（江苏省石庄高级中学：秦建华课堂教学用）
1.Attempt had been made by others to classfy plant species into groups,but the breakthrough came with the work of Carl Linnaeus.另一些人尝试按植物种类分类，但是突破性进展却来自Carl Linnaeus.
attempt to do sth=make an attempt to do sth = make an attempt at doing sth =try to do sth
make an attempt on/upon试图夺取(在第一单元中讲过)
classify vt.编排；分类to arrange or organize according to class or category classify sb./ sth.（as sth.）将某人/某物归类
We usually classify types of character as good or bad.我们通常把 (人的) 性格之类型分为善与恶。
The books in the library are classified by subject.图书馆的书是按照科目分类的。
Would you classify her novels as serious literature or as mere entertainment?
你认为她的小说属于文学类呢，还是属于通俗读物类？
classified（常作定语）分类的 a classified directory分类电话簿 classified advertisements分类广告
classification n. the act or result of classifying; a category or class分类；类别
2. Showing how plants were related was a complex and strange thing before Linnaeus developed his system.
在林尼厄斯确立这个系统之前，要说明植物之间的关系是一个复杂而陌生的事情。
3.But Linnaeus’ idea of grouping plants in families was unique.而Linnaeus把植物按家族来分类的想法却很特别。
group v.集合，使成群；类集
The children grouped round the piano.孩子们集合在钢琴周围。
We can group animals into several types.我们可以把动物分成好几类。(We can classify animals as several types.)
noun（1）群；组；类
（family,team,audience,enemy,group,class等集合名词作主语时，若看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若强调各个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。）
Our group is going to climb a mountain tomorrow.我们组明天要去爬山。
The group are having dinner now.组员们正在吃晚饭。
What blood group are you?你是什么血型？
[作定语] a group activity 集体活动
（2）（公司联营的）集团：a newspaper group报业集团
▲identification （学案上没有） n. the state of being identified 鉴别；验明
the identification of high yielding seeds 高产量种子的鉴别
n. proof or evidence of identity 身份证明(缩写 ID)
His only means of identification was his passport. 他唯一证明身份的证件就是他的护照。
4.As a result,fruits such as peaches and pears are in fact related,although they are different at first sight.
因此（结果），尽管桃子和梨子乍看起来是不同的，但事实上它们是有关联的。
at first sight/glance
At first sight/glance the problem seemed easy. 乍一看这个问题似乎很容易。
They felt in love at first sight.他们一见钟情。
He could tell at a(single) glance what was wrong with the car.他一眼就能看出汽车有什么毛病。
5.develop a lifelong frienship with… 与……结成为终身好友
make a lifelong friend with sb.
6.Born into a life of privilege,Joseph Banks was the son of a wealthy family. Joseph Banks是一个富裕家庭的孩子，生来就享有特殊权利
privilege n. a special advantage, permission, right, or benefit granted to or enjoyed by an individual, a class 特权；优惠
Our members have the privilege of using the lending service of the library.
我们的会员有享受图书馆借书服务的特权。
7.lead/live a cosy life过着安逸的生活
live/lead a happy life/a bitter life 过着幸福/痛苦生活
cosy ：comfortable; easy
8.but young Banks had an appetite for knowledge但是小班克斯却有渴求知识的欲望
n. a desire for food 食欲；胃口
Exercises give one a good appetite. 运动增进食欲。
n. a strong wish or liking 爱好；欲望
He has an appetite for writing. 他好从事写书。（be fond of,go in for）
9.Despite his wealth,he worked to make a career in science. 尽管他很富有，但他谋求在科学上有一番成就。
in spite of his wealth/although he was wealthy/rich….
Some were owners of great wealth and property. 有些人拥有万贯家财。
10. In 1768,the Royal Navy appointed James Cook as the commander of the Endeavour to take members of the Royal Society on
an expedition to Tahiti.1768年英国皇家海军任命James Cook为“奋力”号船长，带领皇家学会成员远征塔希提岛。
appoint sb.（to.）;appoint sb.（as.）
挑选（某人）做某工作或任某职位；任命；委派
He was appointed to the vacant post.他被委派填补那空缺。
We must appoint a new teacher at once to the mountain school.
