。
commonwealth n. 共和国；联邦；共同体
the Commonwealth of Australia 澳大利亚联邦
diverse adj. differing one from another; different 不同的；多种多样的
have diverse interests 有多种兴趣
transform vt. change the shape of someone or something; make something look different 改变；转变
Heat can transform water into steam. 热能使水变为蒸汽。
immigration n.[u] the act of coming into a country; the place where you enter a country移民
After the Customs, you must show your passport to the office at Immigration.
通过海关之后，你必须在移民局出示你的护照。
strengthen vt. to make strong or increase the strength of 加强
The fence was strengthened with wire. 这堵围栏用金属丝加固了。
vi. to become strong or stronger 变强
Our enemy has greatly strengthened during the truce talks. 和谈期间，敌人力量已大为增强。
differ vi. not to be the same 不同；相异
I must differ from you. 我不能同意你的意见。
pronunciation n. how you say a word or words 发音
His pronunciation is very bad. 他的发音很糟。
vocabulary n.[c] all the words in a language 词汇
He has a vocabulary of only a few hundred words. 他掌握的词汇只有几百个字。
n.[c] list of words in a lesson or book 词汇表
There is an English Chinese vocabulary at the end of the book. 书末附有英汉词汇表。
n.[c] all the words that one person knows 词汇量
A young child has a small vocabulary. 小孩子的词汇量小。
mate n.[c] friend; someone who works or learns, etc. with you 伙伴；同事
His mates waited for him by the gate. 他的同事在门口等他。
n.[c] husband or wife 配偶
She has been a faithful mate to him. 她一直都是他忠实的妻子。
v. to join closely; pair. (使)密切结合；(使)配对
sheila [5Fi:lE] n. ( Australian) a girl or young woman 少女；少妇
female n.[c] woman or girl; animal that can have baby animals; plant that has fruit 女子；雌性植物
A daughter is a female child. 女儿是女性孩子。
adj. of, relating to, or denoting the sex that produces ova or bears young. 女的；女性的
wilderness n. an unsettled, uncultivated region left in its natural condition荒野；荒地
billabong n. a dead-end channel extending from the main stream of a river死河；
干河道
aboriginal adj. of or relating to aborigines 土著的
aboriginal races 原始种族
concept n. a thought; an idea; a general notion 概念；观念
A small baby has no conc ept of right and wrong. 小孩不懂什么是正确和错误。
break out start suddenly 爆发；突然发生
A fire broke out near here yesterday. 昨天此地附近发生了一场火灾。
chew vt. to bite and grind with the teeth; masticate 咀嚼
You must chew your food well before you swallow it. 你吞下食物以前必须要好好咀嚼。
vt. to meditate on; ponder 深思
The judge chewed the matter over before making a decision. 法官在判决前仔细考虑过此事。
chairwoman n. a woman presiding officer of an assembly, meeting, committee, or board 女主席；女董事长
feed ... on to serve as food for 喂养；饲养
We feed the sheep on grass. 我们给羊吃草。
koala n. 树袋熊；考拉(澳洲产无尾熊，即koala bear)
entire adj. complete; whole; without anything left out 完全的；整个的；全部的
The ship sank with the entire crew. 轮船及全体船员都沉没了。
Alaska n. 阿拉斯加(美国州名)
mine n.[c] big hole in the ground that people make when they are looking for coal,
metal, diamonds, etc. 矿井
There are many coal mines in the north. 北方有许多煤矿。
n.[c] a bomb placed in the ground or water for destroying enemy soldiers or ships 地雷
The lorry was destroyed by a land mine. 这辆卡车被一个地雷炸毁了。
v. dig for coal, gold, etc. in the ground 采矿
Gold is mined from deep under ground. 黄金是在很深的地下采的。
fence n.[c] a barrier round a garden or field 篱笆；围栏
We built a fence around the yard to keep the dog in.
