Words and expressions
1. perseverance n. steady persistence in adhering to a course of action, a belief, or a purpose; steadfastness 毅力；坚持
Great works are performed, not by strength, but perseverance.
伟大的作品不是靠力量而是靠毅力来完成的。
2. quit
vt. to give up; abandon 放弃；to depart from; leave 离开；to cease or discontinue 停止；中断
He has not quit smoking, but is holding down to three cigarettes a day.
他并没有戒烟,但是已减到每天只抽三支烟了。
You and I are on the point of quitting the theater of our exploits.
你我正在离开我们辉煌业绩的舞台。
The teacher asked them to quit talking. 老师要求他们不要说话。
vi. to leave, to move, to stop
Time to quit. 该收手了。/该下班了。
3. apply (…) to … use; put into practice 应用；运用 n. application
We should apply theory to practice. 我们应当把理论运用到实践中去。
apply to 适用
What you have said doesn’t apply to this case.
apply for 申请
apply for a position/a patent
4. add up find the total of 总计；加起来
Add up 6,7 and 8 and you'll get 21. 把六、七、八相加，总数是二十一。
add up to 合计达
add to 增加
add … to 把…加到… add fuel to the fire 火上加油 add color to 增色
Add up all the numbers.
The cost of the party added up to 2,000 yuan.
The sudden rain added to our trouble.
Add some salt to the soup.
5. circumstance n. a condition or fact attending an event and having some bearing on it 环境；情况(常用复数形式)
Force of circumstances led us to give up our project. 环境的力量使得我们放弃了我们的方案。
It depends on [upon] circumstances. 这要视情况而定。
under/in no circumstances 决不，无论如何都不
under/in the circumstances 在这种情况下，既然这样
Under no circumstances should you step out of the house.
6. lose heart become discouraged 沮丧；灰心
Don't lose heart at any failure, but try again. 失败时不要灰心，要再接再厉。
lose one’s heart (to) sb. = fall in love with sb.
7. assessment n. the act of assessing; appraisal 评估；估价
environmental assessment 环境影响评估
vt. assess
1.) (为征税)估定(财产)的价值[(+at)]
The value of this property was assessed at one million dollars. 这财产的价值估定为一百万元。
2.) 确定(税、罚款、赔偿金等)的金额
assess damage after an accident 事故后确定损害赔偿金额
3.) 对...进行估价,评价
It is too early to assess the effects of the new legislation. 现在来评价新法规的效果为时尚早。
8. take it easy 放松些；别紧张
When the teacher found some of his students get nervous at the examination, he told them to take it easy. 老师发现一些学生考虑时焦急不安，就叫他们不要紧张。
归纳：take it 猜想, 以为；断定 take it for granted 视为当然
take it ill 见怪, 介意某事 take it or leave it 要么接受要么放弃
take it out on sb. 向某人出气 take it seriously 认真对待
9. keep up retain(one's spirits, strength, etc); (one's spirits, strength, etc.)not decline 维持；保持
The mountaineers' spirits kept up against heavy odds.
在非常不利的条件下，登山运动员们仍然情绪高涨。
归纳：keep up appearances 装门面 keep up one's spirits 振作精神
keep up to date 使记到最近时期；使跟上时代 keep up with 跟上
10. survival n. the act of surviving; continuance of life 幸存；存活
He stayed eight days in an open boat with no food, and he was still alive; his survival was a miracle. 他在无遮档的小船上呆了八天，又无食物，还活下来了，这真是个奇迹。
survive ①vi. 幸存，活下来 His parents died in the accident, but he survived.
②vt. 比…或活得长；经历…之后还存在 survive sb. / survive the fire
survivor n. 生还者, 残存物
11. beyond
prep. ①on the further or other side of 在较远的一边；在另一边 ②(of time)later than; more advanced than（时间）晚于；超过 ③out of the reach of; outside one\'s understanding 为…不能及；超出…理解力之外 ④(negative and interrogative) except 除…之外
The post office is beyond the bridge. 邮局在桥的那一头。
Some shops keep open beyond midnight. 有些商店营业到半夜以后。
He was beyond the help of the teacher. 他使老师束手无策。
I know nothing beyond this. 除这之外，我什么也不知道。
adv. farther away 在远处 look beyond 向远处看
12. lose one’s way become lost 迷路；迷失
Lily lost her way in the woods. 莉莉在森林里迷了路。
feel one’s way fight one’s way make one’s way push one’s way wind one’s way
13. burden n. something that you carry; a heavy load 负担；包袱/a duty which is hard to do well 责任
It is a burden to the people. 这对人民是一种负担。
The burden fell on me. 责任落在我身上。
vt.