我们必须立即委派一名新教师到那山村小学去。
They have appointed a new manager.他们已经任用了一位新经理。
Who shall we appoint （as） chairperson?我们选派谁担任主席呢？
appoint sth.（for sth.） 确定或决定某事物
They have appointed a date for the meeting.他们已经约定了开会的日期。
They appointed a place to exchange stamps. 他们约定一个地方交换邮票。
11.This would give astronomers a chance to calculate the distance between the earth and the sun.
这样天文学家就有机会去测量地球和太阳之间的距离。
They use a computer to calculate the cost of a journey.他们用电脑算出旅行的费用。
I calculate that we will reach London at about 3 p.m.估计我们大约在下午3点到达伦敦。
be calculated to do sth.旨在，打算或计划做某事
His speech was calculated to stir up the crowd.他讲的话有意鼓动/煽动人群。
n. calculation计算，推算
12 …it was the government that paid for all the equipment and expenses for that part of the expedition.
英国政府赞助了这次考察中天文学部分所需的设备和经费。
expense n.花费，费用，经费
It’s too much of an expense to own a car.拥有一辆汽车的花费太大。
at one’s expense由某人负担费用
He had his book printed at his own expense.他自己出钱印了书。
at the expense of sth.在损失或损坏某事物的情况下
He built up a successful business but it was all done at the expense of his health.
他创建的企业很成功，但这一切都损害了他的健康。
13.had to supply about ￡10,000 of his own money to equip the expedition……不得不把自己的钱（大约一万英镑）拿出来为这次远征提供设备。
supply当“提供；供应”讲，近义词为provide/offer。
（1）supply sb.with sth./ supply sth.to sb.向某人提供某物
They supplied food aids to the people in the flood-stricken area.
=They supplied the people in the flood-stricken area with food aids.
他们向受灾地区的人们提供了食品援助。
（2）offer sb.sth./offer sth.to sb.向某人提供某物
He offered me a cup of tea.=He offered a cup of tea to me.
（3）provide sb.with sth./ provide sth.for sb.向某人提供某物，供应
The firm has provided me with a car.=The firm has provided a car for me.公司提供给我一辆汽车。
在涉及到钱时，supply则不明确，一般讲来要给钱，provide往往则意味着免费提供
The school provides the students with lesson-sheets.学校免费给学生提供讲义。
We can supply you with some rare Ming editions. 我们可以给你提供一些稀有的明版书。
14.He also look out for new economic species; plants that could be grown in England or other parts of the world to produce crops that could be sold . 而且他还调查了一些新的经济物种，在英国和世界其他地区生长其谷物能够被卖的植物。
look our for to be careful of 当心；注意；警惕
Look out (for the car)! 留神(汽车)！
15. Banks was the first to move crops from one continent to anther on a large scale, helping to develop local economic with these new imports. 约瑟夫。班克斯是第一位大规摸把植物从一个大陆移到另一个大陆的人，用这些进口的东西来帮助发展当地的经济。
16.some plants that were spread over the globe in this way include cococa,hemp and tea.用这种方式发展起来的植物有可可，大麻和茶叶。
17.The voyage had been a great success.这次航海取得了巨大的成功。
18.Wonderful discoveries had been of strange new lands,cultures,animals and plants.