为了不让狗出去我们在院子四周筑起一道篱笆。
dingo n. 澳洲野犬
round up to bring together; to collect in one place 赶拢；使集拢
They try to round up a scattered herd of cattle. 他们试图把分散的牲口赶在一起。
outdoors adv. in the open air, outside 在野外；在户外
They often worked outdoors. 他们常常在户外工作。
birthplace n. the place where someone is born or where something originates
出生地；发源地
outing n.[c] short journey to enjoy yourself 出外游玩；短途旅行
The children had plenty of outings during the summer. 孩子们夏天常外出游玩。
lemonade n. a drink made of lemon juice, water, and sugar 柠檬水
barbecue a social gathering, usually held outdoors, at which food is cooked over an open flame 户外烤肉餐；烧烤
vt. to roast or grill (meat or seafood) over live coals or an open fire 烧烤
roast vt. to cook with dry heat, as in an oven or near hot coals 烘烤
The meat is roasting. 肉正烤着。
adj. roasted 烘烤过的
roast duck. 烤鸭
steak n. a thick slice of meat or fish cut for frying, grilling, etc 肉排；鱼排 (尤指)牛排 =beefsteak
barrier n.[c] a divider between two things障碍
The police put a barrier across the road. 警察设了路障。
the Great Barrier Reef 大堡礁
logical adj. reasoning; reasonable 合逻辑的；合乎情理的
His argument seems logical. 他的论据似乎有道理 [合逻辑] 。
wombat n. 袋熊
pointed adj. with a sharp end尖的
That is a pointed stick. 那是一根尖棍。
adj. sharp; clear and direct 直截了当的；率直的
His pointed remarks about the party were not polite. 他对聚会直率的议论显得很不礼貌。
claw n. one of the pointed nails on the feet of some animals and birds; hand on a crab, etc. （禽兽）爪；脚爪；（蟹等）钳；螯
Cats have very sharp claws. 猫有着锋利的脚爪。
A crab has two claws. 螃蟹有两个钳。
v. to scratch, dig, tear, or pull with or as if with claws 搔；挠；抓
The cat clawed the chair. 猫用爪子抓椅子。
hairy covered with hair or hairlike projections 多毛的；(似)毛发的
a hairy caterpillar 一条毛茸茸的毛虫
medium adj. middle, not big and not small 中等的
He is a man of medium height. 他是一个中等身材的男人。
bushy adj. covered with bushes 灌木丛生的
Unit 4 Green world
Words and expressions
procedure n. a manner of proceeding; a way of performing 程序；手续
This is the correct procedure for obtaining a visa. 这是取得签证的正确程序/手续。
a series of steps taken to accomplish an end 步骤
a long therapeutic procedure 长期治疗过程
tulip n. 郁金香
rose n.[c] a beautiful flower, which is red, white or yellow 玫瑰(花)；蔷薇(花)
Father planted roses along one side of the garden. 父亲沿着花园的一边种了玫瑰。
You lie upon roses when young, you'll lie upon thorns when old. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
peony n.[c] 牡丹；芍药
She blushed like a peony. 她脸红得像一朵牡丹花。
strawberry n.[c] small, soft, red fruit 草莓
Her favourite fruit is strawberry. 她最喜欢的水果是草莓。
lemon n. 柠檬
a slice of lemon 一片柠檬
bunch n. a number of things of the same kind fastened or growing together 串；束
a bunch of flowers 一束花 a bunch of grapes/keys 一串葡萄/钥匙
merely adv. only仅仅；只不过
I didn't stop to speak to him--I merely smiled. 我没有停下来和他说话--我只是微微一笑。
herb n. 草药；草本植物；香草
classify vt. to arrange or organize according to class or category 分类
We usually classify types of character as good or bad.
我们通常把 (人的) 性格之类型分为善与恶。
identification n. the state of being identified 鉴别；验明
the identification of high yielding seeds 高产量种子的鉴别
n. proof or evidence of identity 身份证明(缩写 ID)
His only means of identification was his passport. 他唯一证明身份的证件就是他的护照。
male adj. of the sex that does not give birth to young ones 男（性）的；雄性的
A cock is a male bird. 公鸡是雄性家禽。
n. man or boy; animal that cannot have baby animals; plant that does not have fruit 男人；雄性动物/植物
A bull, a cock and a he goat are males. 公牛，公鸡，公羊都是雄性动物。
promote vt. to contribute to the progress or growth of 促进；推进
Kindness promotes peace. 亲切的行为可以促进和睦。
vt. to raise to a more important or responsible job or rank 提升
Our teacher has been promoted to headmaster. 我们的老师已被提升为校长了。
botanical adj. of or relating to plants or plant life; of or relating to the science of botany 植物的；植物学 (上) 的
the botanical garden(s) 植物园
privilege n. a special advantage, permission, right, or benefit granted to or enjoyed by an individual, a class 特权；优惠
Our members have the privilege of using the lending service of the library.