1.) 加重压于，加负担于，烦扰[(+with)]
The government burdened the nation with heavy taxes. 政府使国民负担重税。
2.) 加负荷于，使载重[(+with)]
He was burdened with a large bundle of magazines. 他吃力地捧着一大捆杂志。
14. desperate adj. having no hope and ready to do any wild or dangerous thing 绝望的；不顾一切的/ very serious 极严重的；危急的
The prisoners became desperate in their attempts to escape. 那些囚犯拼命企图逃亡。
The country is in a desperate state and we must work hard.
国家处于危急关头，我们应当努力工作。
15. accustomed adj. being in the habit of 习惯[于…]的 [to doing]
I am not accustomed to walking long distances. 我不习惯于长距离的步行。
be accustomed to working/to work hard 习惯于苦干
16. thirst n. [U] wanting to drink something; a strong desire 渴；渴望
I drank a cup of tea to relieve my thirst. 我喝了一杯茶止渴。
The artist thirsted for fame. 艺术家想出名。
17. starvation n. suffering or death caused by extreme hunger 挨饿；饿死
The cat died of starvation. 那只猫饿死了。
starve v. (cause to) suffer or die from great hunger 使挨饿，饿死/ (cause to) suffer from not having sth. 使得不到某物而痛苦
They lost in the desert and starved to death. 他们在沙漠迷路而饿死了。
The school is starved of resources. 学校缺乏财源。
18. anxiety n. [U] worry and fear 忧虑；担心；焦急 [C] something that makes you worried and afraid 担心的事；焦虑
We waited with anxiety for our examination results. 我们焦急地等待考试结果。
He has been relieved of his anxieties. 他已消除了忧虑（事）。
19. came to an end stop 结束；终止
All good things must come to an end. 一切好事迟早都会结束。（天下没有不散的宴席。）
at the end of 在...结尾,在....末端 in the end 最后，终于
bring to an end 使…结束 on end on end 竖着, 连续地
make an end of 终止，除掉 end (up) with 以――告终
put an end to 结束，终止 make ends meet 收支相抵
20. tax n. money that the government takes from your pay or from the sale of some goods 税
There is a large tax on cigarettes. 香烟的税很重。
pay taxes on sth. (taxpayers) 纳税 charge/impose/levy taxes on sth. 征税
v. 对…征税，向…课税 Imported wines are heavily imported in China.
21. anniversary n. the annually recurring date of a past event, especially one of historical, national, or personal importance 周年纪念；周年纪念日
a wedding anniversary the 20th anniversary of our country’s independence
22. relief n. ①the removal or ease of worry, pain ,etc. 解除；减轻
The medicine brought me relief. 这药减轻了我的痛苦。
Hearing the news, he breathed a sigh of relief. 一听到消息,他如释重负地松了口气。
②help given to people in poverty of trouble 救济
They are in need of relief. 他们需要救济。
Relief was flown to the flood-hit areas. 救济物品被空运到洪水泛滥区。
23. deliver vt. (delivery n.)
①take something to the place where it must go 投递；送交
Every day the milkman delivers milk to our house. 每天送牛奶的人都把牛奶送到我家。
②give forth in words 发言
He delivered a speech at the meeting. 他在会上讲了话。
③help in the birth of 接生
she delivered the child. 她接生了这孩子。
④save, set free, release 解救;解脱;释放[(+from)]
Education delivered him from ignorance. 教育把他从无知中解救出来。
24. Arctic adj. of the north polar regions 北极的
n. the regions round the north pole 北极；北极圈；北极地方
the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋 the Arctic Regions 北极地区
25. tough adj. able to withstand great strain without tearing or breaking; strong and resilient 坚韧的 demanding or troubling; difficult 困难的 physically hardy; rugged 强壮的 showing strong determination 强硬的，不妥协的
a tough guy 硬汉 tough meat 老肉 tough attitude 强硬的态度 a tough task 棘手的任务 a tough customer 难缠的顾客 a tough neighborhood 治安很差的住宅区
26. wrap vt. to cover completely with 包裹；缠绕
I wrapped the present in red paper. 我把礼物用红纸包了起来。
n. [C] an article of dress to be folded round a person 披在身上的衣物
Don't forget your wraps, when you travel in winter. 冬天旅游时，不要忘带外套、围巾等。
27. tie up put a piece of string, rope, etc. round something to hold it firm 捆；拴；系
I tied up the parcel. 我捆好包裹。
28. stake n. [C] strong post of wood or metal that stands in the ground 桩；柱桩
The farmer tied the bull to a stake in the field. 农民把公牛拴在田里的桩子上。
at stake: at risk; in question 在危急之中
29. ray n. line or beam of light, heat, etc. 光线；辐射线 v. 放射，射出光线
A ray of sunlight fell on the sleeping boy. 阳光照射着睡着的男孩。
This afternoon I will have my son x-rayed. 今天下午我带儿子去X光透视。
30. bark n. the short, sharp sound a dog makes; a sound like this, esp. a cough 吠声；似犬吠的声音 v. 吠, 咆哮, 剥树皮
The bark of a dog sounded in the night. 在夜间听到狗叫声。
Barking dogs seldom bark.