绝妙的发现还包括新奇的大陆、文化和动植物。
19.From behind his desk, however, he was involved in enterprises such as the exploration of Africa and the settlement of Australia.然而他却在幕后卷入了诸如探索非洲和开拓澳洲之类的航行。
involve
（1）需要The job involved me in London.工作需要我住在伦敦。
（2）牵涉，牵连；包括
The strike involved many people.许多人参加了罢工。
involve sb./sth.in sth./doing sth.使某人/某事物陷入或参与某活动
in solving your problems!你解决你的问题，不要把我拉进去。
He was involved in a heated argument.他参与了一场激烈的争论。
All the children were involved in the school play. 所有的孩子都参加了学校排练的剧。
20.He accumulated a great deal of knowledge about plants and agriculture.他积累了大量的有关植物和农业方面的知识。
accumulated
（1）vt.积累；聚集
By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune.她由于投资精明而积蓄了一笔财产。
My savings are accumulating interest.我的储蓄不断生息。
He accumulated a fortune by hard work. 他靠努力工作积蓄了一笔财富。
（2）vi. 增加
Dust and dirt soon accumulate if a house is not cleaned regularly.房间不经常打扫，尘土很快就越积越多。
Snow accumulated to a depth of 10 feet. 雪已积到十尺深。
n. accumulation 金钱、知识、经验的积累
21. In growing strawberries Banks went back to the abandoned practice of spreading straw under the fruit to reduce the necessary amount of watering.在种植草莓时Banks采用早已废弃的在果实下铺稻草的方法来降低用水量。
The driver abandoned his car in the snow. 司机把汽车抛在雪地里。
He found a baby abandoned by its parents.他发现了一个被父母遗弃的婴儿。
The match was abandoned because of bad weather.比赛因天气恶劣而取消。
(please look up the word:desert)
供阅读的其它知识点
▲Darwin’s observations on that voyage led him to write his famous book on the Origin of species.…
达尔文在那次环球旅行中的观察使他写出了著名的《物种起源》
▲deserve
The article deserves careful study=The article is worth studying.
She deserves a reward for her effort.她积极努力，应该得到奖赏。
They deserve to be sent to prison.他们应该入狱。
▲It was Darwin’s visit on the Beagle to the Galapagos Isles that gave him the key to his new theory.
达尔文乘“小猎犬号”去加拉 戈斯群岛的活动使他获得了新创建理论的钥匙。
▲habitat（动物或植物的）栖息地/自然环境
This creature’s natural habitat is the jungle. 这种动物的天然栖息地是丛林。
▲pass sth.down from one generation to the next（常用于被动语态）一代一代传下去
pass away 去世，逝世(die) pass by走过；经过；忽视 pass sth.on （to sb.）将某物传交给（某人）
pass through sth.经历（一段时间） pass on （to sth.）从一阶段进入另一阶段
▲.As a result of Darwin and Mendel s research, scientists of the nineteenth century formed the belief that the influence of the environment was behind the development of new species. 达尔文和门德尔的研究结果，使得19世纪的科学家闷形成这样的一种理念：环境的影响导致了新物种的发展。
▲It would take a next generation of scientists to bring the importance of the environment on species back in view.
要重新认识环境对物种的重要性环需要下一代科学家的努力。
▲In 1922,Gte Turesson found evdence for the existence of stable varieties within species in nature.
1922年Gte Turesson发现了自然界物种稳定多样性存在的证据。
▲grow to bush长成灌木，grow close to the ground长得贴近地面
▲adapt 适应，改编，改写
I don’t think I shall ever adapt myself to this hot weather.
They are adapted to various climates,soil and other natural conditions.
He is adapting the novel fortelevision.他在把这部小说改编成电视剧。
▲However, Turesson’s findings show that habitat,such as soil conditions,is of equal importance to the output of crops.
然而Turesson的调查研究结果却表明，生长地的情况，如生长地的土壤条件，对粮食农作物的产量也具有同样重要的意义。
output n. amount of things that you have made 产量；产品
We must increase our output to meet people's needs. 我们必须增加产量来满足人们的需要。
请不要跟adopt（采取、采用，通过、收养）相混
▲procedure n.程序（尤指工商、法律、政治等事务的）
Stop arguing about （questions of） procedure and let’s get down to business.