我们的会员有享受图书馆借书服务的特权。
cozy adj. comfortable; easy 舒适的；安逸的
I felt cozy watching the hearth fire. 看着炉火我感到温暖而舒适。
appetite n. a desire for food 食欲；胃口
Exercises give one a good appetite. 运动增进食欲。
n. a strong wish or liking 爱好；欲望
He has an appetite for writing. 他好从事写书。
wealth n.[u] (lots of) money; valuable things 财富；财产
Some were owners of great wealth and property. 有些人拥有万贯家财。
Oceania n. the Pacific Islands 大洋洲
appointed vt. to select or designate to fill an office or position 任命；委派
We must appoint a new teacher at once to the mountain school.
我们必须立即委派一名新教师到那山村小学去。
vt. to fix or set by authority or by mutual agreement 约定；指定
They appointed a place to exchange stamps. 他们约定一个地方交换邮票。
Venus n. the second planet from the sun 金星
n. (Roman Mythology) the goddess of sexual love and physical beauty
维纳斯(罗马神话中爱与美的女神)
the V of Milo 米罗的维纳斯雕像
calculate vt. find an answer by working with numbers 计算
Let me calculate the cost of the journey. 让我计算一下旅途的用费。
astronomy n. the scientific study of matter in outer space 天文学
expense n. the act of spending money; cost; money used or needed for sth.花费；
支出；代价；费用
The expense of running a car has risen recent years. 近几年来使用汽车的费用增加了。
look our for to be careful of 当心；注意；警惕
Look out (for the car)! 留神(汽车)！
on a large scale 大规模地；大范围地
cocoa n. brown powder from the beans of a tree, made into chocolate 可可粉
n. drink that you make with cocoa powder and milk 可可茶
hemp n. 大麻
involve vt. to contain as a part; include 包括；涉及
All the children were involved in the school play. 所有的孩子都参加了学校排练的剧。
vt. to engage as a participant 使牵涉；使卷入；使参与
Don't involve other people in your trouble. 别把别人牵涉进你的麻烦中去。
enterprise ] n. an undertaking, especially one of some scope, complication, and risk; a business organization 事业；企业
government enterprise 公/国营企业 private enterprise 私/民营企业
small-to-medium-sized enterprises 中小企业
settlement n. group of homes in a place where no people have lived before 拓居地；定居点
The first settlements were on the east coast of America. 最初的殖民地是在美洲的东海岸。
n. agreeing about something after discussing it 解决（方案）
After long talks about pay, the managers and workers reached a settlement.
就工资进行长期谈判后，劳资双方达成一项解决办法。
Kew [kju:] n. 克佑(伦敦之西郊,为皇家植物园之所在地)
accumulate vt&i. to gather or pile up; amass; to mount up; increase
积累；聚集
He accumulated a fortune by hard work. 他靠努力工作积蓄了一笔财富。
Snow accumulated to a depth of 10 feet. 雪已积到十尺深。
abandon vt. leave someone or something; give up; desert 离弃；放弃；抛弃
The driver abandoned his car in the snow. 司机把汽车抛在雪地里。
straw n. dry, cut stalks of wheat, etc. 稻草；麦秆
Everyone of us had a straw hat on. 我们人人都戴草帽。
n. thin tube of paper or plastic for drinking a cold drink 麦管；吸管
He sucked Coke through a straw. 他用吸管吸可口可乐。
pineapple n. 凤梨；波萝
year after year adv. 年年；一年又一年(= year in year out)
We have visited this island year in year out and we never get bored.
我们在这个岛上参观很长时间，但我们没有厌烦。
classification n. the act or result of classifying; a category or class分类；类别
pass away die 去世
He passed away during the night. 他在晚间逝世。
Oxford n. 牛津[英国牛津郡 (Oxford shire) 的首府, 为牛津大学 (Oxford又作Oxford University) 所在地]
tone n. a sound; the quality of a sound; the voice, as expressing feeling音调；语调
She spoke in an angry tone. 她用恼怒的口气说话。
reward n. present or money that you give to thank someone for something 报酬；报答
He was given a reward for passing the examination. 他因考试及格而得到奖品。
He worked hard all his life but without much reward. 他辛勤一生，但得到的报酬却很少。
vt. give something in return for 酬谢；奖赏
He was well rewarded by the kind things people said about him.
人们表扬了他，这就是对他很好的奖励。
name… after 给……取名；命名
technician n. expert who works with machines, instruments or tools技术员；技师
Charles Darwin 查理士达尔文(英国自然科学家) beagle n. 小猎犬
nowhere adv. at, in, or to no place; not anywhere 任何地方都不；什么地方也没有
He was nowhere to be found. 什么地方也找不到他。
n. an unknown place 不知道的地方：
a cabin in the middle of nowhere 不知在什么中心的小屋
altogether adv. on the whole; all things considered 总共；总而言之
There were five of us altogether. 我们共有五人。
Altogether, the book is quite interesting. 总的说来，这本书相当有趣。
adv. totally; completely 完全；全部地
Some of what you say is true, but I don't altogether agree.