31. memorial n. [C] building or statue to remind people of someone or something 纪念馆；纪念碑（物） a memorial to people’s heroes
32. retell vt. tell again; repeat 重述；复述
retell what happened on the island one early morning in autumn.
复述一个秋天的清晨在那个岛上发生了什么。
33. go for to put a lot of effort into sth, so that you get or achieve sth. 为……去；努力获取
It sounds a great idea. Go for it. 这听起来是个极好的主意。努力去实现吧！
Reading
Step 1 Lead in
1. Talk about legendary journeys in China.
Journey to the West: The story is known in China. The hero Monk Tang in the story went through 81 difficulties. Finally he got the Buddhist Scripture.
The Long March: If there had not been the long march, we could not have lived the happy life. They went through starvation, coldness and so on.
Climbing Mount Qomolangma: They have to face difficulties like coldness, avalanche and snowstorm. It’s not only a personal achievement but also a pride for the whole nation.
2. China’s “Go West” policy.
3. The process of developing the west in America:
1748年 弗吉尼亚的俄亥俄州土地公司的组建（开始）。
1784，1785，1787 年制定三个土地法开发西部的纲领。
1895年 工业总产值跃居世界第一位
西部开发的三个阶段：
农业开发阶段（1750－1850） 工业开发阶段（1850－1950） 科技开发阶段 （1950－至今）
Step 2 Reading
1. Skimming
The main idea of the text:
The text related a story that the hero’s family and many other families moved to the West. They ran into many difficulties on the way to the West. Faced with the difficulties, they didn’t give up. Finally they got to the West and started a new life.
Part 1 (1) The cause and the beginning of the journey
Part 2 (2) The first destination of the journey
Part 3 (3-5) The most trying part of the journey
Part 4 (6) Reaching the promised land (The end of the journey)
2. Scanning
①When did we decide to move to another place? 1845,10
②How long did the journey last? About a year
③What is our first destination? India Greek in Kansas
④Is the journey hard? Can you make some examples about it?
Yes, it is hard. You can make many examples.
3. Detailed reading
Fill in the chart:
Time Events
October, 1845 set off for the journey
April ,1846 continued the journey westward
November, 1846 entered the desert and lost the way
For many weeks travel in the Death Valley
Christmas Day reached the promised land
Choose the best answers:
1. The reason why my father wanted to go to California is that . 答案：C
A. California was in desert B. California was far away
C. California was a wonderful land described in a book
D. California was the largest state in the USA
2. People moving to the west would meet in . 答案：A
A. Kansas B. California C. Salt Lake Valley D. Salt Lake Desert
3. On which day did the author enter the Salt Lake Desert? 答案：B
A. April 12. B. November 4. C. October 15. D. December 25.
4. Why did the travelers call their ninety-mile drive through the Salt Lake Desert the “Long Drive”? 答案：D
A. Because the landscape was dry and barren. B. Because water was salty and not drinkable.
C. Because their water supply was so low. D. All of the above.
5. After the travelers burnt their wagons, they had to go on their feet with another miles to go. 答案：B
A. 2 500 B.500 C.90 D.45
6. Why didn’t the author stay behind with the children and wait for help? 答案：A
A. Because that meant he/she would die.
B. Because he/she knew that children were tiresome.
C. Because he/she knew that there was a wagon waiting for him/her.
D. Because he/she felt he/she could get a prize by his/her father.
7. The animals almost ran when the travelers reached the edge of the desert, why? 答案：C
A. Because they were tired and weak. B. Because they had no burden.
C. Because they must have smelt the water. D. Because they went back to their home.
8. How long did the author spend finishing the journey? 答案：A
A. More than 40 months. B. About 2 months.
C. About a year. D. About a year and a month.
9. From the text, we can infer . 答案：D
A. the author and the travelers had to go all day and all night long
B. there was no oxen left when the travelers reached California
C. many travelers died when their days of hardship came to an end
D .it’s a long way to travel from the author’s hometown to California
10. The best title of the text is . 答案：B
A.A Journey to California B. Long Drive
C. The Salt Lake Desert D. Enjoy Your Life
3. Post-reading
1. What the writing techniques of this text are?
A. Use of the chronological order to narrate the story.
B. Use many participles to make the text readable and concise.
C. The landscape of the Salt Lake Valley sharply contrasts with that of the Salt Lake Desert. The scenery of the Salt Lake Valley is very beautiful, however, that of the Salt Lake Desert is dry and barren. Use the sharp contrastive scenery, expressing the hero’s optimism about the life he dreamed of in the West and coming across the difficulties on the way to the West.