别再为程序（问题）争辩了，咱们着手议正事吧。
procedure （for sth.）手续；步骤
What’s the procedure for opening a bank account?在银行开个账户要办什么手续？
▲promote v.（1）提升，晋升
My daughter’s just been promoted!我的女儿刚被提升了！
promote sb.to sth.提升，擢升某人
The football team was promoted to the first division.该足球队已晋升为甲级队。
Our teacher has been promoted to headmaster. 我们的老师已被提升为校长了。
（2）促进；鼓励，推动
The organization works to promote friendship between nations.该组织旨在促进各国之间的友谊。
Kindness promotes peace. 亲切的行为可以促进和睦。
▲rose n. a beautiful flower, which is red, white or yellow 玫瑰(花)；蔷薇(花)
Father planted roses along one side of the garden. 父亲沿着花园的一边种了玫瑰。
You lie upon roses when young, you'll lie upon thorns when old. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
▲peony n. 牡丹；芍药
She blushed like a peony. 她脸红得像一朵牡丹花。
▲bunch n. a number of things of the same kind fastened or growing together 串；束
a bunch of flowers 一束花 a bunch of grapes/keys 一串葡萄/一串钥匙
▲merely adv. only仅仅；只不过
I didn't stop to speak to him--I merely smiled. 我没有停下来和他说话--我只是微微一笑。
▲enterprise n. an undertaking, especially one of some scope, complication, and risk; a business organization事业；企业
government enterprise 公/国营企业 private enterprise 私/民营企业 small-to-medium-sized enterprises中小企业
▲settlement n. group of homes in a place where no people have lived before 拓居地；定居点
The first settlements were on the east coast of America. 最初的殖民地是在美洲的东海岸。
n. agreeing about something after discussing it 解决（方案）
After long talks about pay, the managers and workers reached a settlement.
就工资进行长期谈判后，劳资双方达成一项解决办法。
▲straw n. dry, cut stalks of wheat, etc. 稻草；麦秆
Everyone of us had a straw hat on. 我们人人都戴草帽。
n. thin tube of paper or plastic for drinking a cold drink 麦管；吸管
He sucked Coke through a straw. 他用吸管吸可口可乐。
▲year after year adv. 年年；一年又一年(= year in year out) 对比year by year
▲tone n. a sound; the quality of a sound; the voice, as expressing feeling音调；语调
She spoke in an angry tone. 她用恼怒的口气说话。
▲reward n. present or money that you give to thank someone for something 报酬；报答
He was given a reward for passing the examination. 他因考试及格而得到奖品。
He worked hard all his life but without much reward. 他辛勤一生，但得到的报酬却很少。
vt. give something in return for 酬谢；奖赏
He was well rewarded by the kind things people said about him. 人们表扬了他，这就是对他很好的奖励。
▲nowhere adv. at, in, or to no place; not anywhere 任何地方都不；什么地方也没有
He was nowhere to be found. 什么地方也找不到他。
n. an unknown place 不知道的地方：a cabin in the middle of nowhere 不知在什么中心的小屋
▲altogether adv. on the whole; all things considered 总共；总而言之
There were five of us altogether. 我们共有五人。
Altogether, the book is quite interesting. 总的说来，这本书相当有趣。
adv. totally; completely 完全；全部地
Some of what you say is true, but I don't altogether agree. 你说的有些是真的，但我不能全都同意。
▲appearance n. what someone or something looks like 外貌；外表
Do not judge by appearances. 别从外貌判断事物。
n. being seen; coming 显露；出现
At the sight of his appearance on the stage, the hall rang with thunderous applause. 他一出场，礼堂里就掌声雷动。
▲latter adj. 后者
Of the two, the former is better than the latter. 两者之中前者较后者为佳。
▲distinguish vt.& vi. show the difference in; show the difference; make a distinction 区别；辨别
He could not distinguish cotton from wool. 他不能辨认是棉花还是羊毛。(tell…from)
You are confusing things, let me distinguish. 你把事情越弄越糟，让我来把它区分出来。
▲in detail with all the facts 详细地 The teacher explained the text in detail. 老师详细地解释了课文。