你说的有些是真的，但我不能全都同意。
finch n．雀科鸣禽
beak n. 鸟嘴
appearance n. what someone or something looks like 外貌；外表
Do not judge by appearances. 别从外貌判断事物。
n. being seen; coming 显露；出现
At the sight of his appearance on the stage, the hall rang with thunderous applause.
他一出场，礼堂里就掌声雷动。
output n.[u] amount of things that you have made 产量；产品
We must increase our output to meet people's needs. 我们必须增加产量来满足人们的需要。
dandelion n. 蒲公英
latter adj. 后者
Of the two, the former is better than the latter. 两者之中前者较后者为佳。
distinguish vt.& vi. show the difference in; show the difference; make a distinction 区别；辨别
He could not distinguish cotton from wool. 他不能辨认是棉花还是羊毛。
You are confusing things, let me distinguish. 你把事情越弄越糟，让我来把它区分出来。
in detail with all the facts 详细地
The teacher explained the text in detail. 老师详细地解释了课文。
millimeter [`milimitE] n. 毫米
Carl Linnaeus [`kB:l li`nI:Es] 卡尔林尼厄斯(瑞典植物学家)
Daniel Solander [ sE`lAdE] 丹尼尔索兰德(瑞典植物学家)
Tahiti n. 塔希提岛(位于南太平洋)
Galapagos [gE`lApEgEs] n. 加拉帕戈斯(群岛)
Gregor Mendel [`gregE `mendl] 格雷戈门德尔(奥地利遗传学家)
Gote Turesson [`ge:tE tE`ri:sn] 约特杜尔松(瑞典植物学家)
Unit 5 Getting the message
Words and expressions
convey vt. carry; take from one place to another; transport 传送；运载
A bus conveys passengers from the train to the boat. 一辆公共汽车把旅客从车站送到码头。
vt. serve as a means of carrying; conduct; transmit 转达；表达
Please convey my thanks to your wife. 请向你的妻子转达我的谢意。
advertise vt. to make public announcement of, especially to proclaim the qualities or advantages of (a product or business) so as to increase sales 做广告
It has been advertised in the magazine. 已在杂志上刊登了广告。
vi. to call the attention of the public to a product or business做广告
The company advertised for a new secretary. 公司登广告招聘一名新秘书。
advertiser n. 广告商；登广告者
The report gives advertisers a new picture of women today.
这份报告使广告商对今日妇女有了新的认识。
brand n.[c] a trademark or distinctive name identifying a product or a manufacturer商标；牌子
What brand of soap do you like? 你喜欢什么牌子的肥皂？
consideration n.[u] thinking about something 考虑
After much consideration, I accepted the offer. 经过仔细考虑我接受了这个提议。
n.[u] being thoughtful and careful about people's feeling 体谅；关心
We should have consideration for the rights of others. 我们应当为别人的权利着想。
take …into consideration 考虑……
charge n. words that a policeman says when he catches someone who has done wrong 指控；控告
The man went to court on a charge of stealing. 这人被指控盗窃，进了法院。
n. payment asked for something 收费；要价
These books are free of charge. 这些书是免费的。
n. responsibility; trust 责任；委托
I put the children in your charge. 我将孩子委托你照顾。
in charge of 负责
I am in charge of this department. 我负责这一部门。
loss n. losing 丧失；丢失
He told the police about the loss of his car. 他告诉警察他的小汽车丢了。
n. something that is lost; waste 损失；浪费
His death is a great loss to the country. 他的逝世对国家是一个巨大的损失。
blame vt. to say that a person did something wrong 责怪
The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident. 那次交通事故不应该责怪司机。
n. the state of being responsible for a fault or an error; culpability 责备；谴责
The car driver took the blame for the accident. 汽车的司机承担了事故的责任。
mislead to lead into error of thought or action, especially by intentionally deceiving 使误解；使误入歧途
Don't let his friendly manner mislead you into trusting him.
不要让他那种友好的态度使你误信他。
misleading adj. tending to mislead 使人误解的；欺骗的
Your words were rather misleading. 你所说的话颇容易引起误解。
broadcast vt. to send out or communicate, especially by radio or television播放；播出 (broadcast, broadcasted; broadcast, broadcasted)
The agency broadcast an urgent appeal for medical supplies.