2. What can we learn from this text?
When we come across problems, we shouldn’t try to escape. Instead , we should learn to face reality and solve the problems. As long as we overcome the difficulties and never give up, we will achieve our goals and succeed. More over, we all have dreams in our heart. As long as we insist and keep making great efforts, I believe we will make our dreams come true one day.
4. Consolidation
In the ______ of 1845, after his father read a book about _________, he decided to _____ there. His family and many other families ________ for their journey by the middle of October. After traveling through _________, they had to spend __________ in Kansas. Until ____________ , they wouldn’t leave. They traveled by day. On November4, 1846, they entered __________ and soon lost their way. Due to lack of ______________, the oxen had no strength to pull the wagons and were burnt. People had no choice but to cover another 500 miles ________. At last, they _________ all the difficulties and got to the west on the morning of _____________. They started their new life there.
Keys: spring, California, move, 4 states, the winter, April 12, 1846, the desert, water and grass, on foot, overcame, Christmas Day
Language points
1. believe in 信仰
2. stand for 代表，代替
3. adapt to 调节，适合
4. lose heart 灰心，泄气
5. be cast away (被)抛弃
6. give up 放弃 give in 投降，屈服，让步，交上
7. less than 少于;不足
more than 看似简单，含义丰富，主要用于以下情况：
（1）比…更（多、大等），用于比较结构。
He always asks more than he gives. 他总是索取多于给予。
（2）超过，多于，相当于over。
I have known David for more than 20 years. 我认识大卫20多年了。
（3）岂止是，不仅是； 非常， 十分
Can’t you sense the hidden meaning? It’s more than a joke.
难道你没听出言外之意吗？这不只是一个笑话。
more than happy/sorry 特高兴 / 特难过
（4）是…不能，非…能力所及，其后跟从句，从句中用can或could。
This is more than I can understand. 这是我所不能理解的。
归纳：more …than… 与其说…不如说， 不是…而是
He is more brave than wise. 他有勇无谋。
no more than 强调少，意为“只有，不过，仅仅”
not more than 客观叙述，意为“不超过”
He has no more than five dollars on him.
他身上仅有5美元。(强调少)
He has not more than five dollars on him.
他身上带的钱不超过(仅有)5美元。(强调数额少于5美元)
8. set off for 开始(旅程；赛跑)；出发
set off 出发、引爆
set about doing = set out to do
set aside 留出, 不顾, 取消, 驳回
set foot in/on
set fire to sth. =set sth. on fire
set in开始, 到来； 上涨；插入, 嵌入；开始,涨潮 / be set in 以…为背景
set up 设立, 竖立, 架起, 升起, 装配, 创(纪录), 提出, 开业
set an example to sb.
set back (set back the project 使受挫/ set my watch back 2 minutes往后拨)
9. move on 继续前进
10. by day 在白天
11. lose one’s way 迷路
12. most of the way 大部分路程
区别：most & most of 在most+名词结构中，名词是不定的，因此不能most the students, most us，而在most of +名词结构中，名词是指定的，它必须带有定冠词或物主代词等限定词。
12. hang out 伸出
13. in desperate need of 在极度需要的(时候)
14. on our feet = on foot 步行
15. be accustomed to doing sth. (通常用于被动语态)习惯于
16. suffer from 患病;遭受……之苦
17. hurry on to do sth. / (with) 赶紧办理;急急忙忙地去做某事
18. stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事
19. go on all fours 用四肢 lie one’s back/stomach
20. reach the edge of 达到了…的边缘 on the edge of 濒于, 几乎, 在边缘
21. stare at 瞪视; 凝视 glare at 瞪着，怒视
23. come to an end 结束;终止
Integrating Skills
1. the eightieth anniversary of sth. …80周年纪念日
2. a race against time 与时间赛跑，抢时间
3. save…from 挽救……免于
4. there was widespread relief 足以令人欣慰
5. Every minute counted/counts. 没分钟都非常关键。
6. up to 一直到,等于
7. at stake 在危险中；关系重大
8. the golden rays of the dawn 黎明的第一道曙光
9. a memorial to sb. / sth. 的纪念馆
10. risk one’s life to do/doing 冒险去做某事 risk doing
11. diseases of that kind 那样的病
12. a historical event 历史事件