代理商通过电台紧急呼吁要求药品供应。
vi. to transmit a radio or television program for public or general use; to be on the air播放(节目)
The station begins broadcasting at 6 a.m. 电台早晨 6:00开始播音
post vt. fasten (a notice) up in a place where it can easily be seen 张贴
The names of the members of the team will be posted up today.今天将贴出这个队成员的名单。
hand in hand holding each other's hands; together 手拉手；共同地
They walked away hand in hand. 他们手拉手地离去了。
react vi. to act in response to or under the influence of a stimulus or prompting:反应；作出反应
Our eyes react to light. 我们的眼睛对光起反应。
vi. 反对；反抗[against]
The people soon reacted against the cruel system. 人们不久便起来反抗暴政。
annoy vt. to cause slight irritation to (another) by troublesome, often repeated acts
使生气；使烦恼
These flies are annoying me. 这些苍蝇真让人讨厌。
vi. to be annoying 招人讨厌；惹人烦恼
A fly keeps annoying. 一只苍蝇总在烦我。
annoying adj. causing vexation or irritation; troublesome 讨厌的；恼人的
an annoying cough 一声恼人的咳嗽
critic n.[c] a person who is critic by profession 批评家，评论家
These critics have agreed to his arguments. 这些评论家已同意他的论点。
accuse vt. charge with doing something wrong or having broken the law 控告；告发
She accused him of theft. 她控告他行窃。
associate vt. to connect or join together; combine联合；结合；联系
They are associated with him in business. 他们在工作上与他有关系。
vi. to connect in the mind or imagination 联想
What do you associate with such a heavy snow? 这样一场大雪你有什么联想?
get across (a viewpoint, etc.) become clear or understandable; make(a viewpoint,etc.)clear or understandable 被人理解；传播
He got his meaning across. 他把意思讲清楚了。
appeal vi. to make an earnest or urgent request, as for help恳求；呼吁
The government is appealing to everyone to save water. 政府呼吁每个人节约用水。
vi to make or apply for an appeal 上诉，申诉
The victims' families of the murder have appealed to the Supreme Court.
谋杀案的被害家属已经上诉最高法院。
vi. to be attractive or interesting 有感染力；有吸引力
Does the idea of working for a venture company appeal to you?
你有没有兴趣到合资企业去工作?
n. an earnest or urgent request, entreaty, or supplication 呼吁；恳求
n. a resort or application to a higher authority, as for sanction, corroboration, or a decision
呼吁；上诉
a court of appeal 上诉法庭 a direct appeal 直接上诉
n. the power of attracting or of arousing interest 吸引力；感染力
a city with appeal for tourists 对游客有吸引力的城市
appeal to v. 呼吁；上诉；有吸引力
He appealed to us for support. 他恳求我们的支持。
This poem makes an appeal to the emotions. 这首诗有动人情感的力量 [有感染力] 。
frequent adj. common, habitual, repeated many times 常常发生的；频繁的
Snows are frequent in this area during December. 这个地区十二月下雪是常事。
figure n.[c] a written sign for a number 数字
The figures are not accurate. 这些数字不精确。
n.[c] how much money something costs 价格
We bought the house for a high figure. 我们高价买了这栋房子。
n.[c] a shape or drawing 图形；画像
That is a geometrical figure. 那是个几何图形。
n.[c] shape of a person or animal in stone, metal, or wood 塑像，雕像
This is the figure of Lu Xun in marble. 这是鲁迅的大理石雕像。
n.[c] a person, a character, 人物
He was one of the great figures in history. 他是历史上的伟大人物之一。
salesman n. someone whose job is to sell goods售货员；推销员
The salesman showed her nearly all the hats in the shop.
该店员几乎将店中所有帽子都拿给她看了。
saleswoman n.女售货员；女推销员
profit n. the return received on a business undertaking after all operating expenses have been met盈利；利润
Newspapers make a profit from [out of] the advertisements they carry.
报纸由其所刊登的广告获取利益。
v. 有利/益于
A wise person profits by [from] his mistakes. 智者由自己的过失中得到教益。
It will not profit you to do so. 那样做对你不会有益处的。
campaign n. a battle战役
a campaign to take the enemy city 攻克敌人城市的战役
n. a movement with a political or business purpose （政治或商业上的）运动；活动
a campaign to stop people drinking when they drive 禁止人们在开车时饮酒的运动
an advertising campaign 广告活动
vi. take part or serve in a campaign 从事活动；参加运动
They campaigned for human rights. 他们参加了人权运动。
policy n.[c] the general plan of a government, business, company, etc. 方针；政策
What is the government policy on education? 政府的教育政策是什么？
n. a course of conduct; a plan of action 计策
Honesty is the best policy. 诚实是上策。
spokesman n. a man who speaks on behalf of another or others发言人；代言人
spokeswoman n. a woman who speaks on behalf of another or others
女发言人；女代言人
illegal adj. wrong, not allowed by law 不合法的；犯法的
It is illegal to drive when you are drunk.. 喝醉了酒开车是违法的。
keep an eye out for 当心；警惕
bait n. 诱饵；鱼饵
target n. what you are trying to hit when you shoot a bullet or arrow 靶子；目标
The hunter's target was a wild animal. 这个猎人的目标是一只野兽。
n. something we aim to do or get 目标；指标
This book will be the target of bitter criticism. 这书会成为严格批评的对象。
bullet n.[c] a shot fired from a gun 子弹；枪弹
Every bullet has its billet. 每颗子弹都有归宿。
sneaker n. a sports shoe usually made of canvas and having soft rubber soles运动鞋
nutritional l adj. 营养(品)的
nowadays [`nauEdeiz] adv. during the present time; now 现在；当今
Nowadays, advertisements can be found everywhere in any big city.
现在,在任何一个大城市里,到处都可以看到广告。
nephew n. son of your brother or sister 侄子；外甥
He was a nephew of my friend. 他是我朋友的侄子。
waitress n.[c] a woman or girl who serves food in a restaurant女服务员
The waitress is bringing the soup. 女服务员正把汤端来。
hostess n. a female host; the wife of the host女主人
The hostess brought us out a pot full of steaming coffee.
女主人给我们拿出一满壶热气腾腾的咖啡。
bridegroom n. a man who is about to be married or has recently been married新郎
heroine n. most important woman in a story, play, etc. 女主角；女主人公
n. very brave woman or girl女英雄
goddess n. female god 女神
Venus was a goddess worshipped by the Romans. 维纳斯是罗马人信奉的女神。
promotion n. the act of promoting or the fact of being promoted促进；促销
the promotion of learning 学术的促进
n. advancement in rank or responsibility 晋升
Our teacher has got a promotion. 我们的老师被提升了。
attach vt. to fasten, secure, or join系；附；粘[to, on]
The clerk attached a price tag to each article. 店员给每一件商品系上标价签。
vt to adhere, belong, or relate.附属 [to]
This hospital is attached to our medical department. 这所医院附属于我们医学系。
vt. to ascribe or assign 认为有（重要性等）
attached no significance to the threat 不重视这种威肋
legend n. an unverified story handed down from earlier times, especially one popularly believed to be historical 传奇；传说
There is a legend that… 有一个传说,说是…。
slogan n. a phrase expressing the aims or nature of an enterprise, an organization, or a candidate; a motto标语；口号
a phrase used repeatedly, as in advertising or promotion 广告语
catchy adj. attractive or appealing 吸引人的
a catchy idea for a new television series 为一部新电视系列剧出的吸引人的主意
adj. tricky; deceptive 有圈套的；欺骗的：
a catchy question on an exam 考试中设有陷阱的题目
point out tell about or show something 指出
He pointed out the importance of the work. 他指出这一工作的重要性。
discount vt. to sell or offer for sale at a reduced price 打折
n. a reduction from the full or standard amount of a price or debt 折扣
n. attributive. often used to modify another noun（定语名词）
a discount market; discount merchandise 打折商场；打折商品
make sense have a meaning that you can understand 有意义；讲得通
I can't follow these instructions----they don't make sense.
我不理解这些指示--根本讲不通嘛。
bonus n. something given or paid in addition to what is usual or expected 额外给予的东西
n. a sum of money or the equivalent given to an employee in addition to the employee's usual compensation 奖金
n. a sum of money in addition to salary that is given to a professional athlete for signing up with a team 津贴
Those who put in many hours of overtime will receive a percentage of their salary as a bonus.
那些付出许多加班时间的人将得到相当于其工资的一部分作为奖金。
context n.[c] the parts directly before or after a word or sentence上下文
We can often tell the meaning of a word from its context.
由上下文，我们可以知道一个字的意思。
Tetsuya Komuro [`testjB: `kRmurEu] 小室哲哉
Unit 6 Going west
Words and expressions
perseverance n. steady persistence in adhering to a course of action, a belief, or a purpose; steadfastness 毅力；坚持
Great works are performed, not by strength, but perseverance.
伟大的作品不是靠力量而是靠毅力来完成的。
quit vt. to give up; abandon 放弃
He has not quit smoking, but is holding down to three cigarettes a day.
他并没有戒烟,但是已减到每天只抽三支烟了。
vt. to depart from; leave 离开
You and I are on the point of quitting the theater of our exploits.
你我正在离开我们辉煌业绩的舞台。
vt. to cease or discontinue 停止；中断：
The teacher asked them to quit talking. 老师要求他们不要说话。
apply (…) to … use; put into practice 应用；运用
We should apply theory to practice. 我们应当把理论运用到实践中去。
add up find the total of 总计；加起来
Add up 6,7 and 8 and you'll get 21. 把六、七、八相加，总数是二十一。
circumstance n. a condition or fact attending an event and having some bearing on it 环境；情况(常用复数形式)
It depends on [upon] circumstances. 这要视情况而定。
lose heart become discouraged 沮丧；灰心
Don't lose heart at any failure, but try again. 失败时不要灰心，要再接再厉。
assessment n. the act of assessing; appraisal 评估；估价
environmental assessment 环境影响评估
take it easy 放松些；别紧张
When the teacher found some of his students get nervous at the examination, he told them to take it easy. 老师发现一些学生考虑时焦急不安，就叫他们不要紧张。
keep up retain(one's spirits, strength, etc); (one's spirits, strength, etc.)not decline 维持；保持
The mountaineers' spirits kept up against heavy odds.
在非常不利的条件下，登山运动员们仍然情绪高涨。
Robinson Crusoe n. 鲁滨逊克鲁索
common sense natural good thinking 常识；情理
Although she's not very clever she's got lots of common sense. 她虽然不很聪明，但很有见识。
survival n. the act of surviving; continuance of life 幸存；存活
He stayed eight days in an open boat with no food, and he was still alive; his survival was a miracle. 他在无遮档的小船上呆了八天，又无食物，还活下来了，这真是个奇迹。
biscuit n. a small cake of shortened bread leavened with baking powder or soda饼干；小点心
alcohol n. a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid; intoxicating liquor containing alcohol 酒精；含酒精的饮料
goat n. a sort of hollow-horned, bearded ruminant mammals of mountainous regions山羊
On the ground lay an old sick goat. 地上躺着一只生病的老山羊。
flour n.[u] a powder made from wheat and used to make bread and cakes 面粉（或其他谷物磨成的粉）
Flour is used in making breads and cakes. 面粉用来做面包或糕饼。
axe n. 斧子
nail n. the hard substance at the end of a finger or toe 指甲；趾甲
Our fingernails need cutting now and again. 我们的手指甲有时需要剪一剪。
n. small piece of metal with one pointed end, which you hit into wood to fasten things together 钉子
The nail went right through the wall. 钉子直接穿过墙壁。
razor n. a sharp-edged cutting instrument used especially for shaving the face or removing other body hair 剃刀；刮胡刀
bedding n. bedclothes 寝具；床上用品
beyond prep. on the further or other side of 在较远的一边；在另一边
The post office is beyond the bridge. 邮局在桥的那一头。
prep. (of time)later than; more advanced than（时间）晚于；超过
Some shops keep open beyond midnight. 有些商店营业到半夜以后。
prep. out of the reach of; outside one's understanding 为…不能及；超出…理解力之外
He was beyond the help of the teacher. 他使老师束手无策。
prep. (negative and interrogative) except 除…之外
I know nothing beyond this. 除这之外，我什么也不知道。
adv. farther away 在远处
look beyond 向远处看
the Rocky Mountains 落基山脉
wagon n.[c] cart on four wheels, which a horse or an ox pulls; an open railway freight car 四轮马车（牛车）；无篷铁路货车
The wagon was full of vegetables. 这辆运货马车装满了蔬菜。
leave behind cause to remain behind; forget to take or bring along; abandon in a retreat 留下；忘带
She left her bag behind in the train. 她把提包丢在列车上了。
ox n. (pl. oxen) bull used for farm work公牛；耕牛
He is as strong as an ox. 他像牛一样强壮。
Kansas n. 堪萨斯州(美国洲名)
frontier n.[c] the border, the line between two countries国境；边境
We must show our passports at the frontier. 在边境我们必须出示护照。
lose one’s way become lost 迷路；迷失
Lily lost her way in the woods. 莉莉在森林里迷了路。
barren adj. lacking vegetation, especially useful vegetation 不毛的；贫瘠的
The desert is barren land. 沙漠是贫瘠的土地。
salty adj. tasting of salt; containing salt 盐的；咸的；含盐的
Sea water is salty. 海水是咸的。
pond n. a body of still water smaller than a lake池塘
There is a flock of waterfowls on the pond. 池塘上有一群水鸟。
patch n. small piece of ground 小块地
They grow their own vegetables on a small patch of ground. 他们在一小块土地上自种蔬菜。
n. pieces of cloth that you put over a hole in clothing, sheets, etc. 补钉
I sewed a patch over the hole in my jeans. 我给我工装裤上的洞打了个补钉。
burden n. something that you carry; a heavy load 负担；包袱
It is a burden to the people. 这对人民是一种负担。
n. a duty which is hard to do well 责任
The burden fell on me. 责任落在我身上。
desperate adj. having no hope and ready to do any wild or dangerous thing 绝望的；不顾一切的
The prisoners became desperate in their attempts to escape. 那些囚犯拼命企图逃亡。
adj. very serious 极严重的；危急的
The country is in a desperate state and we must work hard.
国家处于危急关头，我们应当努力工作。
beast n. an animal （四足）兽；牲畜
The tiger is a beast of prey. 老虎是食肉兽。
accustomed adj. being in the habit of 习惯[于…]的[to]
I am not accustomed to walking long distances. 我不习惯于长距离的步行。
thirst n.[u] wanting to drink something; a strong desire 渴；渴望
I drank a cup of tea to relieve my thirst. 我喝了一杯茶止渴。
The artist thirsted for fame. 艺术家想出名。
starvation n. suffering or death caused by extreme hunger 挨饿；饿死
The cat died of starvation. 那只猫饿死了。
anxiety n.[c] worry and fear 忧虑；担心；焦急
We waited with anxiety for our examination results. 我们焦急地等待考试结果。
n.[c] something that makes you worried and afraid 担心的事；焦虑
He has been relieved of his anxieties. 他已消除了忧虑。
shallow adj. not deep; with not much water 浅的
The river is shallow here; we can walk across. 这里河水很浅，我们可以趟过去。
came to an end stop结束；终止
All good things must come to an end. 一切好事迟早都会结束。（天下没有不散的宴席。）
legendary adj. based on, or of the nature of a legend 传奇的；传说的
tax n. money that the government takes from your pay or from the sale of some goods 税
There is a large tax on cigarettes. 香烟的税很重。
anniversary n. the annually recurring date of a past event, especially one of historical, national, or personal importance 周年纪念；周年纪念日
Anchorage n. 安克雷奇（美国港市）
Nome [nEum] n. 诺姆（美国城市）
front-page [.frQnt `peidV] adj. worthy of coverage on the front page of a newspaper 头版的
front-page news 头版新闻
granddaughter n.[c] the daughter of your child孙女；外孙女
flu n. influenza 流行性感冒
He caught the flu. 他患了流行性感冒。
throat n. the front part of the neck 喉咙；咽喉
I have something stuck in my throat. 我有什么东西刺入了我的喉内。
diphtheria n.［医］白喉［症］
vaccine n. 痘苗；疫苗
catastrophe n. terrible thing that happens suddenly 大灾难；大祸
The forest fire was a catastrophe. 那场森林火灾是场大灾难。
relief n. the removal or ease of worry, pain ,etc. 解除；减轻
The medicine brought me relief. 这药减轻了我的痛苦。
n. help given to people in poverty of trouble 救济
They are in need of relief. 他们需要救济。
deliver vt. take something to the place where it must go 投递；送交
Every day the milkman delivers milk to our house. 每天送牛奶的人都把牛奶送到我家。
vt. give forth in words 发言
He delivered a speech at the meeting. 他在会上讲了话。
vt. to help in the birth of 接生
she delivered the child. 她接生了这孩子。
Nenana [ni`nB:nB:] n. 美国城市
Arctic adj. of the north polar regions 北极的
n. the regions round the north pole 北极；北极圈；北极地方
the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋 the Arctic Regions 北极地区
tough adj. able to withstand great strain without tearing or breaking; strong and resilient 坚韧的 demanding or troubling; difficult 困难的 physically hardy; rugged 强壮的
(tougher; toughest)
wrap vt. to cover completely with 包裹；缠绕
I wrapped the present in red paper. 我把礼物用红纸包了起来。
n.[c] an article of dress to be folded round a person 披在身上的衣物
Don't forget your wra